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In eukaryotes, recombination plays a critical role in both the production of viable gametes and as a population genetic process. Here, we are interested in studying recombination as it provides insight into a process that has shaped variation. To this end, we study the evolution of cross-over rates in chimpanzees and humans through two experiments. Components of the recombination machinery are well described in yeast and C. elegans, but less so in other species. In humans, cross-over rates vary across physical scales and occur predominantly in narrow ∼2 kb regions called hotspots, where hotspot usage differs considerably between individuals. Differential hotspot usage is associated with specific DNA motifs, and DNA-contacting zinc finger array variants in the transacting PRDM9 H3K4 trimethyltransferase. The precise relationship between DNA motifs, PRDM9 and hotspot activity is not completely understood. Experiment 1. To investigate the importance of PRDM9 motif recognition, which is predicted be different between humans and chimpanzees, and the effect of PRDM9 on the evolution of fine-scale cross-over rates, we sequenced 10 unrelated Pan troglodytes verus (Western chimpanzee) genomes to moderate coverage (∼10×). I validate the approach by demonstrating that fine-scale maps estimated from 10 human genomes of each African and European ancestry recapitulate independently estimated maps. Then I characterise the error modes in sequencing data arising from errors in chemistry, alignment, variant calling, and genotyping. I identify several cryptic error modes missed by state-of-the-art filters and develop methods to counteract them. To guard against genotype error arising from stochastic variation in low to moderate coverage sequencing, I develop methods to incorporate the underlying statistical uncertainty into recombination analyses, evaluate the approaches through simulation (estimated 11% improvement) and empirical assessment (estimated 4% improvement), and discover that the reported genotype uncertainty is poorly calibrated, which limits the approaches. Consequently, a filtering approach was applied to the hard-called chimpanzee genotypes. I estimate recombination rates in chimpanzees through an existing LD-based method. In contrast to humans, there is no increased cross-over localisation around chimpanzee PRDM9 binding predictions, nor motifs consistently associated with activity. Hotspots do not overlap between the two species, indicating that rates evolved rapidly and consistent with PRDM9 localising all hotspots. In contrast, gene pro- moters and CpG islands are common attractors of recombination (2.7-fold increase in rate in chimpanzee, 1.5-fold increase in human), suggesting chromatin state influences hotspot placement but to varying degree in the species. I discuss the potential implications for PRDM9 mechanism. Experiment 2. To enable a more representative characterisation of the spectrum of genome changes occurring in chimpanzee genomes, I analyse data from an extended three generation Western chimpanzee pedigree sequenced at high coverage (∼30×). I use Mendel transmission to filter variants, infer haplotypes, and identify recombination events through a Hidden Markov Model approach. We detect 375 recombination events, of which 3 are double cross-over events. Sex-specific recombination rate estimates in chimpanzees mirror sex differences in humans (N♂/N♀ = 0.58) and have similar levels of total recombination. We resolve recombination events typically at ∼ 856 base-pair resolution. Additionally, analyses of Mendel inconsistencies suggest that extended pedigree sequencing opens the door on studying complex genome changes. These experiments demonstrate the power of comparative analyses, the utility of high throughput sequencing in enabling the study of recombination in almost any species of interest, the challenges in sifting signal from noise in these data, and the need for experimental and algorithmic methods to guard against error.

