Diss. Linköping : Univ., 2002.

No description available.

Nas últimas duas décadas a racionalidade ayurvédica tornou-se popular no ociedente e está se expandindo rapidamente. Esta expansão é consequência do renascimetno do Ayurveda na Índia no século XX. Apesae do crescente interesse neste sistema antido de medicina pouco se tem explorado, no nosso meio, da dua gênese histórica e das pesquisas dos textos clássicos, riquíssimos em informação spbre esta antiga medicina e suas ferramentas de diagnóstico e terapêutica prevalente no subcontinente indiano há milhares de anos. O renascimento do Ayurveda se intensificou após a libertação da Índia da dominação britânica em 1947. Na década de 50 vários esforços foram realizados para promover o ensino e desenvolvimento desta racionalidade médica pelo governo indiano. A Medicina Ayurvédica se expandiu rapidamente pelo subcontinente e posteriormente pelo ocidente, Europa e Estados Unidos. No Brasil o Ayurveda chegou a meados dos anos 80 e se desenvolveu principalmente em Goiânia com o Hospital de Medicina Alternativa. Nesta instituição as plantas medicinais brasileiras receberam um leitura da racionalidade ayurvédica através dos vários médicos indianos que lá estiveram. Esta tese de natureza teórico-conceitual, mas com um enfoque histórico antropológico tem como objeto de estudo a gênese do Ayurveda e a análise crítica comparada dos textos clássico nas suas fontes primárias e secundárias. O período de formação desta racionalidade médica na Índia antiga ainda é objeto de muitas discussões dos autores modernos, isto ocorre por que a transformação de uma medicina mágico-religiosa dos textos védicos em um sistema empírico-racional do clássico Ayurveda não foi totalmente esclarecida pelos historiadores e pesquisadores ayurvedisas. Analiseremos os principais textos clássicos e seus autores de uma forma comparativa e simultaneamente tentaremos propor uma gênese histórica do Ayurveda, na antiga Índia, baseada nas traduções das fontes primárias e na literatura secundária dos autores orientais e ocidentais que estiveram ao nosso alcance durante a pesquisa. / In the last twenty years Ayurvedic Medicine has become popular in the west. This expansion is a consequence of the Ayurveda in the last century in India. Although this increasing interest in the western countries very little efforts have been made to understand the historical genesis and the research in the classical texts of this ancient system of traditional Indian medicine in Brazil. The reborn of Ayurveda has been intensified after the liberation if India from Great Britain in 1947. It was a conquest of the movement if Indian nationalism since the beginning of twenty century. The Ayurvedic medicine have expanded quickly to USA and Europe but was in the middle of the 1980 that this Indian system arrived in Brazil and have developed mostly in Goiania City in the Hospital de Medicina Alternativa. In this public hospital the Brazilian herbal medicine have been described in the view of Ayurvedic medical racionality. In this PHD thesis we have a theoretical concept approach but with a historical anthropological view, the object of research was the genesis and the comparative study of classical text. The formative period of this medical system is an important point of discussion among the ayurvedists authors about the historical genesis of Ayurveda. We are going to research the most important and respectable classical text in a comparative study and at the same time we are going to try to suggest a historical genesis of Ayurveda grounded in the primary and secondary sources of the western and eastern scholars and classical authors (the Ayurvedic samhitas) that we could have access during this four years of doctorate course at the Instituto de Medicina Social da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro UERJ.

