Titel: Fotbollsevenemangs påverkan på destinationsbilden – En kvantitativ studie om svenska fotbollssupportrars uppfattning av tre värdnationer Författare: Linnea Bengtsson och Åsa Svensson Handledare: Svante Andersson Examinator: Navid Ghannad Kurs: Självständigt uppsatsarbete inom företagsekonomi 15hp, internationella marknadsföringsföringsprogrammet, Högskolan i Halmstad, VT 2020. Centrala begrepp: Destinationsbild, mega-sportevenemang, uppfattning Syfte: Uppsatsen syftar på att undersöka och bidra med kunskap om mega-sportevenemang och dess påverkan på destinationsbilden. Detta presenteras genom att undersöka svenska fotbollssupportrars uppfattning kring faktorer som påverkar ett mega-sportevenemang. Forskningsfrågor: - Vilka faktorer kan påverka en supporter att resa till ett mästerskap? - Vilka skillnader finns i upplevelser av genomförda fotbollsmästerskap i Frankrike 2016 och Ryssland 2018 samt uppfattningar om Qatar 2022? Teori: Här presenteras tidigare forskning som anses relevant till ämnet. Huvudteorin är destinationsbild och den kompletteras med andra för studien väsentliga teorier som uppfattning, resemotivation och word-of-mouth. Med hjälp av studiens resultat kan teorierna stödja forskningen och analysen inom ämnet. Metod: Denna studie genomförs med hjälp av en kvantitativ studie utformad som tre enkäter. En om EM 2016 i Frankrike, en om VM 2018 i Ryssland och den sista om kommande VM 2022 i Qatar. Enkäterna besvarades av supportrar i den svenska Facebook-gruppen Camp Sweden av män och kvinnor i åldrarna 16–66+. Slutsats: Genom att undersöka de svenska fotbollssupportrarnas uppfattningar kring olika mästerskap går det att konstatera att värdnationen är av hög relevans men också att destinationsbilden går att påverka med hjälp av ett mega-sportevenemang. Efter sammanställning av de tre enkäterna går det att utläsa att de faktorer som påverkar mest till resa är pris, enkelhet att ta sig till landet och klimat. Det går även att konstatera att det är fotbollsintresset som är den drivande faktorn till att delta i ett mästerskap.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nation branding process deployed by a host country organizing committee. Three research questions helped guide this study: (1) How does the organizing committee see the opportunity of hosting a sport-mega event (SME) as a nation branding tool? (2) What aspects of the FIFA World Cup (FWC) do people working with the organizing committee believe, create such nation branding opportunities? (3) How do event organizers leverage a nation branding legacy from the FWC? A single case study was built using 1,669 document pages, and nine semi-structured interviews and data were thematically analyzed. The study investigated relevant organizational documents and the event organizers’ perspectives to determine the nation branding processes. Results revealed the organization's approach to nation branding involved assessing their external image, creating a country narrative based on the population's characteristics and values, and depicting a unique identity by showcasing their cultural heritage to increase the attraction of the nation brand. Findings highlight that nation branding through the FWC requires the LOC’s strategic coordination through nation brand stakeholders, nation brand ambassadors, important organizations as well as the leadership of the nation in order to build brand equity.

Unlike the city calling the project as 'moving city', what actually happening in Kiruna is that demolishing the old part and building a new area. During this process, specific researches were done on each houses by municipality and only few heritages, estimated as culturally valuable, are picked up and will be preserved as it is. On the other hand, individual houses are facing the demolition, since the city wants to give the space back to the nature. However, these "research" overlooks a phenomenological aspect of individual houses, which contains the trace of actual daily life of Kiruna people. And when starting to see from this perspective, all these houses, whether it is aesthetically beautiful or not, are worth to be preserved since these spaces allow a common experience for each family to share, which leads community to form an identity.   According to the city's plan, only some fragments from the houses will be reused for the new house construction such as interior moldings with ornament, window frame, door nob...etc. But I believe that the spacial experience is about going through the aggregate of a space.  In this project, on the top of situation of Kiruna, the new city development and anthropocenical impact of mining, I would like to criticize the current preservation work by exposing the phenomenological value of individual houses with fictional proposal, that is saving the entire "home" in the underground for the future to share the memory with the next generation, rather than breaking it into pieces.