La méiose est la division cellulaire qui aboutit à la production de gamètes haploïdes. Lors de la méiose, un unique évènement de réplication est suivi de deux divisions afin de réduire la ploïdie. Lors de ces deux divisions, la cohésion entre chromatides sœurs est éliminée de façon séquentielle pour permettre la succession de deux ségrégations de chromosomes équilibrées. La progression du ‘’cycle méiotique’’ est contrôlée par des régulateurs communs à la mitose et à la méiose mais également par des mécanismes nécessitant des protéines spécifiques à la méiose. L’objectif de de mon travail de thèse était de décrypter les mécanismes moléculaires permettant l’enchainement de deux divisions équilibrées pour la production de gamètes haploïdes. Nous avons pu montrer que la protéine OSD1 inhibait l’APC/C pour permettre la progression méiotique. Nous avons également mis en évidence un réseau fonctionnel, comprenant OSD1, CYCA1;2/TAM et TDM, indispensable à trois étapes clés de la progression méiotique chez Arabidopsis ; la transition prophase-méiose I, la transition méiose I-méiose II et la sortie de méiose. Ces travaux ont également permis de caractériser chez Arabidopsis les deux paralogues de Shugoshin, qui sont des protéines conservées et impliquées dans la protection de la cohésion centromérique. Nous avons également identifié Patronus comme un nouveau protecteur de la cohésion centromérique en méiose. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que Patronus est un régulateur de l’APC/C qui permet d’empêcher l’élimination de la cohésion centromérique en interkinèse méiotique. / Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that generates haploid gametes. At meiosis, two divisions follow a single DNA replication event leading to ploidy halving. A stepwise sister chromatids cohesion release also occurs to allow the two successive balanced rounds of chromosome segregation. In addition to general cell-cycle regulators, meiosis requires specific proteins. The aim of this thesis was to understand the molecular mechanisms leading to two successive balanced chromosome segregations. We show that OSD1 promotes meiotic progression through APC/C inhibition and we identified a functional network between OSD1, CYCA1;2/TAM and TDM in Arabidopsis. This functional network controls three key steps of meiotic progression; the prophase-meiosis I transition, the meiosis I-meiosis II transition and the meiosis exit. In addition, we characterized the two Arabidopsis thaliana Shugoshin paralogs, which are conserved proteins involved in sister chromatid cohesion protection. We also identified Patronus, an uncharacterized protein, as a novel protector of meiotic centromeric cohesion. We suggest that Patronus is a novel APC/C regulator that prevents cohesins release during meiotic interkinesis. This work identified two APC/C regulators essential for meiosis in Arabidopsis thaliana.

La grand majorité des espèces forment très peu de crossovers (CO) par chromosome en méiose, et ce quelle que soit la taille des chromosomes et en dépit de l'excès de précurseurs de recombinaison disponibles. Les mécanismes qui sous-tendent cette limitation restent, pour une grande part, inconnus. Pour identifier des facteurs limitant la formation des CO en méiose, nous avons mis en place un crible permettant d'isoler des mutants formant plus de CO que le sauvage. Chez Arabidopsis thaliana, les mutants présentant un défaut de CO (ex: les mutants zmm) présentent une réduction de fertilité directement observable sur la longueur des fruits. Notre crible repose sur l'idée qu'une mutation augmentant la formation des CO devrait restaurer la fertilité des mutants zmm.Le premier suppresseur identifié nous a permis de montrer que FANCM est un régulateur majeur de la formation des CO méiotiques, en limitant la voie dépendante de MUS81, normalement minoritaire chez Arabidopsis (Crismani et al., 2012). Nous avons ensuite montré que deux des cofacteurs de FANCM au sein de la voie de l'anémie de Fanconi (FA), MHF1 et MHF2, agissent dans la même voie pour limiter les CO. En dehors de ces trois protéines, les autres protéines FA ne sont pas des protéines anti-CO (Girard et al., 2014).Nous avons ensuite identifié FIDGETIN-Like-1 comme une protéine anti-CO agissant en parallèle de FANCM. En effet, si les deux mutations figl1 et fancm alimentent la voie dépendante de MUS81 de formation des CO, leurs effets sont cumulatifs et mènent à une augmentation d'un facteur 6 du nombre CO par méiose, et ce sans affecter la ségrégation des chromosomes. Ce résultat montre que FIGL1 et FANCM agissent à deux étapes indépendantes de la recombinaison, et nos données suggèrent que FIGL1 pourrait agir en amont de FANCM.Ce travail a révélé l'existence d'au moins deux mécanismes de limitation des CO méiotiques, et montre que la fréquence de