Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:19:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 salviano_mb_me_jabo.pdf: 2171806 bytes, checksum: 708a5f60d73e3222397411ea4a47e2c5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A espécie Mazama americana tem sido bastante estudada nas áreas de ecologia, genética e reprodução devido às recentes dúvidas quanto à validade de seu táxon. Estudos citogenéticos e moleculares demonstram que atualmente este táxon é composto de uma espécie que apresenta até seis citótipos diferentes. Instituições voltadas à conservação classificam este táxon como “Dados insuficientes”, devido às incertezas taxonômicas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a fertilidade dos animais resultantes de cruzamentos intra e intercitótipos para inferir sobre a existência de isolamento reprodutivo entre os citótipos e conclusões acerca da existência de espécies novas. Foram avaliados o sêmen, histologia testicular, perfil de metabólitos fecais de testosterona e a meiose de sete animais, sendo dois puros (cruzamento intracitótipo), três híbridos de mesma linhagem evolutiva e dois híbridos de linhagens evolutivas diferentes. Os resultados mostram que os animais puros tiveram melhores desempenhos reprodutivos seguidos pelos animais híbridos entre citótipos de mesmas linhagens evolutivas, que foram sugestivos de subfertilidade. Os animais de linhagens evolutivas diferentes apesar de apresentarem atividade estereidogênica foram azoospérmicos o que nos permite concluir que dentro do táxon existem pelo menos duas espécies diferentes com possibilidade de duas subespécies dentro de cada ramo filogenético. Estes resultados implicam na necessidade de novas caracterizações taxonômicas, inclusive para que sejam estruturados planos de ação para conservação de espécies que pudessem estar correndo risco de extinção / Mazama americana (Mammalia, Cervidae), has been widely studied in ecologic, genetic and reproductive areas given recent doubts about its taxonomic validity. Cytogenetic and molecular studies showed that currently this taxon is composed by a species with up to six different cytotypes. The World Conservation Union IUCN classified this taxon as “data deficient” given the taxonomic uncertain of this species. This research aimed to evaluate the fertility of of intra and intercytotypic breeding products in order to conclude about the occurrence of novel species. Semen analysis, testicular histology, fecal testosterone metabolites and meiosis of seven breeding products, being two of them pure (intracytotipic breeding), three hybrids from the same evolutive lineage and two hybrids from different evolutive lineages. Results show that pure products have better reproductive performances, being the hybrids from the same evolutive lineage suggestive of subfertility. The hybrid products from different evolutive lineages were azoospermics, despite their steroid activity. These results show the occurrence of almost two different species and the possibility of almost four subspecies. It implies the necessity of new taxonomic review, which will aid in the design of action plans for the conservation of endangered species

Orientador: José Maurício Barbanti Duarte / Banca: Luiz Renato de França / Banca: Vera Fernanda Martins Hossepian de Lima / Resumo: A espécie Mazama americana tem sido bastante estudada nas áreas de ecologia, genética e reprodução devido às recentes dúvidas quanto à validade de seu táxon. Estudos citogenéticos e moleculares demonstram que atualmente este táxon é composto de uma espécie que apresenta até seis citótipos diferentes. Instituições voltadas à conservação classificam este táxon como "Dados insuficientes", devido às incertezas taxonômicas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a fertilidade dos animais resultantes de cruzamentos intra e intercitótipos para inferir sobre a existência de isolamento reprodutivo entre os citótipos e conclusões acerca da existência de espécies novas. Foram avaliados o sêmen, histologia testicular, perfil de metabólitos fecais de testosterona e a meiose de sete animais, sendo dois puros (cruzamento intracitótipo), três híbridos de mesma linhagem evolutiva e dois híbridos de linhagens evolutivas diferentes. Os resultados mostram que os animais puros tiveram melhores