A partir da segunda metade do século XX, o futebol consolidou-se como um importante ramo da indústria do entretenimento no Brasil e assim sendo, deflagrou a necessidade de se projetar novos estádios, mais eficientes especialmente no que tange os processos de requalificação do seu entorno construído. O crescimento desordenado das cidades brasileiras a partir das décadas de 1960 e 1970, conjugado ao desenvolvimento da indústria do futebol expuseram a incapacidade dos grandes estádios brasileiros, construídos na sua maioria em concreto armado durante o regime militar, de se tornarem peças centrais em processos de regeneração urbana e nem mesmo de acomodar com qualidade seus espectadores. Portanto, o presente trabalho visa reavaliar o arquétipo do estádio de futebol contemporâneo verificando a presença de estratégias projetuais que permitam a estes edifícios tornarem-se qualificadores do espaço construído, especialmente neste momento em que o país será sede de mega eventos esportivos, como a Copa do Mundo e os jogos olímpicos. Além disto, a organização destas competições, juntamente com a consolidação da industria esportiva nacional, deve ser compreendida como uma possibilidade de desenvolvimento de sistemas de infraestrutura urbana e políticas sociais que contribuam para a regeneração de áreas urbanas subutilizadas. Sendo assim, o presente resumo sintetiza os resultados obtidos com a dissertação de mestrado intitulada: O estádio contemporâneo: uma arquitetura regeneradora do seu tecido urbano. Inicialmente, o trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica em periódicos internacionais, como: European Urban Studies, Urban Environment, Built Environment, Town Planning Review, Annals of Regional Science, Economic Development Quarterly, Urban Studies, Tourism Management, Journal of Sport Management, Leisure Studies, World Leisure and Recreation Studies, Journal of Urban Affairs, Sb Magazine. Posteriormente, a metodologia aplicada a pesquisa utilizou-se da análise de estudos de caso, que apontaram os aspectos arquitetônicos que contribuíram para que os edifícios analisados tornassem-se regeneradores, e não desagregadores de seu contexto urbano. Portanto, o estudo concentrou-se na análise dos estádios de futebol contemporâneos, construídos como sedes de competições internacionais, a partir da compreensão das estratégias projetuais presentes nestes edifícios propostos como requalificadores de seu contexto urbano. Os resultados obtidos pelo estudo indicaram que as tendências arquitetônicas apresentadas pelos estádios contemporâneos são consequências de transformações morfológicas ocorridas durante o século XX que incorporaram ao edifício novas tecnologias e sistemas construtivos que reafirmam a sua função enquanto regeneradores de tecidos degradados. A necessária ligação ente o estádio e o seu contexto urbano demanda que estes sejam concebidos conjugadamente com sistemas de infraestrutura, possibilitado ao edifício estar inserido na malha consolidada de grandes cidades, uma condição fundamental para que estes equipamentos consolidem-se enquanto pontos focais de sua estrutura espacial. Desta forma, o estudo dos estádios contemporâneos, sedes de grandes eventos esportivos, possibilitou identificar as diretrizes de projeto e planejamento que possibilitam repensar esta tipologia arquitetônica, propondo uma integração coerente com a malha consolidada de sua cidade, permitindo assim que o mesmo seja parte integrante de processos de regeneração urbana / Brazil, has been well known worldwide for its deep relation with soccer as its national sport. Through the last century this sport modality has become a strong branch of the entertainment industry and it has brought with it the need of more efficient stadia specially regarding the urban regeneration aspect. The massive growth of Brazilian cities during the 60\'s and 70\'s and the development of soccer industry in the last decades have exposed the incapability of Brazilian\'s huge concrete bowls built for soccer practice during the military regime to function as catalysts of urban change nor to accommodate fans. Clearly there is a great need of reviewing the archetypal of Brazilian stadia since the country will be the next host of the two greatest contemporary mega-events: the World Cup and the Summer Olympics. Furthermore, hosting this mega-events and the settlement of its sports industry can be understood as a possibility to develop urban infrastructure systems and social policies contributing for the regeneration of underdeveloped urban areas. Therefore, this abstract summarizes the results obtained with the dissertation entitled: The contemporary stadium: an urban regeneration architecture. Initially, the work was developed from a bibliographical research in international journals such as: European Urban Studies, Urban Environment, Built Environment, Town Planning Review, Annals of Regional Science, Economic Development Quarterly, Urban Studies, Tourism Management, Journal of Sport Management, Leisure Studies, World Leisure and Recreation Studies, Journal of Urban Affairs, Sb Magazine. This research focus on the analysis of the contemporary stadia built for mega-events starting from the comprehension of the design strategies proposed by these buildings which expect to become the centerpieces of a process of urban renewal. The research understands that the design trends proposed by contemporary stadia is a consequence of a set of architectural morphological transformations occurred during the 20th century, which incorporated new technologies and building systems to its conception, confirming a new function to this typology of building also responsible for the urban regeneration of parts of the city. The connection between the stadium and its surroundings suggests that this buildings must be designed together with infrastructure systems, which allow these great sports buildings to be placed near the city centre, a fundamental condition for these facilities to achieve the status of architectonic monument. Therefore, the systems of mass transportation are a key element on the stadia proposal, especially in the cases where these building will be venues of important sports events such as the summer Olympics or the World Cup. A critical analysis of contemporary stadia will identify the relation between this buildings and its host cities, using the mass transportation systems planned for mega-evens since Atlanta 1996 as an object of the study as well as the architectonic aspects that contribute for the stadium to boost the regeneration process instead of becoming a burden to the host city.

