Mezinárodní měnový fond (MMF) je mezinárodní organizace o 185 členech, jejímž hlavním cílem je zajistit stabilitu mezinárodního měnového systému. Cílem této diplomové práce je přiblížit jejímu čtenáři, jaká je role Mezinárodního měnového fondu v současné světové ekonomice, jakým problémům musí čelit a s jakými výzvami se potýká. Práce nejprve představí okolnosti vzniku MMF, jeho cíle, výhody a povinnosti členů, jeho organizační strukturu a finanční zdroje. Následně přiblíží aktivity MMF včetně spolupráce se Světovou bankou a Světovou obchodní organizací. Pozornost je věnována i kritickým hlasům vně i uvnitř MMF, které jej přinutily k reformám v rámci programu Medium Term Strategy, jímž se zabývá poslední kapitola této práce.

Growing competitiveness in energy sector, uncertainty about economic growth and increasing regulation all lead to diminishing growing potential for a energy company. It is a challenge for business management and business planning to search, create and explore company's potential. Therefore planning process in the studied energy company E.ON is analysed as a management tool for implementation of company strategy. The strategy itself is analysed in order to evaluate mid-term planning in E.ON. The subplans, financial indicators and key performance indicators are evaluated. New system of key performance indicators is designed.

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Submitted by Wagner de Freitas Ciarelli null (wciarelli@gmail.com) on 2017-07-02T13:15:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_07_01 - Dissertação Wagner Ciarelli_Final.pdf: 2232658 bytes, checksum: 885a606f3526bdd97c7e591dd627c97d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-07-04T17:23:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ciarelli_wf_me_bauru.pdf: 2232658 bytes, checksum: 885a606f3526bdd97c7e591dd627c97d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-04T17:23:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ciarelli_wf_me_bauru.pdf: 2232658 bytes, checksum: 885a606f3526bdd97c7e591dd627c97d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-26 / No ambiente regulado, o planejamento da geração de energia é coordenado por um operador do sistema, que procura minimizar os custos da energia gerada e garantir a segurança energética para os consumidores e o atendimento da demanda. Este tipo de planejamento de geração não representa a lei de oferta e procura que ocorre em mercados de energia elétrica. No ambiente de mercado, os agentes apresentam suas ofertas de compra e venda em um ambiente competitivo que promove a livre concorrência. Este trabalho propõe um modelo de planejamento de geração de médio prazo, baseado na concorrência pela geração/consumo, em que empresas geradoras e consumidores fornecem lances em um leilão de energia de médio prazo. O modelo proposto é comparado ao modelo de planejamento centralizado de geração de energia. Os testes realizados no software GAMS, com pacote de solução CPLEX, indicam que o modelo proposto é uma alternativa para promover uma matriz energética mais variada e robusta a variações climáticas, além de manter a concorrência justa tanto para os consumidores quanto para os produtores de energia. / In regulated hydrothermal electricity markets, power generation dispatch is coordinated by an independent system operator, that works to guarantee energy for consumers in the long-term, to meet the demand and to minimize the cost of generation. This type of dispatch does not represents the laws of supply and demand in the electricity market. In the deregulated auction market, the participants present their bids to purchase and sell, without the guarantee of being accepted, promoting free competition. This work presents a bibliographical research on electricity markets and the existing uncertainties of energy planning. Through optimization models, regulated dispatch is compared to an auction model for medium-term planning horizons. The tests performed in the GAMS software, with CPLEX solution package, indicate that the energy auction model is an alternative to promote the variation of the energy matrix, to turn it more robust to climate changes, in addition to maintaining fair competition for both the consumer and the producer.