desempenhos reprodutivos seguidos pelos animais híbridos entre citótipos de mesmas linhagens evolutivas, que foram sugestivos de subfertilidade. Os animais de linhagens evolutivas diferentes apesar de apresentarem atividade estereidogênica foram azoospérmicos o que nos permite concluir que dentro do táxon existem pelo menos duas espécies diferentes com possibilidade de duas subespécies dentro de cada ramo filogenético. Estes resultados implicam na necessidade de novas caracterizações taxonômicas, inclusive para que sejam estruturados planos de ação para conservação de espécies que pudessem estar correndo risco de extinção / Abstract: Mazama americana (Mammalia, Cervidae), has been widely studied in ecologic, genetic and reproductive areas given recent doubts about its taxonomic validity. Cytogenetic and molecular studies showed that currently this taxon is composed by a species with up to six different cytotypes. The World Conservation Union IUCN classified this taxon as "data deficient" given the taxonomic uncertain of this species. This research aimed to evaluate the fertility of of intra and intercytotypic breeding products in order to conclude about the occurrence of novel species. Semen analysis, testicular histology, fecal testosterone metabolites and meiosis of seven breeding products, being two of them pure (intracytotipic breeding), three hybrids from the same evolutive lineage and two hybrids from different evolutive lineages. Results show that pure products have better reproductive performances, being the hybrids from the same evolutive lineage suggestive of subfertility. The hybrid products from different evolutive lineages were azoospermics, despite their steroid activity. These results show the occurrence of almost two different species and the possibility of almost four subspecies. It implies the necessity of new taxonomic review, which will aid in the design of action plans for the conservation of endangered species / Mestre

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Apesar do grande volume de pesquisas e dos avanços da produção in vitro (PIV) de embriões bovinos, a eficiência da técnica ainda está distante do desejável, principalmente quando comparada a embriões produzidos in vivo. A maturação in vitro é etapa importante da PIV, visto que a qualidade dos embriões é dependente da qualidade do oócito e, assim, modificações nas condições de maturação in vitro podem trazer avanços à produção de embriões. A melatonina é um hormônio que foi detectado no fluido folicular de humanos, suínos e, mais recentemente, de bovinos. Ainda, seus receptores foram localizados em oócitos e células da granulosa. Estudos in vitro apontam efeitos benéficos de sua utilização na maturação e cultivo in vitro de oócitos e embriões, embora os resultados sejam por vezes contraditórios. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da melatonina na maturação in vitro (MIV) de oócitos bovinos e também seu potencial como indutor de genes de enzimas antioxidantes e inibidor de fragmentação nuclear em células do cumulus. Para tanto, complexos cumulus-oócitos (CCOs), obtidos de ovários de abatedouro, foram maturados in vitro na presença de melatonina (10-9 e 10-6 M), FSH (controle positivo) ou sem hormônios (controle negativo). As taxas de maturação nuclear foram avaliadas às 6, 12, 18 e 24 horas de cultivo (Experimento 1). No Experimento 2, os mesmos grupos experimentais foram avaliados quanto à abundância relativa de transcritos de genes de enzimas antioxidantes (Cu,ZnSOD, MnSOD e GPx) em oócitos e células do cumulus (24 horas de MIV) por PCR em tempo real. No Experimento 3 foi avaliado o efeito dos tratamentos sobre a fragmentação nuclear em células do cumulus pela técnica de TUNEL e citometria de fluxo (24 horas de MIV). A taxa de maturação avaliada às 6 h de MIV foi de 100% de oócitos imaturos em vesícula germinativa (VG) (P>0,05). Às 12 horas de cultivo foi observado o efeito da melatonina similar ao FSH, variando a proporção de oócitos em metáfase I (MI) de 54,0 a 80,7 % entre os grupos (P<0,05). Após 18 h de MIV observou-se que a maioria dos oócitos já havia atingindo o estádio de metáfase II (MII) variando de 57,2 a 74,2 % (P>0,05). Após 24 h de MIV, observou-se que a maioria dos oócitos atingiu o estádio de MII (50,7 a 89,5%), sendo que a melatonina na