Bacteria frequently encounter changes in their environment and must adapt accordingly. When these changes are predictable, there is evidence of anticipatory gene regulation. For example, the model enteric pathogen Salmonella has a well-defined natural history, typically only encountering iron in the lumen of the gut. However, this bacterium responds to the presence of iron not by upregulating genes needed to thrive in the lumen, but rather the iron-deplete epithelium, the subsequent environment it encounters. This may be similar to Pavlovian conditioning, a type of associative learning that involves pairing two unrelated stimuli and anticipatory behavioural changes. Since conditioning has not been well explored in bacteria, we are investigating whether Salmonella can learn new conditioned responses by pairing two unrelated carbon sources, citrate and maltose. We leveraged a prototype of the Microbial Evolution and Growth Arena (MEGA)-plate motility assay to define a new natural history. By pairing stimuli across a physical landscape, we can select for bacteria that learn to use citrate to anticipate maltose and can quickly deplete the second carbon source. Time-series imaging of bacteria as they swim across the plate shows evidence of emerging variants capable of swimming faster through maltose and unique swimming behaviours through repeated passaging. This approach selects for the fastest swimming bacteria, not necessarily bacteria that have acquired anticipatory regulation. As such, further genetic and transcriptional analysis of the variants are necessary. Similar passaging of Salmonella in broth allowed us to compare anticipatory regulation across a physical and non-physical landscape. Learning to anticipate environmental changes will provide a bacterium with a selective advantage, allowing it to outcompete its conspecifics which are slower to respond. From this investigation, we hope to provide insight into the learning capacity of bacteria and further understand how bacteria exploit memory to problem-solve. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Bacteria that encounter predictable changes in their environment can acquire anticipatory gene regulation. This may be similar to Pavlovian conditioning, a type of associative learning that involves pairing two unrelated stimuli and anticipatory behavioural changes. Since conditioning has not been well explored in bacteria, we investigate whether Salmonella can learn new behaviours by pairing two unrelated carbon sources, citrate and maltose. We leveraged a motility plate assay to define a new natural history. By pairing stimuli across a physical landscape, we can select for bacteria that learn to use citrate to anticipate maltose. Time-series imaging shows evidence of variants capable of swimming faster through maltose and unique swimming behaviours through repeated passaging. Similar passaging of Salmonella in broth allowed us to compare anticipatory regulation across physical and non-physical landscapes. From this investigation, we hope to further understand the learning capacity of bacteria and how bacteria exploit memory to solve problems.

Paris' successful bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics arises in the midst of a grand rethinking of the politics of regional and local development in the Île-de-France region. The emerging ambition to advance a metropolitan model is fundamentally hindered by a historically persistent and burdensome institutional puzzle. Contravening the consensual political dogma that such intricate structure demands to be simplified, initiatives of metropolization prompted the establishment of a new administrative layer, the Métropole du Grand Paris (MGP). By advocating dynamics of cooperation, the MGP is the institutional manifestation of a State-led ambition to reinvent a detrimental power mosaic in the region. But limited resources, expertise, and jurisdictional authority prevent it from asserting relevance within the metropolitan conversation. Yet, the Olympic project provides the MGP with a compelling opportunity to manifest crucial competence and to significantly mature its authoritative influence. In this thesis, we explore the blending of the Grand Paris regional development project and the Olympic ambition by investigating the role of the 2024 Summer Olympics in the establishment of an ambitious yet fragile metropolitan model. We use key informant interviews and secondary sources such as news articles, bid books, and official documents to interrogate the way France is tackling, in the 21st century, the challenges of metropolization. Our evidence suggests that Paris as a city of projects fundamentally corresponds to a ground for experimentation that puts institutions and infrastructure at the forefront of discussions. It appears clear that the Games correspond to a grand excuse to legitimize investments in ongoing projects (specifically the Grand Paris Express) and to consolidate State-led spatial reforms with little risk of dissension. The 2024 Summer Olympics are the State's cautious means to inquire the feasibility of a grand ambition without committing to an overhaul of the jurisdictional structure of metropolization. / Master of Science / After multiple failed French mega event bids, Paris was elected as host city of the 2024 Summer Olympics. While ostensibly the 2024 Summer Olympics are linked to Paris, the spatial requirements of the event explicitly suggest Paris’ incapability to accommodate specialty infrastructure within its own city limits. Ultimately, an important negotiation must take place in order to identify potential sites suitable for olympic facilities while also considering the production of a significant urban, economic, and social heritage. As such, the 2024 Summer Olympics emerge as an opportunity to investigate the way France is tackling, in the 21st century, the challenges of metropolization. This paper examines the blending of the Grand Paris regional development project and the Olympic ambition. Relying on interviews with key informants and secondary sources such as news articles, bid books, and city planning documents, it specifically addresses the implications of organizing the distribution of jurisdictions in a complex multi-layered structure of governance and a desire for political legitimacy.