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maglaine Priscila Zoz.pdf: 1367098 bytes, checksum: 7bb99c249779c7e325d054bf958aec2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / It is not uncommon when it comes to logical thinking in Aristotelian logic and all the tradition that was accomplished later, which is considered a completed science, and that any increase seems to him unnecessary. What this paper seeks to show is a different way and possible to think about the logic, without that get stuck in a purely formal and closed construction. For this task, the prospect that Hegel gives this science will be set. Hegel's Logic has ramifications that differs from that had been conceived since Aristotle by "logic", because it is not a purely subjective logic, but whose actual truth was laid in autodeterminadora union at the same time subject and object, which can be understood as giving life to the logical processes. It is north of this research and move through their developments, comparing and analyzing in parallel some earlier approaches of logic (as in Aristotle, Kant and Fichte). We will try to expose the development of objective logic, explained in the first and second of the Science of Logic Hegel books. This is to show that reality is thought of as developed in thinking concept as unification of opposites. For this, the course has to be designed as a movement of thought, as a junction of being and thinking, of object and subject, the form and content, and presents this union the element that gives life to the course, because this is the movement in which it carries out the true concept. It is in this context that the syllogism is entered as mediates element whose function sometimes goes unnoticed, but it plays a significant role in the set. The syllogism gives the link that had been missing when it was thought the reconciliation of opposing elements, which ended up turning them into irreconcilable opposites. / Não é raro quando se trata da Lógica pensar na lógica aristotélica e toda a tradição que se efetivou posteriormente, sendo esta considerada como uma ciência finalizada e que, qualquer acréscimo lhe parece desnecessário. O que este trabalho busca mostrar é um modo diferente e possível para se pensar a lógica, sem que essa fique presa a uma construção puramente formal e fechada. Para tal tarefa, será definida a perspectiva que Hegel dá a essa ciência. A Lógica hegeliana possui desdobramentos que a distingue do que se vinha concebendo, desde Aristóteles, por Lógica", por não se tratar de uma lógica puramente subjetiva, mas cuja verdade efetiva foi assentada na união autodeterminadora ao mesmo tempo do sujeito e do objeto, o que pode ser compreendido como dar vida aos processos lógicos. Constitui o norte dessa pesquisa e percorrer os seus desdobramentos, contrapondo e analisando em paralelo algumas abordagens anteriores da Lógica (como em Aristóteles, Kant e Fichte). Trataremos de expor o desenvolvimento da Lógica Objetiva, explicitada nos livros primeiro e segundo da Ciência da Lógica de Hegel. Trata-se de mostrar que a realidade é pensada como desenvolvida no pensar do Conceito enquanto unificação dos opostos. Para isso o Lógico tem de ser concebido como um movimento do pensar, como junção do ser e do pensar, do objeto e do sujeito, da forma e do conteúdo, sendo que se apresenta nessa união o elemento que dá vida ao Lógico, pois este é o movimento no qual se realiza a verdade do Conceito. E é neste contexto que o Silogismo é inserido como elemento mediatizante, cuja função por vezes passa despercebida, mas que tem um papel significativo no conjunto. O silogismo dá o elo que vinha faltando quando se pensava na conciliação de elementos opostos, o que acabava os transformando em opostos inconciliáveis.