CO peut être largement augmentée sans que la ségrégation des chromosomes ne soit affectée. / Most species only few meiotic crossovers (COs) per chromosome irrespective of their physical size and despite an excess of recombination precursors. However, the underlying mechanisms constraining CO frequency remain largely unknown. In order to find factors limiting meiotic COs, we performed a genetic screen to find mutants with increased CO frequency. CO-deficient mutants (e.g. zmm) of Arabidopsis thaliana display reduced fertility, easily noticeable by their obvious reduction in fruit length. We designed a screen based on the idea that mutations that increase CO frequency will restore the fertility of the zmm mutants.We showed first identified FANCM as a major anti-CO protein limiting MUS81-dependent COs, a normally minor pathway in Arabidopsis (Crismani et al., 2012). We then showed that two of FANCM's cofactors from the Fanconi anemia pathway of DNA repair, namely MHF1 and MHF2, act along FANCM to limit meiotic crossovers, whereas the other Fanconi proteins do not (Girard:2014).Another mutant revealed FIDGETIN-Like-1 (FIGL1) as an anti-CO factor that acts in parallel to FANCM. While both figl1 and fancm mutations fuels the MUS81-dependent CO pathway, the effect of both mutations is cumulative, leading to a six-fold increase in CO formation, without impairing chromosome segregation. This shows that FIGL1 and FANCM act independently, and our data suggest that FIGL1 could act at an earlier step in the recombination pathway than FANCM.This work reveals that at least two different mechanisms limit meiotic CO number and shows that CO frequency can be largely increased without affecting chromosome distribution at meiosis.

Dans la plupart des organismes, les crossovers se formant au cours de la méiose sont interférérents : deux crossovers sont rarement à proximité. Nous avons étudié ce phénomène en détail dans la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana en utilisant une grande population de rétro-croisements, en méiose mâle et en méiose femelle. Nous avons utilisé le modèle Gamma à deux voies, superposant à la voie interférente une proportion p de crossovers d'une deuxième voie non interférente. La méiose femelle montre une interférence plus élevée et une proportion p plus faible que la méiose mâle. Par ailleurs nos comparaisons intra-chromosomiques concluent qu'il existe des variations d'interférence entre le bras gauche et le bras droit d'une part et entre la partie centrale et les régions distales d'autre part. Nous avons ensuite développé des tests statistiques qui ont révélé des hétérogénéités dans la proportion p le long des chromosomes. De telles variations ont ensuite été trouvées dans un jeu de données de tomate où notre analyse statistique nous a permis de montrer pour la première fois sur un organisme «sauvage» que la deuxième voie était très peu interférente et qu'en fait les deux voies avaient un peu de « cross-talk ». Vu que la limitation la plus sévère des modèles utilisés jusqu'à présent est l'hypothèse de constance du paramètre p, nous avons développé un modèle généralisé où les deux voies peuvent avoir des paysages de recombinaison différents. Ce modèle nommé PSL-GS a été implémenté en logiciel et testé sur des données simulées et sur trois jeux de données de plantes. L'utilisation du critère BIC suggère que tout comme chez la tomate, les paysages de recombinaison d'Arabidopsis et du maïs sont différents entre les 2 voies. / For most organisms, crossovers forming during meiosis exhibit crossover interference – nearby crossovers are rare. This phenomenon was studied in great detail in Arabidopsis thaliana using a large backcross population for male and female meiosis. We used the gamma two-pathway model by superposing proportion (1- p) of interfering crossovers with p of non-interfering crossovers. It was observed that female meiosis shows higher interference but lower proportion of non-interfering crossovers than male meiosis. Further intra-chromosomal interference comparisons conclude that there are variations between (a) left and right arms, and (b) the central versus distal regions of a chromosome. Then statistical tests revealed heterogeneities in the non-interfering crossover proportion along chromosomes. Thereafter various statistical tools developed to examine a very novel wild-type tomato data annotating crossover positions from both pathways provided evidence for ‘cross-talk’ between the two pathways of crossover formation as opposed to being independent. Finally a model named Pathway-Specific Landscapes Gamma-Sprinkling (PSL-GS) incorporating chromosomal non-uniformity in the individual pathways has been proposed to extend present state-of-the-art interference modeling which consider both pathways to be uniform along chromosomes.