Nas últimas duas décadas a racionalidade ayurvédica tornou-se popular no ociedente e está se expandindo rapidamente. Esta expansão é consequência do renascimetno do Ayurveda na Índia no século XX. Apesae do crescente interesse neste sistema antido de medicina pouco se tem explorado, no nosso meio, da dua gênese histórica e das pesquisas dos textos clássicos, riquíssimos em informação spbre esta antiga medicina e suas ferramentas de diagnóstico e terapêutica prevalente no subcontinente indiano há milhares de anos. O renascimento do Ayurveda se intensificou após a libertação da Índia da dominação britânica em 1947. Na década de 50 vários esforços foram realizados para promover o ensino e desenvolvimento desta racionalidade médica pelo governo indiano. A Medicina Ayurvédica se expandiu rapidamente pelo subcontinente e posteriormente pelo ocidente, Europa e Estados Unidos. No Brasil o Ayurveda chegou a meados dos anos 80 e se desenvolveu principalmente em Goiânia com o Hospital de Medicina Alternativa. Nesta instituição as plantas medicinais brasileiras receberam um leitura da racionalidade ayurvédica através dos vários médicos indianos que lá estiveram. Esta tese de natureza teórico-conceitual, mas com um enfoque histórico antropológico tem como objeto de estudo a gênese do Ayurveda e a análise crítica comparada dos textos clássico nas suas fontes primárias e secundárias. O período de formação desta racionalidade médica na Índia antiga ainda é objeto de muitas discussões dos autores modernos, isto ocorre por que a transformação de uma medicina mágico-religiosa dos textos védicos em um sistema empírico-racional do clássico Ayurveda não foi totalmente esclarecida pelos historiadores e pesquisadores ayurvedisas. Analiseremos os principais textos clássicos e seus autores de uma forma comparativa e simultaneamente tentaremos propor uma gênese histórica do Ayurveda, na antiga Índia, baseada nas traduções das fontes primárias e na literatura secundária dos autores orientais e ocidentais que estiveram ao nosso alcance durante a pesquisa. / In the last twenty years Ayurvedic Medicine has become popular in the west. This expansion is a consequence of the Ayurveda in the last century in India. Although this increasing interest in the western countries very little efforts have been made to understand the historical genesis and the research in the classical texts of this ancient system of traditional Indian medicine in Brazil. The reborn of Ayurveda has been intensified after the liberation if India from Great Britain in 1947. It was a conquest of the movement if Indian nationalism since the beginning of twenty century. The Ayurvedic medicine have expanded quickly to USA and Europe but was in the middle of the 1980 that this Indian system arrived in Brazil and have developed mostly in Goiania City in the Hospital de Medicina Alternativa. In this public hospital the Brazilian herbal medicine have been described in the view of Ayurvedic medical racionality. In this PHD thesis we have a theoretical concept approach but with a historical anthropological view, the object of research was the genesis and the comparative study of classical text. The formative period of this medical system is an important point of discussion among the ayurvedists authors about the historical genesis of Ayurveda. We are going to research the most important and respectable classical text in a comparative study and at the same time we are going to try to suggest a historical genesis of Ayurveda grounded in the primary and secondary sources of the western and eastern scholars and classical authors (the Ayurvedic samhitas) that we could have access during this four years of doctorate course at the Instituto de Medicina Social da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro UERJ.

Observa-se relativa escassez de trabalhos especializados a respeito da reconstrução histórica da institucionalização da Medicina de Adolescentes e da Atenção à Saúde Integral dos Adolescentes, no Estado de São Paulo. Esta lacuna mostra-se ainda maior quando se trata de examinar a implantação desses serviços pioneiros no âmbito das universidades e a maneira como os profissionais responsáveis por esse pioneirismo se posicionavam diante das dificuldades e embates no contexto de suas instituições de ensino, à luz daquele momento histórico: meados da década de 1970, marcado pela ditadura militar no país. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo recuperar as origens da Medicina de Adolescentes em São Paulo, entre as décadas de 1970 a 1990. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, orientado pela análise dos documentos históricos produzidos ao longo das mencionadas décadas acerca da institucionalização da Medicina de Adolescentes e da construção histórico-cultural do adolescente, e pela obtenção de depoimentos dos responsáveis pela implantação dos primeiros serviços de atenção à saúde dos adolescentes no Estado de São Paulo, seja no âmbito da Pediatria, Ginecologia e Obstetrícia e Psiquiatria, seja na área da Saúde Coletiva. Foram realizadas entrevistas, com roteiro semiestruturado, no período de 2009 a 2010, gerando depoimentos pessoais que visaram à recuperação de sentimentos, motivações, dificuldades enfrentadas e entraves institucionais e ideológicos que ocorreram no período da institucionalização da Medicina de Adolescentes e dos programas de saúde pública para essa faixa etária, que não poderiam ser extraídos por meio de documentação escrita. A preocupação com a saúde do adolescente se deu, sobretudo nas décadas de 1970 a 1990, em um momento em