maior concentração apresentou efeito similar ao da gonadotrofina (P<0,05). Em relação à expressão de enzimas antioxidantes em oócitos não houve efeito de nenhum tratamento (P>0,05%). Já em células do cumulus houve maior expressão do MnSOD no grupo com FSH em relação ao grupo maturado sem hormônios ou imaturo (P<0,05). A melatonina nas diferentes concentrações apresentou efeito similar ao da gonadotrofina (P>0,05). Transcritos para a enzima Cu,ZnSOD foram mais abundantes em cumulus de CCOs maturados com a maior concentração de melatonina (10-6 M) em relação ao grupo imaturo (P<0,05), não havendo variação nos demais (P>0,05). GPX4 não foi afetado pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). A quantidade de células do cumulus com fragmentação nuclear não foi afetada por nenhum tratamento (33,4 a 41,5/10.000 células; P>0,05) Com base nestes resultados conclui-se que a melatonina nas concentrações avaliadas (10-9 e 10-6 M), embora seja capaz de estimular a maturação nuclear e induzir a expressão de alguns genes antioxidantes em células do bovinas, ainda que de forma semelhante ao FSH, não provocou redução da fragmentação nuclear nestas células. / Nevertheless the great volume of research and the advances in in vitro production (IVP) of bovine embryos, the efficiency of this techinque is still beyond the desireable, specially when compared to embryos produced in vivo. in vitro maturation (IVM) is an important step in IVP, since the quality of embryos is dependent on the quality of oocytes, and, therefore, modifications to in vitro maturation conditions can bring improvements to embryo production. Melatonin is a hormone which has been detected in the folicular fluid of humans, pigs, and more recently, in bovine. Also, its receptores have been identified in oocytes and granulosa cells. Studies in vitro have shown that melatonin may have beneficial effects when used in oocyte maturation and embryo culture, although results are sometimes contradictory. The aim of the present work was to assess the effect of melatonin during IVM on nuclear maturation of bovine oocytes as well as its potential to induce expression of antioxidant enzymes and to reduce nuclear fragmentation in cumulus cells. Cumulus-oocyte comprexes (COCs), obtained from abbattoir ovaries, were matured in vitro in the presence of melatonin (10-9 e 10-6 M), FSH (positive controle) or without hormones (negative control). Maturation rates were evaluated at 6, 12, 18 and 24 h (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, the same groups were evaluated for the relative abundance of transcripts encoding antioxidant enzymes (Cu,ZnSOD, MnSOD and GPx) in oocytes and cumulus cells (24 h IVM) by real time PCR. In Experiment 3, the effect of treatments on nuclear fragmentation in cumulus cells was determined by TUNEL and flow cytometry (24 h IVM). At 6 h IVM, all oocytes were at immature germinal vesicle (GV) stage. After 12 h of cuture the effect of melatonin was similar to that of FSH, with proportions of oocytes in metaphase I (MI) varying from 54.0 to 80.7% between groups (P>0.05). After 18 h IVM most oocytes had reached metaphase II (MII) stage (57.2 to 74.2%, P>0.05). At 24 h IVM, oocytes were also mostly in MII stage (50.7 to 89.5%), and the highest melatonin concentration was similar to the gonadotrophin (P>0.05). Regarding expression of antioxidant enzymes in oocytes there was no effect of treatments for any of the genes (P>0.05). However, in cumulus cells MnSOD expression was higher in FSH compared with the groups matured without hormones or immature cells (P<0.05). Melatonin in both concentrations were similar to FSH (P>0.05). Transcripts for Cu,ZnSOD were more abundant in cumulus from COCs matured with the highest melatonin concentration (10-6 M) in relation to immature cells (P<0.05), but was not diferent from other groups (P>0.05). GPx was not affected by treatments (P>0.05). The number of nuclear fragmentation in cumulus cells was also not affected by treatments (33.4 to 41.5/10,000 cells; P>0.05). According to these results it is concluded that melatonin is able to induce meiosis resumption in oocytes (10-9 and 10-6 M) and expression of some antioxidant genes in bovine cumulus cells, similar to the effect of FSH, but was ineffective in reducing nuclear fragmentation in these cells.