A pesquisa que aqui se apresenta tem como objetivo a análise dos contos mais representativos da obra A Morte da Porta Estandarte, Tati, a Garota e Outras Histórias de Aníbal Monteiro Machado, escritor mineiro, natural de Sabará, e figura singular na literatura brasileira. Embora tenha publicado pouco, Aníbal Machado fora um agitador cultural relevante nas décadas de 20 a 50. Talvez por isso, muito se tenha dito sobre a pessoa e atuação do escritor e muito pouco sobre sua obra. Entre as décadas de 40 e 50, está concentrado o maior número de publicações do escritor, não por acaso, já que esse período, em virtude, principalmente da crescente urbanização no sudeste brasileiro, foi emblemático em se tratando do movimento político-social contraditório; núcleo dos temas tratados pelo contista. A intensa migração populacional para zonas urbanas, e a sobrevida daquela população vítima da modernização conservadora no Brasil, está presente com matizes diferenciados em todos os contos da obra, que se vale de uma galeria de personagens antitéticas, a fim de evidenciar as contradições da estrutura que se forjara em conseqüência de uma insurgente democracia formal. Os contrastes e contradições do Brasil, frente ao projeto ideológico de parte da intelectualidade brasileira - que tomara consciência das massas como parte constitutiva do país ao mesmo tempo em que as considerava incapazes de se desvencilhar da tutela da elite política e intelectual- são desenvolvidos esteticamente nos contos de Aníbal Machado de maneira a tensionar, em ambigüidade fundamental, a forma classicizante da escrita com a abordagem pouco convencional - e de clara influência vanguardista- com que desenvolve os temas. Esta tese aprofunda e amplia a antítese formulada por Cavalcanti Proença que, ao comentar os contos de A Morte da Porta-Estandarte, Tati e outras Histórias, afirmou ver neles a imagem dos balões cativos que vai ao espaço criativo e onírico, sem desfixar do solo as amarras de um espírito crítico e atento. Neste trabalho, pôde-se perceber que a antítese é na verdade evidência do engajamento da forma, na medida em que apresenta por meio do embate uma espécie de impasse histórico de nossa sociedade. / The following paper analyzes the most important stories of A Morte da Porta Estandarte, Tati, a Garota e Outras História, written by Anibal Monteiro Machado, a notable personage in Brazilian literature, born in Sabará in the State of Minas Gerais. Although he published very little, Anibal Machado was an important cultural agitator from the 1920s to the 1950s. Perhaps because of this, much has been said about the person and his activities and very little about his literary work . Most of his literature arose during the 1940s and 1950s and not by coincidence, principally because that period, as a result of the growing urbanization in southeastern Brazil, was emblematic when portraying the contradictory social-political movement, the core of the themes dealt with by the writer. The intense migration to the urban areas and the life of that population, which fell victim to the conservative modernization of Brazil, is present in different hues and shades throughout his work that uses a plethora of antiethical characters to lay bare the structural contradiction forged because of an insurgent, formal democracy. The contrasts and contradictions of Brazil, in light of the ideological project conceived by the Brazilian intellectuals, which saw the masses as part and parcel of the country while simultaneously considering them entirely incapable of extricating themselves from the tutelage of the Brazilian political and intellectual elite, are aesthetically developed in the stories of Anibal Machado in such a manner as to stress, with fundamental ambiguity, the class system of writing with an unorthodox, albeit clearly avant garde, approach. This paper explores and expands on the anti-thesis presented by Cavalcanti Proença who, when commenting the stories of A Morte da Porta Estandarte, Tati e Outras Histórias, affirmed seeing in them the image of captive balloons rising into a creative and dreamlike sky without, however, losing touch with the ground of a critical and observing spirit. In this paper, one can perceive that the anti-thesis present in the literary work of Anibal Monteiro Machado is in fact evidence of commitment to form as it reveals through conflicts a type of historical impasse of our society.

The aim of this work is to analyse divergences of local government budgets and medium-term budgetary outlooks from results of the budgetary management of selected municipalities in the Czech Republic. At the beginning of the work, there are introduced problems of budgetary rules, medium-term budgetary outlooks and local government budgets. The analysis is focused on the municipalities which make a delegate force as municipalities with authorized municipal office from 2010 to 2013. The analysis is focused on the evaluation of the use of the medium-term budgetary outlook in the budgetary planning by municipalities. This work compares planning by municipalities updating their budgetary outlooks with the municipalities that are not updated. It is also focused on including the modification of tax-incomes in medium-term and annual budgetary planning. The analysis evaluates divergences of budgetary management in the municipalities during the analysed years. In the conclusion of work, there is made the analysis of debts of surveyed municipalities. Based on the analysis, following results were reached. The municipalities keep the rules of the verity and safety in the majority of revenues and common expenses. In 2013 where the amendment to the law of budget determination of taxes came into force, municipalities did not involve the modification of tax revenue in the medium-term budgetary outlooks and local government budgets. Based on the analysis of management, the budget of most municipalities is balanced or even surplus from 2010 to 2013. The average debt of the analysed municipalities did not change too much and 8 of 100 analysed municipalities had no debts during the analysed period. The recommendations following from the economic analysis of the surveyed municipalities are: to publish medium-term budgetary outlooks on the website of municipalities in conformity with the rule of publicity of public budgets and by reason of the addition of information for residents of the municipality, to monitor changes in the legislation and to integrate these changes into budgetary planning in time.