O óxido nítrico (NO) é um mensageiro químico detectado em vários tipos celulares como células endoteliais, neurônios e macrófagos, desempenhando também funções variadas como vasodilatação, neurotransmissão e indução de morte celular. O NO é gerado pela atividade da enzima óxido nítrico sintase (NOS), a qual foi detectada em vários órgãos incluindo o sistema reprodutor. O sistema NOS/NO parece desempenhar papel importante na maturação oocitária entre outras funções. No entanto, apesar das evidências, há poucos estudos sobre o possível papel desse sistema em oócitos da espécie bovina. O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar a importância do sistema NOS/NO na maturação in vitro (MIV) de oócitos bovinos. Para isso, foram avaliados os efeitos da inibição da NOS durante a MIV na presença de concentrações crescentes do inibidor de NOS (L-NAME, 0-1mM) e do aumento do NO durante a MIV na presença de concentrações crescentes do doador de NO (SNAP, 0-1mM) sobre a taxa de maturação (metáfase II) e formação de blastocistos após a fecundação in vitro. Também foi avaliado o efeito da pré-maturação com butirolactona (10µM BLI), seguida de MIV, na presença ou não de doador ou inibidor de NO em cada fase de cultivo, sobre o desenvolvimento de blastocistos. Após 22h de MIV os grupos tratados com L-NAME apresentaram uma taxa de metáfase II (MII) inferior (~80%, P<0,05) ao controle (95,5%). A taxa de blastocisto foi similar entre os grupos (34 a 41,5%, P>0,05). Apenas 7,2% (P<0,05) dos oócitos maturados com a maior concentração de SNAP (10-3M), atingiram o estádio de MII. Os demais tratamentos (71,6; 72,4 e 54,8% para controle, 10-7 e 10-5M, respectivamente) não diferiram entre si (P>0,05). Altos níveis de SNAP (10-3M) bloquearam o desenvolvimento embrionário, enquanto os demais tratamentos apresentaram cerca de 38% de blastocistos (P>0,05). As taxas de blastocistos (26,3 a 34,1%) e de eclosão (14,8 a 22,0%) adicionando ou não L-NAME em baixa concentração (10-7M) durante a pré-maturação, a maturação ou ambas as fases foram similares (P>0,05). Também não houve diferença (P>0,05) na taxa de blastocistos (25,5 a 39,7%) com a adição ou não de baixa concentração de SNAP (10-7M) durante a pré-maturação, a maturação ou ambas as fases. O grupo com SNAP (10-7M) na pré-maturação e MIV superou a taxa de eclosão (27,5%, P<0,05) dos demais grupos que tiveram SNAP adicionado somente no bloqueio, na MIV ou sem adição de SNAP (14,2 a 18,6 %, P>0,05). Esses resultados exibiram o duplo efeito do NO sobre oócitos bovinos, que tiveram a maturação reduzida com a inibição da síntese de NO e a maturação nuclear e citoplasmática bloqueadas pelo excesso de NO. / Nitric oxide (NO) is a chemical messenger detected in several cell types such as endothelial cells, neurons and macrophages, performing also varied functions as vasodilatation, neurotransmission and induction of cell death. NO is generated by the activity of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which has been detected in several organs including the reproductive system. The NOS/NO system seems to play an important role in oocyte maturation besides other functions. However, despite the evidence, there are few studies on the possible role of this system in bovine oocytes. The present study aimed to investigate the importance of the NOS/NO system on in vitro maturation (IVM) of bovine oocytes. The effects of NOS inhibition during IVM in the presence of increasing concentrations of NOS inhibitor (L-NAME, 0-1mM) and of the increase in NO during IVM with the NO donor SNAP (0-1mM) on maturation rates (metaphase II) and on blastocyst development after in vitro fertilization were assessed. The effect of prematuration with butyrolactone I (10µM BLI) followed by IVM, in the presence or not of NO inhibitor or donor in each culture period on blastocyst development was also investigated. After 22h IVM, L-NAME treated groups showed a lower (~80%, P<0.05) metaphase II (MII) rate when compared with controls (95.5%). Blastocyst rates were similar among all groups (34 to 41.5%, P>0.05). Only 7.2% (P<0.05) of oocytes