que se discutia a efetiva prática da medicina global ou integral ofertada ao indivíduo e se questionava a sua fragmentação efeito colateral da emergência das subespecialidades médicas e da medicalização do sujeito com o advento da medicina tecnológica envolvendo profissionais das áreas clínicas (pediatras, ginecologistas e psiquiatras) e da Saúde Coletiva. No tocante à saúde dos adolescentes, a discussão dos novos paradigmas de saúde fez emergir concepções divergentes entre clínicos e sanitaristas, em relação ao enfoque de atenção integral à saúde. Os sanitaristas e os idealizadores de uma política pública para a adolescência vislumbravam atingir as metas populacionais, baseados em dados epidemiológicos sobre a problemática dos adolescentes. A área clínica, ainda que considerasse as influências externas ao processo de saúde e doença, mantinha seu olhar centrado no indivíduo, nas suas peculiaridades e singularidades, aspecto esse inerente ao seu campo de atuação. Daí as dificuldades de interlocução entre essas duas áreas da saúde, e o embate acadêmico em torno da institucionalização dos programas de atenção à saúde dos adolescentes, o que foi percebido por meio da análise dos depoimentos concedidos. Essa dificuldade de diálogo entre os referidos campos, na trajetória histórica inicial da Medicina de Adolescentes e da Atenção à Saúde Integral ao Adolescente, pode ter gerado entraves e morosidade no processo de implantação de programas e estratégias de obtenção de assistência à saúde de qualidade para essa faixa etária. A reconstrução do passado é necessária para a análise do presente, donde a necessidade de compreensão de alguns aspectos da trajetória da Medicina de Adolescentes em particular, e da Atenção à Saúde dos Adolescentes, em geral, para auxiliar os profissionais de saúde na busca de soluções para as dificuldades enfrentadas no atendimento à saúde desta população. / In light of scarcity of specialized works on the historical reconstruction of the establishment of Adolescent Medicine in particular, and of Adolescents Comprehensive Health Care, in general, in the State of São Paulo, especially as regards implementing these pioneering services within the scope of the universities and also as regards the views of the professionals responsible for such pathbreaking towards the difficulties and resistances within the context of their institutions of education and further in relation to the historical moment considered herein, i.e., mid 70s (characterized by the military dictatorship in the country), the purpose thereof was to recover the origins of Adolescent Medicine in the State of São Paulo between the 70s and the 90s. It regards a qualitative study, oriented by the analysis of the historical documents produced throughout the decades referred to above as regards the establishment of Adolescent Medicine and as regards the historical and cultural development of adolescents, and by gathering testimonies from those responsible for implementing the pioneering services related to adolescents health care in the State of São Paulo, either within the scope of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics and Psychiatry, or within the Public Health area. Interviews, with a semi-structured plan, were conducted between 2009 and 2010, generating personal testimonies with the purpose of recovering feelings, motivations, difficulties experienced and institutional and ideological obstacles encountered during the period of establishment of Adolescent Medicine and public health programs for adolescents, which could not be extracted by means of written documentation. Concern for adolescents health was expressed, especially from 1970 to 1990, on an occasion on which discussions were being conducted as regards the actual practice of global or full medicine offered to individuals and questions were being raised as regards fragmenting the individuals side effect of the emergency for medical sub-specialties and for medicalization of the individuals upon arrival of the technological medicine involving professionals from the clinical areas (pediatricians, gynecologists and psychiatrists), and from Public Health. As regards adolescents health, discussions on the new health paradigms gave rise to diverging conceptions among doctors and sanitarians in relation to the full health care focus. The purpose of the sanitarians and the creators of a public policy for adolescence was to achieve the population goals, based upon epidemiological data on the adolescents problems. The clinical area, even considering the external influences on the health and disease process, focused on the individuals, on their individuality and peculiarity, aspect inherent to their field of operations, thus giving rise to difficulties of communication between those two health areas and academic resistance to the establishment of the adolescents health care programs, which have been noticed by analyzing the given testimonies. Such difficulty to establish communication between the said fields, on the initial historical path of Adolescent Medicine and of Adolescents Comprehensive Health Care, may have given rise to obstacles and slowness in the process of implementing programs and strategies to obtain quality health care for this age group. It is necessary to reconstruct the past to analyze the present, thus the need to understand a few aspects of Adolescent Medicine path in particular, and of Adolescents Health Care, in general, to assist health professionals in search of solutions for the difficulties encountered at providing health to this population.