Wolbachia pipientis é uma alfa-protobactéria intracelular obrigatória, endossimbionte de artrópodes e nematódeos que é herdada por via materna ao longo das gerações. A presença desta bactéria nos tecidos germinativos pode provocar nos hospedeiros alterações fenotípicas reprodutivas, como partenogênese, feminização genética de machos, morte de machos, incompatibilidade citoplasmática (IC) e alterações de fitness. Alguns mecanismos moleculares dessas alterações baseiam-se na modulação da expressão gênica do hospedeiro, ou seja, a bactéria pode suprimir ou estimular genes de forma a produzir ambiência favorável à manutenção da endossimbiose. Devido a esse potencial manipulador, Wolbachia tem sido testada como \"ferramenta\" para controle populacional de insetos vetores de patógenos. O mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, naturalmente infectado por Wolbachia na região Neotropical, é um importante vetor de diversos patógenos que atingem humanos e animais. A presença da bactéria causa IC e altera o fitness no mosquito, mediante alterações temporais na ovogênese, fecundidade e fertilidade reprodutivas. Sabe-se que a presença da Wolbachia altera a expressão do gene grauzone e há fortes indícios de que esta expressão diferencial induza à IC em Cx. quinquefasciatus. Sabe-se também que este gene possui duas cópias parálogas em Cx. quinquefasciatus, porém estudos observaram a relevância de apenas um parálogo como importante regulador dos ciclos celulares da ovogênese e espermatogênese. No entanto, as bases genéticas dos fenótipos IC e \"fitness alterado\" do modelo Wolbachia-Cx. quinquefasciatus Neotropical ainda permanecem desconhecidas. Objetivamos inicialmente neste modelo quantificar e silenciar a expressão do gene grauzone (ambos parálogos) para suportar a hipótese pré-existente de que a superexpressão deste gene em mosquitos infectados por Wolbachia causa as alterações fenotípicas reprodutivas. Durante o desenvolvimento do projeto houve intercorrências que alteraram o rumo do trabalho: a necessidade de substituição da colônia experimental de mosquitos devido a baixas demográficas e à alta variabilidade intraespecífica do gene grauzone. Frente às intercorrências, formulamos como neo-objetivo a comparação filogenética entre as variantes do gene grauzone. Detectamos também variabilidade em um dos parálogos e concluímos que as cópias parálogas do gene encerram proteínas estruturalmente distintas e talvez funcionalmente distintas no tocante à alteração reprodutiva (IC) causada pela presença da Wolbachia. Foi possível observar que fêmeas infectadas apresentam amplificações de grauzone mais intensas quando comparadas com fêmeas não-infectadas no 4° dia de emergência, corroborando dados da literatura. Em conjunto, esses achados indicam que é promissora a continuidade do estudo do papel de grauzone na IC, mas demonstra também que este gene é mais complexo do que se imaginava, o que demandará maior esforço investigativo. A expectativa de uso futuro de Wolbachia como controlador biológico de mosquitos-vetores poderá se beneficiar de estudos como aqui proposto. / Wolbachia pipientis is an obligate intracellular alpha-protobacterium, endosymbiont of arthropods and nematodes, which is inherited through maternal route over generations. The presence of this bacterium in germinative tissues can cause reproductive phenotypic alterations in the hosts, such as parthenogenesis, genetic feminization of males, death of males, cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) and fitness changes. Some molecular mechanisms of these alterations are based on the modulation of gene expression of the host, that is, the bacterium can suppress or stimulate genes in order to produce favorable environment for the maintenance of the endosymbiosis. Due to this potential manipulator, Wolbachia has been tested as a \"tool\" for population control of pathogen vector insects. The mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, naturally infected by Wolbachia in the Neotropical region, is an important vector of several pathogens that affect humans and animals. The presence of the bacteria causes CI and changes the fitness in the mosquito, through temporal changes in ovogenesis, reproductive fertility and fertility. The presence of Wolbachia is known to alter the expression of the grauzone gene and there are strong indications that this differential expression induces the CI in Cx. quinquefasciatus. It is known that this gene occurs with two paralogs copies in Cx. quinquefasciatus, but