matured with the highest SNAP concentration (10-3M) reached MII. The other treatments (71.6; 72.4 and 54.8% for control, 10-7 and 10-5M, respectively) were similar among them (P>0.05). High SNAP concentration (10-3M) blocked blastocyst development, while the other treatments presented about 38% blastocyst rates (P<0.05). Blastocyst (26.3 to 34.1%) and hatching rates (14.8 and 22.0%) were similar (P>0.05) when low L-NAME concentration (10-7M) was added or not during prematuration, maturation or both. Blastocyst rates (25.5 to 39.7%) were also similar (P>0.05) whether SNAP (10-7M) was added or not during prematuration, IVM or both. When low concentration of SNAP (10-7M) was added during both prematuration and IVM, hatching rates were increased (27.5%, P<0.05) when compared with oocytes cultured in the presence of SNAP only during prematuration or IVM or without it (14.2 to 18.6 %, P>0.05). These results shoe the dual effect of NO on bovine oocytes, which had maturation rates decreased when NO synthesis was inhibited and nuclear maturation and blastocyst development were blocked by excess NO.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2017-10-18T13:46:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Barbara de Melo.pdf: 1643171 bytes, checksum: abd718922152e41d663027fa3f15740b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-18T13:46:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Barbara de Melo.pdf: 1643171 bytes, checksum: abd718922152e41d663027fa3f15740b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A subfamília Alticinae é considerada moderna com grande variação de número diplóide e sistema de determinação sexual. Considerando a tribo Systenini apenas seis espécies foram analisadas citogeneticamente e essas espécies possuem grande variação no número cromossômico e no sistema de determinação do sexo. Oedionychina, por outro lado, apresenta espécies com número diploide e sistema de determinação sexual conservados de 2n=22=20+X+y com cromossomos sexuais gigantes e assinápticos. A análise das Regiões Organizadoras de Nucléolo (RONs) tem sido realizada principalmente através de Impregnação pelo Íon Prata, poucas espécies de Alticinae têm sido analisadas através de Hibridação in situ Fluorescente até o presente momento. O mapeamento do gene ribossomal 5S foi analisado apenas em espécies de Scarabaeidae. Com relação ao cístron 45S somente 3 espécies de Alticinae foram descritas. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar citogeneticamente seis espécies de Alticinae (Omophoita octoguttata, Omophoita personata, Omophoita magniguttis, Alagoasa coccinelloide, Alagoasa florigera e Systena tenuis), visando estabelecer as diferenças cariotípicas e as estratégias de diferenciação cromossômicas, para compreender as relações evolutivas entre as espécies. A análise citogenética das espécies A. coccinelloide, A. florigera e S. tenuis estão concordantes com os dados da literatura. O número diploide das espécies do gênero Alagoasa é de 2n=22=20+X+y com cromossomos sexuais gigantes e assinápticos que segregam corretamente na anáfase I. S. tenuis apresentou o número diplóide de 2n=32=15II+neoXY. O uso de fluorocromo em S. tenuis mostrou à presença de regiões pericentrométicas ricas em repetições AT. A Hibridação in situ do Genoma confirmou o mecanismo cromossômico neoXY. A realização da FISH com sonda de 18S e 5S evidenciou que em O. octoguttata, O. personata e A. coccinelloide ocorre a presença de um par autossômico portador dos genes ribossomais. O. magniguttis e A. florigera mostraram uma derivação no cariótipo apresentando dois e três pares de cromossomos portadores dos genes ribossomais respectivamente. A dupla FISH mostra que, nas 5 espécies os genes estão colocalizados. S. tenuis evidenciou múltiplos sítios desses genes, e a dupla FISH mostrou os genes estão em cromossomos separados ou colocalizados. A FISH com fibras estendidas mostrou que em todos os casos os genes estão dispostos de forma interespaçada. / The Alticinae subfamily is considered modern with wide variation of the diploid number and sex determination