From an analysis of the literature it is apparent that there has been no concerted effort to date to undertake a coherent and integrated assessment of the application of e-marketing in sport mega-events. A strategic evaluation of the e-marketing initiatives implemented since 2000 during national and international mega events, indicates that e-marketing, in most instances, took place in a limited and fragmented manner. However a further analysis of these case studies provides valuable perspectives and lessons that could inform the research process related to e-marketing during the 2010 FIFA Soccer World CupTM. Against this background each of the selected sport mega-events since 2000 was investigated in terms of how e-marketing technology was used in the particular event, the e-marketing challenges experienced, the key e-marketing lessons learnt and the apparent e-marketing critical success factors related to these events. The theoretical context and the lessons learnt from previous mega-event case studies provided the background and frame of reference for the empirical research into the use of e-marketing during the 2010 Soccer World CupTM. The key envisaged outcome was to theoretically develop an e-marketing framework that can serve as a guideline to fully optimise e-marketing in future sports mega-events. The research findings were presented and the 16 critical e-marketing success factors (CSFs) that may contribute to the success of sport mega-events were identified. Specific conclusions were made based on the results obtained and specific actions were recommended for future additional research in the sport mega-events field. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2013 / Tourism Management / PhD / Unrestricted

This thesis, Parallels in portraits of leadership in mega churches of Gauteng (RSA) and Florida (USA), the researcher, studied literature on church leadership with special reference to the leadership of mega churches. He researched issues relating to the nature of church leadership by exploring relevant Bible passages, the lives of certain Bible characters that the Bible presents as good but not perfect leaders, as well as relevant key theological conceptions of leadership. The study accordingly also reviewed different models of church leadership on the hand of a study of some Bible passages and current theological thinking about the matter. The thesis demonstrated that the leadership of mega churches requires certain leadership qualities, values, and competencies. The contribution of the study lies therein that it confirmed and identified through a comparative empirical analysis of details collected through basic research in mega churches of Florida (USA) and Gauteng (RSA) the qualities, values and competencies that are essential for successful leadership of mega churches in very different contexts and church families. The study therefore recommends a desirable leadership style and essential qualities for effective church leadership of mega churches. The study also makes a contribution to the theological understanding of a new but growing church type in urban settings, the mega church; and is of great value to those that lead and study such churches. / PhD, Biblical Studies, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012