studies have observed the relevance of only one paralog as important regulator of oogenesis and spermatogenesis cell cycles. However, the genetic basis of the phenotypes \"changed fitness\" and CI of Wolbachia-Cx quinquefasciatus Neotropical model remain unknown. We initially aimed at quantifying and knockdown of grauzone gene (both paralogs) to support the preexisting hypothesis that overexpression of this gene in Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes causes reproductive phenotypic changes. During the development of the project there were intercurrences that altered the course of work: the need to replace mosquito populations due to demographic lows and the high intraspecific variability of grauzone gene. In view of the intercurrences we formulated the neo-objective phylogenetic comparison between the variants of the grauzone gene. We also detected variability in one of the paralogs and concluded that the paralogs copies of the gene contain structurally distinct and perhaps functionally distinct proteins with respect to the reproductive alteration (CI) caused by the presence of Wolbachia. It was possible to observe that infected females show more intense grauzone amplifications when compared to uninfected females on the 4th day of emergence, corroborating data from the literature. Taken together, these findings indicate that the continuity of the study of the role of grauzone in CI is promising, but also demonstrates that this gene is more complex than previously thought, which will require more investigative effort. The expectation of future use of Wolbachia as a biological control of mosquito-vectors may benefit from studies as proposed here.

Au cours de mon travail de doctorat, je me suis intéressé aux mécanismes qui contrôlent la séparation équitable du génome lors de la méiose dans l’ovocyte de souris.Le point de contrôle du fuseau contrôle la ségrégation des chromosomes en méiose : en cas d'attachement incorrect des chromosomes au fuseau, l'anaphase est retardée ce qui permet d'éviter les aneuploïdies. En métaphase, l’attachement des chromosomes homologues aux deux pôles opposés du fuseau, génère une force de tension au niveau des kinétochores. Mon travail de thèse a consisté à déterminer si la tension exercée sur les chromosomes est un signal qui permet de satisfaire le point du contrôle du fuseau en méiose I dans l'ovocyte de souris. Lorsque la tension exercée sur les chromosomes homologues par les microtubules est diminuée par un traitement pharmacologique, la dégradation de la sécurine, qui marque l’entrée en anaphase, est retardée. Si le point de contrôle du fuseau est inhibé en absence de tension, l’anaphase n’est pas retardée, ce qui indique que le point de contrôle du fuseau est sensible à la tension.Nous avons aussi montré que la kinase Aurora B/C n’est pas requise pour la réponse du point de contrôle du fuseau aux chromosomes non attachés, mais qu’elle est essentielle à la réponse du point de contrôle du fuseau à la baisse de tensionDans un contexte où les erreurs de ségrégation en méiose sont très fréquentes chez la femme et augmentent drastiquement avec l'âge, nos travaux pourraient permettre d'identifier si ces mécanismes de contrôle sont diminués et moins efficaces avec l'âge chez la femme. / At each cell division, chromosomes must be faithfully segregated so that exactly one set of chromosomes is passed on to the next generation. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures faithful chromosome segregation in meiosis: upon uncorrect attachment of the chromosome to the spindle, anaphase onset is delayed in order to avoid chromosome missegregation and aneuploidies. For my PhD thesis, I wanted to determine whether tension applied by the spindle microtubules on the chromosomes is itself a signal that satisfies the SAC in mouse oocyte meiosis I. When tension is decreased by small molecule inhibitors, securin degradation, which is a readout of anaphase onset, is delayed. If the SAC is inhibited, then tension defects cannot delay anaphase onset. This indicates that the SAC is able to delay anaphase onset upon tension defects.Furthermore, we showed that Aurora B/C kinase is not required for the SAC response to unattached chromosomes but that Aurora B/C is required for the SAC response to tension defects.Chromosome segregation errors are very common in women and increase with age. In that context, our work could help to identify whether these key control mechanisms are less efficient in the mammalian oocyte with age.