system. Considering the Systenini tribe only 6 species were cytogenetically analyzed and these species exhibit wide variation in the chromosome number and the system of sex determination. Oedionychina, on the other hand, present species with diploid number and sex determination system conserved of 2n=22=20+X+y, with extremely large and asynaptic sex chromosomes. The analysis of Nucleolus Organizer Regions (NORs) has been attempted mainly by impregnation of the Ag-NOR, and a few species of Alticinae have been examined by using Fluorescent in situ Hybridization to date. The mapping of 5S ribosomal gene was analyzed only in Scarabaeidae species. In relation to the 45S cistron only three species of Alticinae have been described. The aim of the present study was characterize cytogenetically 6 species of Alticinae (Omophoita octoguttata, Omophoita personata, Omophoita magniguttis, Alagoasa coccinelloide, Alagoasa florigera e Systena tenuis), in order to determine the karyotype differentiation and the strategies of chromosome differentiation to understand the evolutionary relation among the species. The cytogenetic analysis of A. coccinelloide, A. florigera and S. tenuis are in accordance with the literature data. The diploid number of the Alagoasa species is 2n=22=20+X+y with large sex chromosomes, which are asynaptic although have regular segregation in anaphase I. Systena tenuis presented the diploid number of 2n=32=15II+neoXY. The fluorocrome analysis in S. tenuis showed the presence of pericentromeric region rich in AT repetitions. The Genome In situ Hybridization confirmed the system of sex determination of the type neoXY. Performing FISH with 18S and 5S probe revealed the presence of one autosomal pair carrier the ribosomal genes in O. octoguttata, O. personata and A. coccinelloide. Derivations on karyotype showing two or three pairs of chromosomes carrying of the ribosomal genes have been observed in O. magniguttis and A. florigera, respectively. The double FISH showed that genes are colocalized in the five species. S. tenuis showed multiple sites of these genes, and the double FISH showed the genes are in separate chromosomes or colocalized. The extended fiber FISH showed that in all cases the genes are interspersed arranged.

Afin de transmettre leurs informations génétiques d'une génération à l'autre, les organismes à reproduction sexuée doivent réduire de moitié leur contenu chromosomique pour former des gamètes haploïdes. Cette réduction se produit lors d'une division cellulaire appelée méiose, durant laquelle une étape de réplication est suivie de deux divisions successives, la méiose I et II. Au cours de la méiose I, les chromosomes homologues se séparent et leur bonne ségrégation dépend de la création entre eux d’un lien physique. En méiose c’est le processus de réparation appelé recombinaison homologue, qui à la suite de l’induction dans le génome de centaine de cassures double brin par la protéine Spo11, permet d’établir ce lien. Spo11 est l'orthologue méiotique de la sous-unité catalytique de la topoisomérase VI, TopoVIA. Comme TopoVI est composée de deux sous-unités, TopoVIA et TopoVIB, l’existence d’un orthologue méiotique de TopoVIB était une question posée depuis l'identification de Spo11. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai contribué à identifier une nouvelle famille de protéine, que l’on a nommé TopoVIB-like, orthologue à TopoVIB et nécessaire à la formation des cassures double-brin d'ADN méiotiques(Robert et al, 2016). Ces protéines ont des domaines similaires à ceux de TopoVIB, à savoir un GHKL (impliqué dans la liaison et l'hydrolyse de l'ATP), un domaine transducteur et un domaine CTD. Nous avons démontré que chez la souris, SPO11 forme un complexe avec TOPOVIBL. De plus, nous avons démontré que cette protéine est nécessaire à la formation des CDB. Ces résultats suggèrent que chez la souris, les CDB méiotiques sont catalysées par un complexe TopoVI-like. Chez S. cerevisiae, il n'y a pas d'orthologue clair de TopoVIB, mais nous avons trouvé que la protéine Rec102, connue pour être nécessaire à la formation