The overall aim of the research project is to investigate the alms and the consequences of the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games. The Seoul Olympics took place over twenty years ago, and the event has had a significant impact on South Korean society which is best explained by reference to theories of globalization and mega events. The project uses qualitative methods and a variety of data sources to evaluate the domestic impact of the Games in relation to culture, politics, sport, and economics. The analysis is contextualised within an understanding of Korean history with specific reference to Japanese colonialism and relations between North and South Korea. Particular attention is paid to the decision by most of the Communist bloc to participate in the Seoul Olympics, despite a North Korean boycott. The thesis also examines the reasons that lay behind Seoul wiuning the right to host the Games, as well as the postGames consequences, both of which are addressed using empirical data drawn from interviews and documentary evidence. Having addressed the evidence within the context of wider sociological debate concerning globalisation, the thesis concludes that South Korea's political, economic, cultural and sporting interests were well served by the Seoul Olympic Games, and that hosting a mega-event of this scale helped to accelerate South Korea's modernisation process and its emergence on the global stage.

乳酸(Lactate)是一種人體內常見的代謝物，也是無氧代謝後的最終產物。人體在運動過後血液中的乳酸濃度會上升，但在一般情況下大腦中的乳酸含量非常低，正常人腦乳酸濃度約低於0.5毫莫耳(mM)，由於腦乳酸的低濃度，以及在磁共振頻譜中的乳酸訊號與大分子(macromolecular)部分訊號重疊，導致在正常大腦中不易得到乳酸的頻譜訊號。近年來，有文獻指出在3T的磁場下利用MEGA-PRESS技術可以量測到乳酸在大腦經由低氧與高氧交替過程中的改變，而Mescher-Garwood(MAGA) point-resolved spectroscopy sequence(PRESS)頻譜編輯技術是由原本的PRESS脈衝序列再增加兩個選擇性的脈衝，透過頻譜相減消除不具有J-耦合特性的代謝物，來針對具有J-耦合特性的代謝物訊號做測量。本研究的目的為在3T的磁場下，利用MEGA-PRESS技術量到乳酸的頻譜訊號之外，再藉由不同的擬合(fitting)方式以及處理頻譜平均次數來得到不同條件下乳酸頻譜的標準差及變異係數值，以衡量利用在視覺刺激下是否能得到大腦視覺區中乳酸的改變差異，並提供一份乳酸對擬合參數的改變及平均次數多寡的參考依據。

Den här kandidatuppsatsen syftar till att undersöka mega-event med fokus på det potentiellamästerskapet Stockholm/Åre 2026. Uppsatsen studerar hur orterna Stockholm och Åre kanpåverkas av platsmarknadsföringen av ett olympiskt mästerskap samt vilkaplaneringsutmaningar ett sådant event har. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten utgår frånplatsmarknadsföringsteori med inriktning på Postmodern Branding och med hjälp av JosefinaSyssner. Studien tar också hjälp av eventteori och Martin Müllers forskning om mega-eventdär han har tagit fram olika symptom som ofta uppstår vid mega-event. Kvalitativa intervjuergenomfördes på tjänstemän från de båda orterna, chefen för föreningen Skattebetalarna ochrepresentanter för Sveriges Olympiska Kommitté. Intervjuerna syftade till att studera hurpersoner som är delaktiga på något vis för planeringen av mästerskapet ställer sig tillmästerskapet och vilka effekter ett sådant event kan få. Som komplement till intervjuernagenomfördes en kvalitativ innehållsanalys på den svenska ansökan. I resultatet uppkommerbland annat hållbarhet som gemensam nämnare för våra båda ämnen, platsmarknadsföringoch planeringsutmaningar. Eftersom planeringen av Stockholm/Åre 2026 är unikt iförhållande till tidigare vinter-OS med hjälp av det nya reformprogrammet Agenda 2020 serSveriges Olympiska Kommitté en möjlighet att sätta en ny standard på hur ett mästerskap kananordnas. Eventet kan visa upp Sverige som det hållbara landet med det hållbara eventet.Uppsatsen leder fram till att eventet har både möjligheter och svårigheter. Det är trendigt attvara klimatsmart och det som känns verkligen som om Agenda 2020 ligger rätt i tiden. Detfinns stor potential med eventet men också stora risker om det skulle utföras fel.