The cohesin complex is essential for mitosis and meiosis. The specific meiotic roles of individual cohesin proteins are incompletely understood. We report in vivo functions of the only meiosis-specific STAG component of cohesin, STAG3. Newly generated STAG3-deficient mice of both sexes are sterile with meiotic arrest. In these mice, meiotic chromosome architecture is severely disrupted as no bona fide axial elements (AE) form and homologous chromosomes do not synapse. Axial element protein SYCP3 forms dot-like structures, many partially overlapping with centromeres. Asynapsis marker HORMAD1 is diffusely distributed throughout the chromatin, and SYCP1, which normally marks synapsed axes, is largely absent. Centromeric and telomeric sister chromatid cohesion are impaired. Centromere and telomere clustering occurs in the absence of STAG3, and telomere structure is not severely affected. Other cohesin proteins are present, localize throughout the STAG3-devoid chromatin, and form complexes with cohesin SMC1β. No other deficiency in a single meiosis-specific cohesin causes a phenotype as drastic as STAG3 deficiency. STAG3 emerges as the key STAG cohesin involved in major functions of meiotic cohesin.

Abstract Genetic information is stored in the base sequence of DNA. As DNA is often damaged by radiation or reactive chemicals, cells have developed mechanisms to correct the DNA lesions. These mechanisms involve recognition of damage, DNA repair and cell cycle delay until DNA is restored. Failures in the proper processing of DNA lesions may lead to mutations, premature aging, or diseases such as cancer. In this thesis study the human topoisomerase IIβ binding protein 1 (TopBP1) was identified as the homolog of budding yeast Dpb11 and fission yeast Cut5. TopBP1 was found to be necessary for DNA replication and to associate with replicative DNA polymerase ε. TopBP1 localised to the sites of DNA damage and stalled replication forks, which suggests a role in the DNA damage response. TopBP1 interacted with the checkpoint protein Rad9, which is a part of a protein complex whose function includes tethering proteins to sites of DNA damage. This supports a role for TopBP1 in the early steps of checkpoint activation after DNA damage. TopBP1 also interacted with the tumour suppressor protein p53 in a phosphorylation dependent manner. In addition, the data support a role for TopBP1 outside of S-phase. During M-phase, TopBP1 was found to localise to centrosomes along with the tumour suppressor proteins Brca1 and p53. Analysis of the expression of TopBP1 in mouse tissues suggested that TopBP1 may also play a role during meiosis. The localisation pattern of TopBP1 in mouse meiotic spermatocytes resembled that of many proteins functioning during meiotic recombination. For example, co-localisation of ATR kinase and TopBP1 was observed during meiotic prophase I. In accordance with the findings from mouse studies, the analysis of a cut5 mutant during yeast meiosis showed that Cut5 is essential for the meiotic checkpoint. These results strongly suggest that TopBP1 operates in replication and has checkpoint functions during both the mitotic and meiotic cell cycles.