Systems engineering has many subdisciplines which would be useful to study in terms of complex system behavior. However, it is the interactions between a complex system and its operating environment which drive the motivation for this analysis. Specifically, this work introduces a new approach to assessing these interactions called "boundary resilience." While classical resilience theory measures a system's internal reaction to adverse event, boundary resilience evaluates the impacts such an event may have on the surrounding environment. As the scope of this analysis is quite large, it was deemed appropriate to conduct a case study to determine the fundamental tenants of boundary resilience. SpaceX's satellite Internet mega-constellation (StarLink) was chosen due to its large potential to impact the space environment as well as its size and complexity. This study produced two boundary resilience measures, one for local boundary resilience of a single component and one for the global boundary behavior of the entire system. The local metric measures the likelihood of an adverse event occurring at that boundary location as well as its potential to impact the surrounding environment. The global boundary resilience metric reflects a nonlinear relationship among the system components. / Doctor of Philosophy / It is no secret that the world and the systems which enable it to function have become increasingly complex in recent decades. This complexity has the potential to create both innovative uses as well as unplanned and unexpected behaviors in these systems. As they interact with their environment, complex systems can produce equally complex and unpredictable behaviors which have potential to have a negative impact on their environment. This work seeks to study one component of this behavior: resilience. Resilience usually measures a system's ability to continue providing a service in the event of a disruption, or to recover the ability to provide the service after some amount of time. Boundary resilience, on the other hand, takes the perspective of potential environmental damage caused by an adverse event, rather than damage to the system's functionality. This study uses a case study of the StarLink satellite constellation to examine this phenomenon. The outcome of the analysis shows that the size of a complex system negatively impacts its potential to cause damage to the surrounding environment, but increasingly mature components can mitigate this degradation.

La persistance des bidonvilles en milieu urbain est un phénomène présent à l’échelle du globe et particulièrement dans les pays émergents. Elle s’affirme comme un enjeu majeur illustrant aussi bien les inégalités sociales, politiques et environnementale qu’une certaine non maîtrise de l’urbain par les autorités publiques. Au Brésil, le phénomène prend le nom de favelisation. Synonymes de pauvreté, de plaie urbaine et de violence, les favelas constituent un pan entier de la production urbaine que les politiques publiques et les acteurs privés ne parviennent pas à endiguer ou absorber. Depuis quelques années, les métropoles émergentes tentent de se distinguer par des événements à portée internationale. C’est le cas de Rio de Janeiro et de Curitiba au Brésil. La première s’inscrit dans l’agenda des méga-événements internationaux (Coupe du Monde de Football 2014, Jeux Olympiques 2016). La deuxième, intégrée dans le projet Coupe du Monde 2014, s’était déjà démarquée en devenant un modèle de développement urbain à l’échelle mondiale. La bonne réception des grands événements sportifs implique dès lors d’importantes transformations des territoires hôtes : constructions de stades, amélioration des infrastructures de transport. À Rio de Janeiro et Curitiba, où respectivement 22% et 9% de la population habite dans des favelas, la confrontation spatiale entre les deux phénomènes est inévitable. À travers cinq favelas (Vila Autodromo, Vidigal, Morro da Providência, Vila Torres, Vila Parolin) de deux métropoles différentes (Rio de Janeiro et Curitiba), la thèse montre que les interactions entre les favelas et les méga-événements sont protéiformes et dépendent fortement des contextes locaux. L’approche spatiale, articulée à la sociologie urbaine, offre une nouvelle grille de lecture à la confrontation entre méga-événements et favelas et qualifie les transformations : la favela évincée, la favela mondialisée, la favela trophée, la favela intégrée et la favela ordinaire. Au centre de cette confrontation, trois