Recent research had shown a correlation between aging and decreasing Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. However, how GABA level varies with age in the medial portion of the brain has not yet been studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the GABA level variation with age focusing on posterior cingulate cortex, which is the 'core hub' of the Default mode network. In this study, 14 monkeys between 4 and 21 years were recruited and MEGA-PRESS to measure GABA level in order to explorea potential link between aging and GABA. Our results showed that a correlation between age and GABA+/Creatine ratio was at the edge of significance (r= -0.523, p=0.081). There was also a near-significant trend between grey matter/ white matter ratio and GABA+/Creatine ratio (r = -0.518, p=0.0848). Meanwhile, the correlation between age and grey matter showed no significance (r= -0.028, p = 0.93). Therefore, age and grey matter/ white matter ratio accounts for different part of R-squared as independent variables for predicting GABA levels. These finding suggest that there the internal neurochemical variation of GABA levels in the nonhuman primate is associated with normal aging and brain structural decline.

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2015-04-17T14:45:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 467311 - Texto Completo.pdf: 4096903 bytes, checksum: 8643a895a0704f20c9d1b6b34ae53cfd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:45:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 467311 - Texto Completo.pdf: 4096903 bytes, checksum: 8643a895a0704f20c9d1b6b34ae53cfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-16 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Introduction: Quantitative changes in the consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the omega-3 family have drawn considerable attention, both for the benefits related to its ingestion, as for the damages attributed to its poor consumption. Consumption of these fatty acids is beneficial in the prevention and treatment of many inflammatory and respiratory illnesses. In addition to the dietary pattern, smoking may also directly interfere in the serum levels of these substances, given that smoking can affect the synthesis and metabolism of fatty acids. Objective: To study the relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 family and smoking. Methods: In a controlled cross-sectional study, we included smokers (group I) and non-smokers (group II). The participants of group I were recruited at the Smoking Cessation Outpatient Clinic - Toronto Western Hospital and at Smoking Cessation Outpatient Clinic - Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, both in Toronto, Canada. Group II volunteers were recruited from non-smoking hospital staff. The group I participants were included after their first medical appointment, before possible changes in their smoking habits and completed a specific questionnaire with demographic data and lifestyle habits. All smoking patients were submitted to the Fagerstrom Questionnaire for Nicotine Dependence. A blood sample was taken in order to assess the serum level of polyunsaturated fatty acids of all participants. Results: One hundred participants were included, 50 non-smokers and 50 smokers. Monthly fish intake was significantly different between smokers 430 grams (0 - 2150) and non-smokers (800 grams; 0-7740) (P<0.001). The blood level of PUFAs also showed a significant difference in DHA, being 4.13% (2.33-7.73) and 4.81% (2.79-10.21), P=0.002 among smokers and non-smokers, respectively. Conclusion: In this study, smokers consumed a significantly less fish (omega-3), when compared to non-smokers. Smokers also had lower levels of DHA serum than non-smokers. / Introdu??o: Os compostos lip?dicos, especialmente os ?cidos graxos, s?o componentes que est?o presentes em diversas formas de vida, desempenhando importantes fun??es na estrutura das membranas celulares e nos processos metab?licos. Em humanos, existem alguns ?cidos graxos necess?rios para a manuten??o da fun??o cerebral e transmiss?o de impulsos nervosos. S?o os ?cidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFAs), pertencentes ?s fam?lias ?mega-3. Altera??es quantitativas na dieta, em rela??o ao consumo de PUFAs da fam?lia ?mega-3 t?m chamado bastante aten??o tanto para os benef?cios causados por sua ingest?o quanto aos danos atribu?dos ao seu baixo consumo. O consumo destes ?cidos graxos pode ser ?til tamb?m na preven??o e tratamento da inflama??o e doen?as respirat?rias, nas quais a inflama??o cr?nica desempenha papel significativo. Al?m disso, o baixo consumo de ?mega-3 tamb?m tem sido relacionado ao tabagismo. Assim como o padr?o alimentar, o fumo tamb?m pode interferir diretamente nos n?veis sangu?neos dessas subst?ncias, j? que o tabagismo pode afetar a s?ntese e o metabolismo dos ?cidos graxos. Desse modo, faz-se importante explorar e compreender os mecanismos desta rela??o. Objetivo: Estudar a rela??o dos ?cidos graxos poli-insaturados da fam?lia ?mega-3 com o tabagismo. M?todos: Em delineamento de estudo transversal controlado, foram inclu?dos pacientes tabagistas (n=50) e n?o tabagistas (n=50). Os participantes do grupo I foram recrutados atrav?s do Servi?o de abandono ao Tabagismo do Toronto Western Hospital e do Centre for Addiction and Mental Health ? Toronto/Canad?. Esses participantes foram inclu?dos logo ap?s a primeira consulta m?dica, quando ainda n?o tinham realizado modifica??es no h?bito de fumar. O grupo II foi composto por volunt?rios n?o fumantes. Todos os participantes completaram o question?rio espec?fico para obten??o de dados demogr?ficos e informa??es sobre seus h?bitos de vida. Os pacientes tabagistas responderam tamb?m ao Question?rio de Fagerstrom para Depend?ncia Nicot?nica. Foi coletada amostra de sangue para avalia??o do n?vel s?rico de ?cidos graxos poli-insaturados. Resultados: Foram inclu?dos 100 participantes, sendo 50 n?o tabagistas e 50 tabagistas. Com rela??o ao consumo alimentar, a ingest?o de peixe apresentou diferen?a significativa entre fumantes e n?o fumantes. Os n?o fumantes apresentaram mediana de consumo mensal de 800 (0 ? 7740) gramas de peixe, enquanto fumantes consumiam 430 (0 ? 2150) gramas por m?s (P= ?0,001). Em rela??o aos n?veis s?ricos dos PUFAS, houve diferen?a significativa para o DHA (22:6, n-3), tendo sido nos fumantes de 4,13% (2,33 ? 7,73), significativamente menor que a do grupo de n?o fumantes 4,81% (2,79 ? 10,21) , P=0,002. Conclus?o: Fumantes consomem significativamente menos peixe (?mega-3), quando comparados a n?o fumantes. Fumantes apresentam n?veis s?ricos de DHA mais baixos do que n?o fumantes.