L’objectif de cette thèse a été de comprendre deux caractéristiques majeures des divisions méiotiques chez la femelle: le blocage en prophase de 1ère division méiotique qui permet à l’ovocyte d’accumuler des réserves énergétiques et des déterminants nécessaires au développement embryonnaire ; et l’absence de phase-S entre les deux divisions méiotiques ce qui permet de former des cellules haploïdes aptes à la fécondation. Pour cela, j’ai choisi comme modèle d’étude l’ovocyte de Xénope qui permet de suivre ces processus in vitro en réponse à la progestérone. L’ovocyte subit les deux divisions méiotiques grâce à l’activation du facteur universel de la division cellulaire, le MPF, et se bloque en métaphase de 2ème division méiotique dans l’attente d’être fécondé. Chez tous les vertébrés, le 1er arrêt en prophase dépend de l’activité de la protéine kinase dépendante de l’AMPc, PKA, dont l’inactivation est nécessaire pour la reprise de la méiose. Le substrat de PKA dans l’ovocyte était resté inconnu. Nous avons découvert que la protéine Arpp19, jusqu’alors connue pour son rôle positif dans l’activation du MPF, est phosphorylée par PKA de cette phosphorylation bloque l’activation du MPF nécessaire pour la levée du blocage en prophase. ARPP19 possède donc un double rôle, le 1er exercé comme substrat de PKA et responsable de l’arrêt en prophase, le second dans l’activation du MPF suite à un changement dans sa phosphorylation. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié la protéine Cdc6, un acteur majeur de la réplication de l’ADN. Absente en prophase, Cdc6 s’accumule entre les deux divisions méiotiques ce qui permet à l’ovocyte d’acquérir la compétence à répliquer l’ADN. Cette compétence ne s’exprime pas ce qui permet de réduire de moitié la ploïdie. Nous avons montré que Cdc6 est un inhibiteur puissant du MPF capable de bloquer les divisions méiotiques et d’induire la réplication de l’ADN. Pour éviter ces effets délétères l’accumulation de Cdc6 est strictement régulée lors des deux divisions méiotiques, ce qui est absolument requis pour assurer l’enchainement des deux divisions cellulaires sans phase-S intercalaire. / The goal of my PhD project was to understand two main features of the female meiotic division: the arrest in prophase of the 1st meiotic division that allows the accumulation of nutrients and determinants necessary for the embryonic cell cycles; and the absence of S-phase between the two meiotic divisions in order to produce haploid gametes. For this purpose, I studied Xenopus oocytes, a powerful model system that allows the biochemical analysis of these two processes in vitro. In ovary, oocytes are arrested in prophase I and resume meiosis in response to progesterone. The oocytes then proceed through the 1st and the 2nd meiotic divisions and halt at metaphase II, awaiting for fertilization. These two consecutive divisions are controlled by two waves of Cdk1 activation, the universal factor responsible for the entry into mitosis. I analysed the mechanisms responsible for arresting the oocyte in prophase I. In all vertebrates, this arrest depends on a high activity of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, PKA, whose downregulation is required for the release of the prophase block. The substrate of PKA had never been identified up to date. I discovered that the small protein Arpp19, already known for positively regulating entry into M-phase, is phosphorylated by PKA in prophase I and is dephosphorylated upon progesterone addition, an event required for Cdk1 activation. Hence, Arpp19 has a dual function, responsible of the prophase arrest as a PKA substrate, and then converted into an activator of Cdk1 by changes of its phosphorylation pattern. The second part of my thesis has been dedicated to understanding the role and the regulation of the Cdc6 protein during meiotic divisions. This protein is essential for DNA replication in somatic cells. It is accumulated between the two oocyte meiotic divisions and restores the competence to replicate DNA in oocyte. However, this competence is repressed before fertilization, allowing formation of haploid cells. I found that the accumulation of Cdc6 is tightly controlled during meiotic maturation by the Cyclin B accumulation and the Mos/MAPK pathway. I further demonstrated that Cdc6 is a strong inhibitor of Cdk1 in Xenopus oocytes and that the timely accumulation of Cdc6 is required to coordinate the two meiotic divisions with no intercaling S-phase.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae iron-responsive transcription factor, Aft1p, has a well established role in regulating iron homeostasis through the transcriptional induction of iron-regulon genes. However, recent studies have implicated Aft1p in other cellular processes independent of iron-regulation such as chromosome stability. In addition, chromosome spreads and two-hybrid data suggest that Aft1p interacts with and co-localizes with kinetochore proteins, however the cellular implications of this have not been established. Here, we demonstrate that Aft1p associates with the kinetochore complex through Iml3p. Furthermore, we show that Aft1p, like Iml3p, is required for the increased association of cohesin with the pericentromere and that aft1Δ cells display sister chromatid cohesion defects in both mitosis and meiosis. Our work defines a new role for Aft1p in the sister chromatid cohesion pathway.