Recently, due to the unique properties and structures such as large geometric surface area, electrical conductivity and light weight, 3D structured carbon materials have been attracting extensive attention from scientists. Moreover, the materials, which can provide well-defined pathways for reactants to easily access active sites, are extremely useful for energy conversion as well as environmental and catalysis applications. To date, many precursors have been used for fabrication of 3D structured carbon materials including pitch, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and polymer foams. This thesis, as shown in the thesis title, focus on two main aspects: the study of the characteristics of melamine based carbon foam synthesized at different conditions and their applications. In paper I, it was revealed that through a simple, one-step pyrolysis process, flexible carbon foam synthesized from melamine foam (BasotectÒ, BASF) was obtained. Additionally, through a pyrolysis-activation process, activated carbon foam which possesses hydrophilic nature and high surface area was successfully synthesized. The characteristics of carbon foam such as the hydrophobic/hydrophilic nature, electrical conductivity, mechanical properties and surface chemistry were studied. It was shown that carbon foam could be successfully used as an absorbent in environmental applications e.g. removing of spill oil from water (paper I) or as support for heterogeneous catalysts, which in turn was used not only in gas phase reactions (paper I and IV) but also in an aqueous phase reaction (paper II). Importantly, when combined with a SpinChem® rotating bed reactor (SRBR) (paper II), the monolithic carbon foam/SRBR system brought more advantages than using the foam alone. Additionally, the work in paper III showed the potential of carbon foam in an energy conversion application as anode electrode substrate in alkaline water electrolysis. In summary, the versatility of the carbon foam has been proven through abovementioned lab scale studies and due to the simple, scalable and cost effective pyrolysis and activation processes used for the production, it has potential to be used in large-scale applications.

A corrosão é um processo eletroquímico espontâneo e, sabendo que diversos metais estão sujeitos a este fenômeno, a sua deterioração é inevitável, o que impõe à comunidade científica desafios para retardar tal efeito. A literatura sobre o tema aponta como uma das ações mais recorrentes para alcançar esse retardo a aplicação superficial de películas poliméricas, dentre as quais destaca-se o desenvolvimento de revestimentos inteligentes. A incorporação na tinta de formadores de filmes encapsulados confere ao revestimento a característica de autorreparação, e a escolha de silanos como agentes reticulantes se destaca positivamente, uma vez que o filme gerado pela molécula apresenta caráter hidrofóbico. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo é verificar, primeiro, a melhor condição de reticulação do silano na presença de radiação ultravioleta e, segundo, se a adição de microcápsulas de poli(ureia-formaldeído-melamina) contendo metacriloxissilano em uma tinta epóxi base solvente confere a este revestimento proteção contra a corrosão, pelo efeito de autorreparação. Para isso, estudou-se a cinética de polimerização do formador de filme e o seu encapsulamento em microcápsulas de poli(ureia-formaldeído-melamina). Determinada a melhor condição de encapsulamento, corpos de prova de aço carbono foram pintados com a tinta contendo as microcápsulas produzidas. O efeito de autorreparação - desencadeado pela ruptura das microcápsulas ao se provocar um defeito mecânico no revestimento - foi comprovado pelas técnicas de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE), técnica de varredura por eletrodo vibratório (SVET) e por ensaio acelerado de corrosão em câmara de névoa salina. / Corrosion is a spontaneous electrochemical process and, knowing that several metals are subjected to this phenomenon, its deterioration is inevitable, which imposes challenges for scientific community to delay this effect. The literature on this subject points out, as one of the most recurrent actions to achieve this delay, the superficial application of polymer films, which stands out the development of smart coatings with self-healing properties. The incorporation of encapsulated film formers gives to coatings the self-healing ability, and the choice of silanes as film-forming agent stands out positively since the film has a hydrophobic character. In this context, the aims of this study are, firstly, verify the best crosslinking condition of silane induced by UV light and, secondly, investigate whether the addition of poly(urea-formaldehyde-melamine) microcapsules containing methacryloxysilane into the solvent-based epoxy coating brings protection to this coating against corrosion by self-healing effect. For this purpose, the polymerization kinetics of the film former by ultraviolet radiation and their encapsulation in poly(urea-formaldehyde-melamine) microcapsules were studied. Given the best encapsulation condition, carbon steel panels were coated with the self-healing paint. The self-healing effect - triggered by the rupture of the microcapsules caused by an induced mechanical defect in the coating - was demonstrated by techniques as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) and by accelerated corrosion tests in salt spray chamber.