logiques apparaissent. L’invisibilisation des favelas, visuellement frappante, vise à faire disparaitre leur caractère embarrassant ; la logique de transfert évoque des déplacements de population et de modes de vie ; enfin la logique culturelle, spécificité brésilienne, renverse la dichotomie en s’appuyant sur la culture favelada pour promouvoir une certaine image du Brésil. La recherche combine de nombreuses observations et analyses spatiales in situ, une revue de presse (locale et internationale) et des entretiens semi-directifs. Les résultats montrent que la nature des confrontations dépend de la manière dont les méga-événements sont intégrés au développement urbain des métropoles-hôtes. Plus le méga-événement s’adapte au territoire dans une vision à long terme, plus la confrontation avec les favelas mène à leur intégration dans le maillage urbain. À l’inverse, lorsque c’est la ville qui s’adapte au méga-événement et coordonne ses transformations urbaines au calendrier événementiel, la nature des confrontations est plusbrutale. Les favelas sont dans ce cadre un perturbateur, mais aussi une opportunité de se distinguer positivement pour les métropoles qui parviennent à en pallier les carences. Elles interrogent profondément les ambitions et les modalités de production de la ville, tant en raison de leur persistance que par leur capacité à se transformer. / The persistence of shanty towns in urban areas is a worldwide phenomenon and more particularly in developing countries. It appears as a major issue, which illustrates both social, political and environmental inequalities and some difficulties of public authorities in mastering the development of urban background. In Brazil, the phenomenon is called « favelisation ». Synonymous with destitution, urban plague and violence, favelas constitute a whole part of urban production that city policies and economic agents fail to contain or absorb. For a few years, emerging metropolises have attempted to single out through events with a worldwide impact. This is the case of Rio de Janeiro and Curitiba in Brazil. The former is part of the agenda of global mega-events (2014 Soccer World Cup, 2016 Olympic Games). The latter, integrated in the 2014 World Cup, had already stood out by becoming a model for urban development on a worldwide scale. The good reception of major sporting events entails then significant transformations for host territories: building stadiums, improvement of transport facilities. In these metropolises, although they have different proportions of inhabitants to slum (22% in Rio de Janeiro and 9,3% in Curitiba), it's impossible to avoid spatial confrontation. Through five favelas (Vila Autodromo, Vidigal, Morro da Providência, Vila Torres, Vila Parolin) in two different conurbations (Rio de Janeiro and Curitiba ), the thesis shows that the interactions between the favelas and major woldwide events are shape-shifting and depend hugely on local backgrounds. The space approach, joined with urban sociology, provides a new reading of the confrontation between mega-events and favelas and brands the transformations: the excluded favela, the globalised favela, the trophy favela, the integrated favela and the ordinary favela. At the core of this confrontation there are three logics. That of making the favelas invisible, visually striking, aims at making their embarassing aspect disappear; the transfering logic causes people's relocation and lifestyle change; eventually the cultural logic, which is a Brazilian specificity, knocks over dichotomy by relying on the favela culture to promote a certain image of Brazil. The research combines many observations and area analysis in situ, a press review (local and global) and semi-guided interviews. The results show that the nature of the confrontations depends on the way the mega-events are integrated to the urban development of the host conurbations. The more the mega-event adapts to the territory in a long run vision, the more the confrontation with favelas leads to their integration in the city networking. Conversely, when the city adapts itself to the mega-event and ajusts its tranformations to the event agenda, the nature of confrontations is more violent. In this case favelas are a disruptive element as well as an opportunity to stand out positively for the conurbations that manage to make up for the deficiencies. They question in depth the urban ambitions and production modes, owing both to their persistence and their ability to transform.