A pesquisa que aqui se apresenta tem como objetivo a análise dos contos mais representativos da obra A Morte da Porta Estandarte, Tati, a Garota e Outras Histórias de Aníbal Monteiro Machado, escritor mineiro, natural de Sabará, e figura singular na literatura brasileira. Embora tenha publicado pouco, Aníbal Machado fora um agitador cultural relevante nas décadas de 20 a 50. Talvez por isso, muito se tenha dito sobre a pessoa e atuação do escritor e muito pouco sobre sua obra. Entre as décadas de 40 e 50, está concentrado o maior número de publicações do escritor, não por acaso, já que esse período, em virtude, principalmente da crescente urbanização no sudeste brasileiro, foi emblemático em se tratando do movimento político-social contraditório; núcleo dos temas tratados pelo contista. A intensa migração populacional para zonas urbanas, e a sobrevida daquela população vítima da modernização conservadora no Brasil, está presente com matizes diferenciados em todos os contos da obra, que se vale de uma galeria de personagens antitéticas, a fim de evidenciar as contradições da estrutura que se forjara em conseqüência de uma insurgente democracia formal. Os contrastes e contradições do Brasil, frente ao projeto ideológico de parte da intelectualidade brasileira - que tomara consciência das massas como parte constitutiva do país ao mesmo tempo em que as considerava incapazes de se desvencilhar da tutela da elite política e intelectual- são desenvolvidos esteticamente nos contos de Aníbal Machado de maneira a tensionar, em ambigüidade fundamental, a forma classicizante da escrita com a abordagem pouco convencional - e de clara influência vanguardista- com que desenvolve os temas. Esta tese aprofunda e amplia a antítese formulada por Cavalcanti Proença que, ao comentar os contos de A Morte da Porta-Estandarte, Tati e outras Histórias, afirmou ver neles a imagem dos balões cativos que vai ao espaço criativo e onírico, sem desfixar do solo as amarras de um espírito crítico e atento. Neste trabalho, pôde-se perceber que a antítese é na verdade evidência do engajamento da forma, na medida em que apresenta por meio do embate uma espécie de impasse histórico de nossa sociedade. / The following paper analyzes the most important stories of A Morte da Porta Estandarte, Tati, a Garota e Outras História, written by Anibal Monteiro Machado, a notable personage in Brazilian literature, born in Sabará in the State of Minas Gerais. Although he published very little, Anibal Machado was an important cultural agitator from the 1920s to the 1950s. Perhaps because of this, much has been said about the person and his activities and very little about his literary work . Most of his literature arose during the 1940s and 1950s and not by coincidence, principally because that period, as a result of the growing urbanization in southeastern Brazil, was emblematic when portraying the contradictory social-political movement, the core of the themes dealt with by the writer. The intense migration to the urban areas and the life of that population, which fell victim to the conservative modernization of Brazil, is present in different hues and shades throughout his work that uses a plethora of antiethical characters to lay bare the structural contradiction forged because of an insurgent, formal democracy. The contrasts and contradictions of Brazil, in light of the ideological project conceived by the Brazilian intellectuals, which saw the masses as part and parcel of the country while simultaneously considering them entirely incapable of extricating themselves from the tutelage of the Brazilian political and intellectual elite, are aesthetically developed in the stories of Anibal Machado in such a manner as to stress, with fundamental ambiguity, the class system of writing with an unorthodox, albeit clearly avant garde, approach. This paper explores and expands on the anti-thesis presented by Cavalcanti Proença who, when commenting the stories of A Morte da Porta Estandarte, Tati e Outras Histórias, affirmed seeing in them the image of captive balloons rising into a creative and dreamlike sky without, however, losing touch with the ground of a critical and observing spirit. In this paper, one can perceive that the anti-thesis present in the literary work of Anibal Monteiro Machado is in fact evidence of commitment to form as it reveals through conflicts a type of historical impasse of our society.