A corrosão é um processo eletroquímico espontâneo e, sabendo que diversos metais estão sujeitos a este fenômeno, a sua deterioração é inevitável, o que impõe à comunidade científica desafios para retardar tal efeito. A literatura sobre o tema aponta como uma das ações mais recorrentes para alcançar esse retardo a aplicação superficial de películas poliméricas, dentre as quais destaca-se o desenvolvimento de revestimentos inteligentes. A incorporação na tinta de formadores de filmes encapsulados confere ao revestimento a característica de autorreparação, e a escolha de silanos como agentes reticulantes se destaca positivamente, uma vez que o filme gerado pela molécula apresenta caráter hidrofóbico. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo é verificar, primeiro, a melhor condição de reticulação do silano na presença de radiação ultravioleta e, segundo, se a adição de microcápsulas de poli(ureia-formaldeído-melamina) contendo metacriloxissilano em uma tinta epóxi base solvente confere a este revestimento proteção contra a corrosão, pelo efeito de autorreparação. Para isso, estudou-se a cinética de polimerização do formador de filme e o seu encapsulamento em microcápsulas de poli(ureia-formaldeído-melamina). Determinada a melhor condição de encapsulamento, corpos de prova de aço carbono foram pintados com a tinta contendo as microcápsulas produzidas. O efeito de autorreparação - desencadeado pela ruptura das microcápsulas ao se provocar um defeito mecânico no revestimento - foi comprovado pelas técnicas de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE), técnica de varredura por eletrodo vibratório (SVET) e por ensaio acelerado de corrosão em câmara de névoa salina. / Corrosion is a spontaneous electrochemical process and, knowing that several metals are subjected to this phenomenon, its deterioration is inevitable, which imposes challenges for scientific community to delay this effect. The literature on this subject points out, as one of the most recurrent actions to achieve this delay, the superficial application of polymer films, which stands out the development of smart coatings with self-healing properties. The incorporation of encapsulated film formers gives to coatings the self-healing ability, and the choice of silanes as film-forming agent stands out positively since the film has a hydrophobic character. In this context, the aims of this study are, firstly, verify the best crosslinking condition of silane induced by UV light and, secondly, investigate whether the addition of poly(urea-formaldehyde-melamine) microcapsules containing methacryloxysilane into the solvent-based epoxy coating brings protection to this coating against corrosion by self-healing effect. For this purpose, the polymerization kinetics of the film former by ultraviolet radiation and their encapsulation in poly(urea-formaldehyde-melamine) microcapsules were studied. Given the best encapsulation condition, carbon steel panels were coated with the self-healing paint. The self-healing effect - triggered by the rupture of the microcapsules caused by an induced mechanical defect in the coating - was demonstrated by techniques as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) and by accelerated corrosion tests in salt spray chamber.

This thesis focuses on my endeavors to prepare new porous polymeric monoliths that are viable to use as supports in flow-through processes. Polymer monoliths of various porous properties and different chemical properties have been prepared utilizing the thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) phenomenon and step-growth polymerization reactions. The aim has been to find appropriate synthesis routes to produce separation supports with fully controlled chemical, physical and surface properties. This thesis includes preparation of porous monolithic materials from several non-cross-linked commodity polymers and engineering plastics by dissolution/precipitation process (i.e. TIPS). Elevated temperatures, above the upper critical solution temperature (UCST), were used to dissolve the polymers in appropriate solvents that only dissolve the polymers above this critical temperature. After dissolution, the homogeneous and clear polymer-solvent solution is thermally quenched by cooling. A porous material, of three dimensional structure, is then obtained as the temperature crosses the UCST. More than 20 organic solvents were tested to find the most compatible one that can dissolve the polymer above the UCST and precipitate it back when the temperature is lowered. The effect of using a mixture of two solvents or additives (co-porogenic polymer or surfactant) in the polymer dissolution/precipitation process have been studied more in depth for poly(vinylidine difluoride) (PVDF) polymers of two different molecular weight grades. Monolithic materials showing different pore characteristics could be obtained by varying the composition of the PVDF-solvent mixture during the dissolute­ion/precipitation process. Step-growth polymerization (often called polycondensat­ion reaction) combined with sol-gel process with the aid of porogenic polymer and block copolymer surfactant have also been used as a new route of synthesis for production of porous melamine-formaldehyde (MF) monoliths. In general, the meso- and macro-porous support materials, for which the synthesis/preparation is discussed in this thesis, are useful to a wide variety of applications in separation science and heterogeneous reactions (catalysis).