A partir da segunda metade do século XX, o futebol consolidou-se como um importante ramo da indústria do entretenimento no Brasil e assim sendo, deflagrou a necessidade de se projetar novos estádios, mais eficientes especialmente no que tange os processos de requalificação do seu entorno construído. O crescimento desordenado das cidades brasileiras a partir das décadas de 1960 e 1970, conjugado ao desenvolvimento da indústria do futebol expuseram a incapacidade dos grandes estádios brasileiros, construídos na sua maioria em concreto armado durante o regime militar, de se tornarem peças centrais em processos de regeneração urbana e nem mesmo de acomodar com qualidade seus espectadores. Portanto, o presente trabalho visa reavaliar o arquétipo do estádio de futebol contemporâneo verificando a presença de estratégias projetuais que permitam a estes edifícios tornarem-se qualificadores do espaço construído, especialmente neste momento em que o país será sede de mega eventos esportivos, como a Copa do Mundo e os jogos olímpicos. Além disto, a organização destas competições, juntamente com a consolidação da industria esportiva nacional, deve ser compreendida como uma possibilidade de desenvolvimento de sistemas de infraestrutura urbana e políticas sociais que contribuam para a regeneração de áreas urbanas subutilizadas. Sendo assim, o presente resumo sintetiza os resultados obtidos com a dissertação de mestrado intitulada: O estádio contemporâneo: uma arquitetura regeneradora do seu tecido urbano. Inicialmente, o trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica em periódicos internacionais, como: European Urban Studies, Urban Environment, Built Environment, Town Planning Review, Annals of Regional Science, Economic Development Quarterly, Urban Studies, Tourism Management, Journal of Sport Management, Leisure Studies, World Leisure and Recreation Studies, Journal of Urban Affairs, Sb Magazine. Posteriormente, a metodologia aplicada a pesquisa utilizou-se da análise de estudos de caso, que apontaram os aspectos arquitetônicos que contribuíram para que os edifícios analisados tornassem-se regeneradores, e não desagregadores de seu contexto urbano. Portanto, o estudo concentrou-se na análise dos estádios de futebol contemporâneos, construídos como sedes de competições internacionais, a partir da compreensão das estratégias projetuais presentes nestes edifícios propostos como requalificadores de seu contexto urbano. Os resultados obtidos pelo estudo indicaram que as tendências arquitetônicas apresentadas pelos estádios contemporâneos são consequências de transformações morfológicas ocorridas durante o século XX que incorporaram ao edifício novas tecnologias e sistemas construtivos que reafirmam a sua função enquanto regeneradores de tecidos degradados. A necessária ligação ente o estádio e o seu contexto urbano demanda que estes sejam concebidos conjugadamente com sistemas de infraestrutura, possibilitado ao edifício estar inserido na malha consolidada de grandes cidades, uma condição fundamental para que estes equipamentos consolidem-se enquanto pontos focais de sua estrutura espacial. Desta forma, o estudo dos estádios contemporâneos, sedes de grandes eventos esportivos, possibilitou identificar as diretrizes de projeto e planejamento que possibilitam repensar esta tipologia arquitetônica, propondo uma integração coerente com a malha consolidada de sua cidade, permitindo assim que o mesmo seja parte integrante de processos de regeneração urbana / Brazil, has been well known worldwide for its deep relation with soccer as its national sport. Through the last century this sport modality has become a strong branch of the entertainment industry and it has brought with it the need of more efficient stadia specially regarding the urban regeneration aspect. The massive growth of Brazilian cities during the 60\'s and 70\'s and the development of soccer industry in the last decades have exposed the incapability of Brazilian\'s huge concrete bowls built for soccer practice during the military regime to function as catalysts of urban change nor to accommodate fans. Clearly there is a great need of reviewing the archetypal of Brazilian stadia since the country will be the next host of the two greatest contemporary mega-events: the World Cup and the Summer Olympics. Furthermore, hosting this mega-events and the settlement of its sports industry can be understood as a possibility to develop urban infrastructure systems and social policies contributing for the regeneration of underdeveloped urban areas. Therefore, this abstract summarizes the results obtained with the dissertation entitled: The contemporary stadium: an urban regeneration architecture. Initially, the work was developed from a bibliographical research in international journals such as: European Urban Studies, Urban Environment, Built Environment, Town Planning Review, Annals of Regional Science, Economic Development Quarterly, Urban Studies, Tourism Management, Journal of Sport Management, Leisure Studies, World Leisure and Recreation Studies, Journal of Urban Affairs, Sb Magazine. This research focus on the analysis of the contemporary stadia built for mega-events starting from the comprehension of the design strategies proposed by these buildings which expect to become the centerpieces of a process of urban renewal. The research understands that the design trends proposed by contemporary stadia is a consequence of a set of architectural morphological transformations occurred during the 20th century, which incorporated new technologies and building systems to its conception, confirming a new function to this typology of building also responsible for the urban regeneration of parts of the city. The connection between the stadium and its surroundings suggests that this buildings must be designed together with infrastructure systems, which allow these great sports buildings to be placed near the city centre, a fundamental condition for these facilities to achieve the status of architectonic monument. Therefore, the systems of mass transportation are a key element on the stadia proposal, especially in the cases where these building will be venues of important sports events such as the summer Olympics or the World Cup. A critical analysis of contemporary stadia will identify the relation between this buildings and its host cities, using the mass transportation systems planned for mega-evens since Atlanta 1996 as an object of the study as well as the architectonic aspects that contribute for the stadium to boost the regeneration process instead of becoming a burden to the host city.