The purpose of this project was to present continuing medical education providers with a handbook that presents current perspectives on women's learning and suggests practice guidelines that can be incorporated into the planning of existing and future medical education activities.

This study is a historical analysis of the significant events from 1960 leading to the establishment of Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine (TCOM) in 1975 and a depiction of the actions of key individuals contributing to the development of the College. Included is a description of the environment and the controversy between the allopaths and osteopaths that resulted in a request in 1961 by the American Osteopathic Association to establish more osteopathic medical schools.

No description available.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The health of the medical profession hangs in the balance. Scepticism, mistrust and legal restraints have entered its hallowed corridors and are threatening its integrity and independence. There are myriad seemingly intractable moral dilemmas that doctors, ethicists and judges are trying to resolve with the aid of available principles and rules of ethical discourse; yet, the answers remain elusive. Hegel, the eighteenth century philosopher, postulated that perplexity only exists because we do not look at the world correctly: because we tend to think in an oppositional way, we abstract from the complex interrelation of things. He therefore suggested that one should step back and think reflectively about the problem and seek the one-sided assumptions that led to the impasse. My proposition is that at the heart of many of the current medical dilemmas lies the opposition between paternalism and autonomy. These two fundamental concepts arose out of two different traditions, and now, because they have been abstracted from the contexts and histories that inform them, seem to be diametrically opposed. Paternalism arose out of the ethics of competence that originated in ancient Greece. The art of medicine was still in its infancy and physicians had to prove their ability and benevolence to a mistrustful public. Demonstration of competence became a necessary component of any successful practice. As the power of medicine grew with the scientific and technological advances of the Enlightenment, professionals' authority and competence were reinforced and systematically fostered a paternalistic attitude at the expense of adequate protection of the individual. In response to the power differential found in the political and social arena, individual human rights were promulgated in the eighteenth century. In the medical sphere, the culture of rights was translated into, among others, the fundamental right to autonomy. Patients now have the right to decide on interventions and treatment in accordance with their own conception of a good life. Paternalism thus developed out of a societal system that embraced the virtues and communal responsibility within the bounds of the polis of antiquity; autonomy arose out of the designs of the Enlightenment where the individual was hailed supreme. Remnants of both traditions are evident in contemporary medicine, but they have been abstracted from their original purpose and meaning, leading to perplexity and antagonism. Following the Hegelian method of dialectic, I postulate a thesis of paternalism, and in response to this, an antithesis of autonomy. I attempt to show that an intransigent insistence on one side or the other will only serve to strengthen the paradox and fail to lead to an acceptable solution. I aim to develop a synthesis where both concepts are embraced with the help ofa better understanding of human nature and the inevitable limits of human knowledge. Influenced by the work of the psychoanalyst Carl Jung, I firstly argue for the existence of a biological human need for compassion and thus the importance of virtue ethics, which embraces this need. Secondly, focusing on the ethics of futurity developed by Hans Jonas, I delineate the altered nature of human action and the derivative need for an ethics of responsibility. I propose possibilities for the future based on the ideas of compassion, virtue and responsibility and argue that they can only be reconciled in a pluralistic ethic. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die mediese professie het'n dokter nodig. Een wat kan sin maak van die wantroue en vyandigheid wat te bespeur is in die pasient-dokter verhouding en wat toepaslike terapie kan voorskryf Al die pogings tot behandeling deur middel van reëls, regulasies en etiese kodes het tot dusver misluk en het vele skynbaar-onoplosbare morele dilemmas agtergelaat. Die Duitse filosoof, Hegel, het in die agtiende eeu aangevoer dat verwarring onstaan bloot omdat ons die wêreld op die verkeerde wyse beskou: die mens is geneig tot opposisionele denke en neem daarom nie die komplekse onderlinge verbintenisse van die onderskeie elemente in ag nie. Hegel het dus voorgestel dat wanneer ons met sulke hardnekkige situasies gekonfronteer word, ons 'n tree terug neem en die situasie reflektiewelik ondersoek vir eensydige veronderstellings. My hipotese is dat baie van die etiese dilemmas wat op die oomblik in medisyne voorkom, voortvloei uit die opposisie tussen paternalisme en outonomitiet. Hierdie twee fundamentele beginsels het uit twee verskillende tradisies ontstaan en nou, omdat hulle nie meer in hulle oorspronklike konteks voorkom nie, vertoon hulle skynbaar teenstellend. Paternalisme het onstaan vanuit die etiek van bevoegdheid wat teruggevoer kan word na die tyd van Hippocrates. Medisyne was 'n nuwe professie wat nog sy eerbaarheid en welwillendheid aan 'n wantrouige publiek moes bewys. Bevoegdheid was dus 'n essensiële komponent van enige suksesvolle praktyk. Indrukwekkende vooruitgang in die dissiplines van wetenskap en tegnologie sedert die agtiende eeu het dokters se gesag en bevoegdheid bevorder en stelselmatig 'n paternalistiese houding gekweek ten koste van toepaslike beskerming van die individu. In respons tot die magsverskil in die politieke en sosiale sfeer het 'n beweging in hierdie tyd ontstaan om universêle mensseregte te bewerkstellig. In medisyne het hierdie regsbeweging gekulmineer in, onder andere, die fundamentele reg tot self-beskikking - in ander woorde, outonomiteit. Die pasient is dus nou geregtig daarop om selfte besluit oor ingrepe en behandeling op grond van sylhaar konsep van 'n goeie en sinvolle lewe. Paternalisme het dus ontstaan uit 'n samelewing waar die deugte en gemeenskapsverantwoordelikhede integraal was tot die funksionering van die polis; outonomie aan die ander kant, het ontstaan uit die idees van Die Verligting waar die individu as belangriker as die gemeenskap geag is. Volgens die Hegeliaanse dialektiese metode, postuleer ek dus 'n tesis van paternalisme en in respons daartoe, 'n antitese van outonomiteit. Ek voer aan dat 'n eiewillige aandrang op een of die ander die dilemma net sal verdiep. Ek poog dus om 'n sintese te ontwikkel wat albei konsepte inkorporeer met behulp van 'n analise van die aard van die mens en die noodwendige beperkinge van sy kennis. Geskool op die werk van die psigoanalis Carl Jung, bespreek ek die mens se biologiese behoefte aan medelye en stel dus die saak vir die belang van 'n etiek van deugte wat hierdie behoefte onderskraag. Tweedens, beinvloed deur die etiek van die toekoms, soos beskryf deur Hans Jonas, ontwikkel ek die idee van die gewysigde skaal van menslike dade en gevolglik die noodsaklikheid van 'n etiek van verantwoordelikheid. Ek postuleer dus 'n benadering wat wentel om die konsepte van medelye, deug en verantwoordelikheid wat slegs in die vorm van 'n pluralistiese etiek tot uiting kan kom.

This thesis examines attitudes toward infertility in early modern England and colonial New England from c.1620 to 1720 through infertility’s representation in contemporary medical, religious, and literary sources. This study uses an expanded definition of infertility, namely a 'spectrum of infertility', to capture the tensions that arose during periods of infertility and experiences of reproductive failure such as miscarriages, stillbirths, monstrous births, and false conceptions. A spectrum, more than a modern definition, more accurately represents the range of bodily conditions experienced by early modern women and men that indicated reproductive disorder in the body; by extension, the language of infertility expressed fears about disorder in times of social, religious, and political crisis in early modern society. The two societies' relationship was often described through reproductive language and the language of infertility appears in both societies when order - within the body, within marriages, or within and between communities - was threatened. This thesis contributes to a growing body of scholarship on infertility in early modern society by analysing its presence in communications within and between early modern England and colonial New England. It argues that understanding the English origins of the colonists' attitudes toward infertility is fundamental both to understanding the close connection between the two societies and to providing context for the colonists' perceptions about their encounters with new lands, bodies, environments, and reasons for emigration. As a result, this thesis seeks to break new ground in providing an overview of social, medical, and cultural reactions in both England and New England, demonstrating that similar language and tropes were used in both regions to communicate concerns about infertility. Exploring the interplay between the many sources addressing this health issue more accurately represents the complexity of early modern attitudes toward infertility, and the intimacy of the relationship between the fledgling New England colonies and their metaphorical Mother England.