Sous l’impact des agressions environnementales (lumière, température, eau …), les peintures de carrosseries automobiles voient leurs propriétés (couleur, brillant, …) se dégrader. L’amélioration de leur tenue dans le temps est l’un des enjeux importants auxquels sont confrontés les constructeurs automobiles. La compréhension des phénomènes mis en jeu nécessite un travail de recherche important. Les objectifs de cette thèse ont été d’étudier les mécanismes de photovieillissement de polymères tridimensionnels (acrylique-mélamine et acrylique-uréthane) depuis l’échelle moléculaire (structure chimique du polymère) jusqu’à l’échelle macroscopique (propriétés fonctionnelles du matériau). L’étude de l’influence de chacune des contraintes (lumière, eau, …) indépendamment les unes des autres a permis de comprendre le comportement du matériau dans les conditions naturelles où toutes ces contraintes se superposent. Nous avons montré que le photovieillissement des vernis mettait en jeu la dégradation des fonctions chimiques formées lors de l’étape de réticulation du vernis, entraînant une densification du réseau au cours du vieillissement et menant à l’apparition d’un faïençage lorsqu’un seuil de contraintes internes était atteint. On a également montré qu’il existait une relation étroite entre le mécanisme chimique de dégradation, l’obtention d’un palier de dureté et l’apparition du faïençage. Sur la base de comparaisons entre vieillissement naturel et vieillissement artificiel accéléré, des facteurs d’accélération ont été calculés, permettant de prévoir à partir d’une irradiation en conditions de vieillissement artificiel accéléré, la durée de vie des vernis. / It is well known that under environmental stresses impact (light, temperature,water, ...), car paints properties (color, gloss, ...) deteriorate. Improving clearcoats performance over time is one of the most important issues that car manufacturers have to solve. This necessitates an important research activity. The main objectives of this thesis were to study the mechanisms of photoageing of crosslinked polymers (acrylic-melamine and acrylic-urethane) from the molecular (chemical structure of the polymer) to the macroscopic scale (functional properties of the material). The study of the influence of individual stress (light,water, ...) independently each from other has allowed us to understand the behavior of the material under natural conditions where all these stresses overlap. We have demonstrated that the photoageing of clearcoats leads to the degradation of the chemical function formed along with the crosslinking process. We have observed that this results in a significant network densification, leading to the appearance of cracking when a threshold of internal stresses is reached. We have also demonstrated a close relationship between the degradation mechanism, the hardness values and the time required for cracks appearance. Based on comparisons between natural and artificial ageing, acceleration factors were calculated to predict clearcoats service life from an accelerated ageing.

Lors de cette étude, j'ai effectué des recherches sur trois sortes d'assemblages du bois : les colles naturelles, les colles synthétiques et le soudage sans colles, ceci dans le but d'améliorer les performances de fabrication des panneaux de particules, des panneaux contreplaqués, des lamellés-collés et des composites. Dans ce travail, le contenu d'étude inclut les éléments suivants : 1) L'assemblage des panneaux semi-extérieurs ou extérieurs par les colles naturelles : Trois types différents de tannins (les tannins hydrolysables de châtaigniers, les tannins condensations de pin radiata et les tannins condensations de mimosa) sont étudiés. 2) L'assemblage des panneaux extérieurs par les colles synthétiques : Différents types d'additifs (le nanoargile, des précurseurs oligomériques de poly (amine-ester) et glutaraldéhyde) pour améliorer leurs performances. La résine MUF (Mélamine-Urée-Formaldéhyde) est obtenue sous forme de poudre par séchage d'atomisation ainsi sa durée de vie est potentiellement infinie.3) L'assemblage des panneaux extérieurs par soudage sans colles : Deux matériaux (l'huile et la lignine acétylée) pour améliorer les résistances à l'eau. Toutes les propriétés physico-chimiques et mécaniques ont été étudiées en mettant en oeuvre des techniques d'analyse et d'évaluation telles que la thermomécanique TMA, la cristallographie aux rayons X (XRD), la résonance magnétique nucléaire 13C RMN, la spectrométrie de masse MALDI-TOF, et la fabrication des panneaux en laboratoire. Finalement, nous avons amélioré les caractéristiques des panneaux avec les colles ou sans colles et spécifiquement la résistance à l'eau pour une utilisation extérieure / In this studied, wood based composites were assembled with the natural adhesive (tannin adhesive), the synthesis adhesive (MUF) and the welding wood without adhesive. These wood composites include particleboard, plywood and glulam. We focus on these works as follows: 1) Three different types of tannins (chestnut hydrolysable tannins, pine condensation tannins and mimosa condensation tannins) as thermosetting or cold-setting adhesive were studied to assemble particleboard, plywood and glulam for application to semi-exterior or exterior. 2) The characteristics of MUF resins for particleboard applications have been improved through a number of additives (nanoclay, hyperbranched polymer and glutaraldehyde), the powder adhesive of MUF was obtained by spray-drying technologies, and it could be prolonger the shelf-life of MUF adhesive. It also can be application to exterior after enhancing. 3) The blockboard for application exterior was assembling by welded dowels, two differents materials (sun flower oil and acetylated lignin) were used to improve the water resistance. These physical, chemical and mechanical properties of these assemblages was investigated by implementing some techniques such as thermomechanical analysis (TMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscometry (MALDI-TOF), and by manufacturing wood composites. Finally, the performances of these wood composites were apparent improved whether with the tannin adhesive, the MUF adhesive or the welding wood without adhesive, especially improved the water resistance of wood composites for exterior applications