London 2012 was the 30th Olympiad, and the third time that London had hosted an Olympic Games. The rationale for hosting the Games was to undertake a large-scale regeneration of Stratford and the East London region. The research explored the experiences of community representatives who live and/or work in East London. The research was inductive and focused on the empirical findings of the research via a sociological lens. Three overarching research themes (urban regeneration, socioculturalism, governance and economics). The original contribution to knowledge relates to the limited amount of research previously conducted which take into account all three of these overarching themes. 19 semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed alongside official documents and newspapers using narrative thematic analysis and critical discourse analysis. Two main findings emerged from the analysis; Marginal Gains and the Ripple Effect. It is recognised that the positivity found throughout the presented narratives may have been present due to the time period in which the research was undertaken. Future research should focus on whether the time period has an influence on the experiences of community representatives and whether similar (economic and governance) is experienced by future host cities.

The aim of the study was to examine what the economic and touristic impacts of the sports event - UEFA EURO 2012 - will have on Polish regions. The essay was limited to some specific regions in Poland. Those regions were Gniewino, Malbork, Kalisz, Legionowo, Pommerian Province, Cracow, Olsztyn and Zamosc. The Football Championships that will be held in 2012 are dependent of the big amount of football fans that will came and spend their money in Polish regions. Thanks to the increased consumption this creates demand for local services and products. The generator of spending is the tourism multiplier that is the main link to the touristic expenditure.The multiplier is a catalyst of the region that creates jobs, growing yield, promotion of the region and improvement of its infrastructure and leisure facilities. This is considered as an advantage from an economical and touristic point of view. The economical and tourstic benefits are different for every mentioned region in the study because of their location and link to the UEFA EURO 2012. This study shows only how the different eight regions prepare for the UEFA EURO 2012 and what they think that the negative and positive economical and touristic impacts will gain them. The study gives only a short brief of the football event of what can happen.