des CDB méiotiques, présente une homologie partielle avec le domaine transducteur des TopoVIB-like. Rec102 forme un complexe avec Rec104, une protéine également requise pour la formation des CDB. Ainsi, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que le complexe Rec102 / Rec104 était l'orthologue méiotique de TopoVIB chez la levure, interagissant avec Spo11 pour former un complexe de type TopoVI-like. Malgré l'importance de Spo11, son mode d'action est mal connu. Cette absence de données biochimiques est due à l’insolubilité de la protéine. Le but de ma thèse était de caractériser le mode d'action et la régulation du complexe TopoVI-like dans la formation des CDB méiotiques. Tout d'abord, biochimiquement, en purifiant in vitro une forme soluble du complexe TopoVI-like de levure composé de Spo11 / Rec102 / Rec104 / Ski8 (un partenaire direct de Spo11) en co-exprimant ces protéines dans deux systèmes d'expression, E. coli et S. cerevisiae. En utilisant E. coli, j'ai réussi à purifier un complexe soluble formé par Spo11 / Rec102 / Rec104 / Ski8 et en utilisant S. cerevisiae, j'ai purifié deux complexes différents, l'un formé par les quatre protéines, et un formé uniquement par Spo11 et Rec102. Néanmoins, les tests d'activité sur différents substrats d'ADN n'ont révélé aucune activité de coupure de l’ADN. Le deuxième objectif de ma thèse était d'étudier comment, chez la souris, TOPOVIBL régule l'activité de SPO11 en interagissant avec d'autres protéines nécessaires à la formation des CDB. En double hybride, j'ai prouvé que, comme chez la levure, l'orthologue méiotique de TopoVIB chez la souris interagissait avec REC114, une autre protéine nécessaire à la formation des CDB. La cartographie de cette interaction à l'échelle de l’acide aminé a conduit à l'identification d'un résidu sur TOPOVIBL essentiel pour l'interaction entre TOPOVIBL et REC114. Afin d'étudier in vivo le rôle de l'interaction entre TOPOVIBL et REC114, une souris mutante pour le résidu identifié de TOPOVIBL a été générée à l'aide de CRISPER-Cas9 et son phénotype a été analysé. / To properly transmit their genetic information from one generation to another, sexually reproductive organisms need to halve their genome to form haploid gametes. This reduction occurs during a special cell division called meiosis, which proceeds through one round of DNA replication followed by two successive divisions called meiosis I and II. During meiosis I homologous chromosomes segregate, and their proper segregation depends on the homologous recombination pathway that establishes a physical link between the homologues. During meiosis, homologous recombination events are triggered by the formation of DNA double strand break (DSB) catalyzed by the evolutionarily conserved Spo11 protein. Spo11 is the meiotic ortholog of the catalytic subunit of the TopoVI topoisomerase, TopoVIA. As TopoVI is composed of two subunits, TopoVIA and TopoVIB, the requirement for meiotic DSB formation of a B subunit was under investigation since the identification of Spo11. During my PhD, I contributed to the identification of a new family of protein, the TopoVIB-like family, ortholog to the Topoisomerase VI B subunit (TopoVIB) and required for meiotic DNA double strand break formation (Robert et al, 2016). These proteins share domains in part similar to the canonical TopoVIB which are a GHKL domain (involved in ATP binding and hydrolysis), a transducer domain and a CTD domain. We demonstrated that in mice, SPO11 forms a complex with TOPOVIBL. Biochemical characterization of this complex showed a structure compatible with an A2B2 organization. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this protein is required for meiotic DSB formation. These results suggest the existence, in mice, of a TopoVI-like complex that catalyzes the formation of meiotic DSB. In S. cerevisiae, there is no clear TopoVIB-like ortholog, but we found that the Rec102 protein, which is known to be required for the formation of meiotic DSB, shows a partial homology with the transducer domain of the TopoVIB-like proteins. Rec102 forms a complex with Rec104, a protein also essential for DSB formation. Thus, we hypothesized that the Rec102/Rec104 complex is the yeast meiotic ortholog of TopoVIB, interacting with Spo11 to form a meiotic TopoVI-like complex. Despite the importance of Spo11 little is known about its mode of action. This absence of biochemical data is due to the lack of solubility of the protein. The aim of my PhD was to characterize the mode of action and regulation of the TopoVI-like complex for meiotic DSB formation. First, biochemically, by purifying in vitro a soluble form of the yeast TopoVI-like complex composed by Spo11/Rec102/Rec104/Ski8. To achieve this objective, I co-expressed these proteins in two different expression systems, E. coli and meiotic culture of S. cerevisiae. Using E. coli I managed to purify a soluble complex formed by Spo11/Rec102/Rec104/Ski8, and using meiotic culture of S. cerevisiae, I purified two different complexes, one formed, by the four proteins, and one formed only by Spo11 and Rec102. Nevertheless, in vitro activity essays on different DNA substrates did not reveal any DNA cleavage activity. The second goal of my PhD was to study how in mouse, the activity of TOPOVIBL / SPO11 may be regulated by other proteins known to be required for DSB formation. Using Y2H experiment I was able to prove that, as in yeast, mouse TOPOVIBL interacts with REC114, a protein required for DSB formation. The mapping of this interaction at the amino-acid scale, leads to the identification of one residue on TOPOVIBL essential for the interaction between TOPOVIBL and REC114. In order to investigate in vivo the role of the interaction between TOPOVIBL and REC114, a mutant mouse carrying a mutation in the identified residue of TOPOVIBL was generated using CRISPER-Cas9, and its phenotype analyzed.

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Esta tesis doctoral consiste en la caracterización de la ciclina meiótica Rem1, de Schizosaccharomyces pombe. En este trabajo se analizó, inicialmente, el patrón de transcripción y expresión de rem1 durante la meiosis observando que el pico de expresión se produce durante la meiosis I, la actividad quinasa del complejo ciclina-Cdk también coincide con la meiosis I. Seguidamente, se determinó que la transcripción del mRNA maduro de rem1 depende de Mei4 a través de las cajas FLEX del promotor de rem1. También se observó la presencia de un RNA "antisense" que se transcribe durante las primeras horas de la meiosis. A continuación, se estudió la función de Rem1 durante la meiosis determinando una función de esta ciclina en la meiosis I. Se observó la toxicidad de Rem1 expresado durante el ciclo mitótico. Posteriormente, se analizaron posibles interacciones genéticas con otras ciclinas meióticas detectando que Rem1 tiene una función redundante con Cig2 durante la fase S meiótica. También se determinó la necesaria presencia de rem1 para conseguir unos niveles de recombinación meiótica intragénica normales, mientras que se requiere para la recombinación intergénica. / The main goal of this doctoral thesis is the characterization of the meiotic cyclin Rem1, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. First of all we analized the transcription and expresion profiles of rem1 during meiosis. We observed the maximum of expresion during meiosi I and the kinase activity of the complex cyclin-Cdk had exactly the same profile. Then, we analized the transcription profile of the mature mRNA of rem1, showing that this transcription depends on Mei4 through the FLEX boxes which are loclized in the rem1 promoter. An antisense RNA was also detected at the begining of the meiosis. We next diceded to study the function of this cyclin. Firstly we observed that overexpression of Rem1 is toxic for the cell during mitotic cell growth. Moreover, a function for Rem1 was observed during meiosis I. Rem1 is also required in order to obtain normal levels of meiotic intragenic recombination, but it is not necesary for the intergenic recombination. Finally, we could detect a genetic interaction betwen Rem1 and the meiotic S phase cyclin, Cig2.