The purpose of this thesis is to test the hypothesis if the Czech budget deficit bias is built into the budget process and if the public finance reform in 2004 improved the quality of this process. The analysis reveals that implementation of the reform measures, such as medium-term expenditure framework is not very successful. The introduction of the programme budgeting is not completed too and the room for use of undesirable methods of budgeting still exist. The thesis is also focused on identifying problematic aspects of budget process, such as "pork barrel spending" and non-functioning control mechanism performed by Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament and Supreme Audit Office. The possibility of implementing of the "balanced budget rule" is discussed in the final part this thesis.

Le vif intérêt de Descartes porté constamment au concept de nature se manifeste dans son usage fréquent du terme avec toute sa complexité sémantique. La nature lui signifie d’abord la physique, à laquelle il travaille particulièrement dans les années 1630. Elle est ensuite l’essence et ce qui rend possible notre disposition essentielle en nous instituant, et cet usage se trouve fréquemment en Meditationes. Mais le concept cartésien de nature n’épuise pas toutes ses apparitions dans les usages du terme explicite, car il apparaît aussi implicitement dans un lien dyadique de la recherche du jeune Descartes. D’une part, celui-ci reconnaît dès le début de sa carrière l’existence intrinsèque des vérités dans notre esprit, dont les semences de vérités et les naturae simplices en tant qu’aboutissement de ce concept. D’autre part, le but principal du jeune philosophe est d’élucider les facultés naturelles de l’ingenium, avec la méthode épistémologique qui peut en être tirée naturellement. Le « naturel (-lement) » ne concerne pas seulement le mécanisme des connaissances, mais aussi la question de ce qui les rend naturelles, à savoir leurs fondements. Le concept de nature renvoie ainsi, pour Descartes jusqu’au Discours de la méthode, moins à l’essence qu’à la structure naturelle de connaître les vérités naturellement existantes dans l’esprit, et sa physique est une science appliquée de ces vérités sur les phénomènes naturels. Cette élucidation de la naturalité épistémique est une condition préalable à sa prochaine recherche sur la naturalité ontologique par la quête de raisons de certitude, à savoir la recherche en nature au sens d’essence qui s’effectuera en Meditationes. / The keen interest of Descartes constantly found in the concept of nature manifests itself in his frequent use of the term with all its semantic complexity. Nature means to him first of all the physics, on which he works particularly in the 1630s. Then, it is the essence and what makes possible our essential disposition by instituting us, and this use is frequently found in Meditationes. But the Cartesian concept of nature does not exhaust all its appearances in the uses of the explicit term, because it also appears implicitly in a dyadic link of the research of the young Descartes. On one hand, he recognizes from the beginning of his career the intrinsic existence of truths in our spirit, among which are found seeds of truths and naturae simplices as a culmination of this concept. On the other hand, the main purpose of the young philosopher is to elucidate natural faculties of ingenium with the epistemological method that can be drawn from it naturally. "Natural(-ly)" concerns not only the mechanism of knowledge, but also the question of what makes it natural, namely its foundations. The concept of nature refers thus, for Descartes until the Discourse on Method, less to the essence than to the natural structure to know the truths naturally existing in mind, and his physics is an applied science of these truths to the natural phenomena. This elucidation of the epistemic naturality is a prerequisite for his next research on the ontological naturality by the search of reasons of certainty, namely the research of nature in the sense of essence which will be carried out in Meditationes.