Submitted by PPG Gerontologia Biom?dica (geronbio@pucrs.br) on 2018-04-20T12:10:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Margutti_Karen_Mello_de_Mattos_ tese.pdf: 6049377 bytes, checksum: 724239d57250b5e008279fb0a6c837db (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2018-05-08T17:17:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Margutti_Karen_Mello_de_Mattos_ tese.pdf: 6049377 bytes, checksum: 724239d57250b5e008279fb0a6c837db (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-08T17:23:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Margutti_Karen_Mello_de_Mattos_ tese.pdf: 6049377 bytes, checksum: 724239d57250b5e008279fb0a6c837db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Sarcopenia is defined as the presence of low muscle mass associated with low muscle strength and/or low physical performance. The outset and evolution of sarcopenia is marked by Inflammation. Studies have shown that supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may modulate the inflammatory response, thereby aiding protein synthesis and muscle anabolism. Four articles are presented in this thesis, one a systematic literature review and three original articles (cross-sectional design, involving 400 elderly participants of community social groups). The first article, INFLAMMATORY MARKERS, SARCOPENIA AND ITS DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA IN THE ELDERLY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, sought to understand the relationship between inflammatory markers and sarcopenia and their diagnostic criteria in the elderly. Four of the 154 pre-selected articles were included. An association was found between the inflammatory markers only and the diagnostic criteria of sarcopenia. The second article, SARCOPENIA AND ITS DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA IN THE ELDERLY: DESCRIPTION OF FREQUENCY AND ASSOCIATION WITH GENDER, AGE, NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND LEVEL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, described the frequency of sarcopenia and its diagnostic criteria, and analyzed its association with gender, age, nutritional status and level of physical activity. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 27.8%, found more frequently in men (50.0%-P<0.001) and those ?80 years (46.3%-P=0.005). Low muscle mass was more common in men, while low muscle strength and low physical performance were more frequent in the elderly ?80 years. No association was found between sarcopenia and its diagnostic criteria with nutritional status and level of physical activity. The third article, POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN THE COMMUNITY ELDERLY: DESCRIPTION OF SERUM CONCENTRATIONS AND DIETARY INTAKE, AND ASSOCIATION WITH SARCOPENIA AND ITS DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA, detailed the serum concentrations and dietary intake of PUFAs, and analyzed their association with sarcopenia and its diagnostic criteria. Serum PUFA concentrations were not associated with sarcopenia. Higher concentrations of dihomo-gamma-linolenic and adrenal acids were associated with low muscle strength and low physical performance, respectively. A lower consumption of PUFA was observed in relation to the recommended and lower omega 6/omega 3 ratio among people with sarcopenia. No association was found between PUFA consumption and diagnostic criteria. The fourth article, INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS, SARCOPENIA AND ITS DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA IN THE SOCIALLY ACTIVE ELDERLY, described the serum concentrations of inflammatory markers and evaluated their association with sarcopenia and its diagnostic criteria. Sarcopenia was associated with lower concentrations of adiponectina. Low muscle mass and low muscle strength were associated with lower adiponectin concentrations and higher hs-CRP, respectively. Low physical performance was associated with lower concentrations of IL-10 and adiponectin, and higher concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-?. Women and the overweight elderly with sarcopenia presented lower concentrations of adiponectin. In conclusion, a high prevalence of sarcopenia was observed in the socially active elderly. The lower food intake of PUFA highlights the need for nutritional interventions. The relationship between sarcopenia and its diagnostic criteria with serum polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations and inflammatory markers indicates the need to develop new research in order to clarify the mechanisms involved. Further studies are suggested to advance the investigation of PUFA and inflammatory marker interactions in sarcopenia. / A sarcopenia ? definida como a presen?a de baixa massa muscular associada ? baixa for?a muscular e/ou baixo desempenho f?sico. Na g?nese e evolu??o da sarcopenia, encontra-se a inflama??o. Estudos t?m demonstrado que a suplementa??o de ?cidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFA) pode modular a resposta inflamat?ria, auxiliando a s?ntese proteica e o anabolismo muscular. Nesta tese, s?o apresentados quatro artigos, um de revis?o sistem?tica e tr?s originais (com delineamento transversal, no qual foram avaliados 400 idosos frequentadores de grupos de conviv?ncia). No primeiro artigo, MARCADORES INFLAMAT?RIOS, SARCOPENIA E SEUS CRIT?RIOS DIAGN?STICOS EM IDOSOS: UMA REVIS?O SISTEM?TICA, buscou-se conhecer a rela??o de marcadores inflamat?rios com sarcopenia e seus crit?rios diagn?sticos em idosos. De 154 artigos pr?-selecionados, foram inclu?dos quatro. Verificou-se associa??o de marcadores inflamat?rios somente com os crit?rios diagn?sticos de sarcopenia. No segundo artigo, SARCOPENIA E SEUS CRIT?RIOS DIAGN?STICOS EM IDOSOS: DESCRI??O DA FREQU?NCIA E ASSOCIA??O COM SEXO, IDADE, ESTADO NUTRICIONAL E N?VEL DE ATIVIDADE F?SICA, foi descrita a frequ?ncia de sarcopenia e de seus crit?rios diagn?sticos e analisada a associa??o com sexo, idade, estado nutricional e n?vel de atividade f?sica. A preval?ncia de sarcopenia foi 27,8%, sendo mais frequente nos indiv?duos masculinos (50,0%-P<0,001) e ?80 anos (46,3%-P=0,05). Baixa massa muscular foi mais frequente nos homens. Baixa for?a muscular e baixo desempenho f?sico foram mais frequentes nos idosos ? 80 anos. N?o houve associa??o de sarcopenia e seus crit?rios com estado nutricional e n?vel de atividade f?sica. No terceiro artigo, ?CIDOS GRAXOS POLI-INSATURADOS EM IDOSOS DA COMUNIDADE: DESCRI??O DAS CONCENTRA??ES S?RICAS E DO CONSUMO ALIMENTAR E ASSOCIA??O COM SARCOPENIA E SEUS CRIT?RIOS DIAGN?STICOS, foram descritas as concentra??es s?ricas e o consumo alimentar de PUFA e analisou-se a sua associa??o com sarcopenia e seus crit?rios diagn?sticos. Concentra??es s?ricas de PUFA n?o se associaram com a sarcopenia. Maiores concentra??es dos ?cidos di-homo-gama-linol?nico e adr?nico associaram-se com baixa for?a muscular e baixo desempenho f?sico, respectivamente. Houve menor consumo de PUFA, em rela??o ao preconizado, e menor raz?o ?mega 6/?mega 3 entre sarcop?nicos. N?o houve associa??o entre consumo de PUFA e crit?rios diagn?sticos. No quarto artigo, BIOMARCADORES INFLAMAT?RIOS, SARCOPENIA E SEUS CRIT?RIOS DIAGN?STICOS EM IDOSOS SOCIALMENTE ATIVOS, foram descritas as concentra??es s?ricas dos marcadores inflamat?rios e avaliada a sua associa??o com a sarcopenia e seus crit?rios diagn?sticos. A sarcopenia associou-se com menores concentra??es de adiponectina. Baixa massa muscular e baixa for?a muscular associaram-se com menores concentra??es de adiponectina e maiores de PCR-us, respectivamente. O baixo desempenho f?sico associou-se com menores concentra??es de IL-10 e adiponectina e maiores de IL-6 e TNF-?. Mulheres sarcop?nicas e idosos sarcop?nicos com sobrepeso apresentaram menores concentra??es de adiponectina. Concluindo, em idosos socialmente ativos, observou-se alta preval?ncia de sarcopenia. O menor consumo alimentar de PUFA salienta a necessidade de interven??es nutricionais. A rela??o entre sarcopenia e seus crit?rios diagn?sticos com as concentra??es s?ricas de ?cidos graxos poli-insaturados e marcadores inflamat?rios instiga o desenvolvimento de novas investiga??es a fim de elucidar os mecanismos envolvidos. Sugere-se a realiza??o de estudos adicionais para avan?ar na investiga??o da intera??o dos PUFA e marcadores inflamat?rios na sarcopenia.

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