先前文獻在探討有關三聚氰胺事件時多為分析食安事件之影響因素、政府對於食品安全法規定訂之不足以及探討食安事件對於股價變動之影響。而本研究欲藉由公司財務指的變化來探討食安事件對乳製品產業之影響，因此利用差異中之差異(Difference in Difference, DID)方法，探討在食安事件發生後被爆出有參入三聚氰胺之毒奶粉公司相對於未出問題之奶類公司及豆類公司，其營業收入，營業成本及利潤等三項財務指標為相對上升或相對下降之趨勢。因此將樣本分類為三組，一組以毒奶粉公司作為實驗組，其他兩組以為未出問題奶類公司以及豆類公司作為控制組。 本文以2001年至2011年中國規模以上上市以及非上市公司之追蹤資料(Panel Data)進行分析。實證結果指出，毒奶粉公司相對於未出問題公司在食安事件之後，其營業收入為相對增加，營業成本亦相對增加，而利潤則為相對減少。雖然營業收入之估計結果與預期不相符，但是本研究認為可能與毒奶粉公司在樣本資料當中原先就佔有較高之市場佔有率有關。營業成本之增加，本研究認為與事件發生後法規及監管成本之增加有正向關聯。利潤減少之實證結果與預期相符，說明毒奶粉公司在三聚氰胺事件下，就實證結果而言公司會有虧損之情況發生，代表食安事件對乳製品產業有負面之影響。 / Most of the previous researches of the Melamine Incident focused on analyzing the impact on food safety event, the shortage of the governmental food legislation, and the discussion about the food scandal effect on the enterprises’ stock prices. In this paper, we used the variation of the company’s financial indicator in income statement to observe the impact of the food scandal on the dairy industry. In order to do so, we used the method called “Difference-in-Difference” to estimate the impact on the operating revenues, operating costs and profits of the scandal companies after the food safety scandal broke in 2008. In this study, we set our sample into three groups, the group of the scandal dairy companies as the experimental group, while the group of non-scandal dairy companies and the group of beans companies as the control group. The panel data we used in this paper included listed and unlisted companies in China from 2001 to 2011. The empirical results indicated that after the scandal, in contrast to the non-scandal companies, the operating revenues and the operating costs of the scandal companies were both higher, and the profits were lower. The empirical results of the operating revenues didn't meet the expectation of this paper, we supposed the reason was that the scandal companies had much higher market share comparing to the non-scandal companies. In our opinion, the increase of the operating costs was due to the newly released regulations and supervision costs. At the same time, the decrease of the profits was consistent with our expectation. It meant that after the Melamine incident, the scandal companies would suffered financial losses which proved that the food scandal event would have negative impact on the dairy industry.

A melamina é um composto tóxico ilegalmente empregado para adulterar o teor de proteínas em leite. A ingestão de pequenas quantidades de melamina pode causar complicações renais e até mesmo a morte de animais e humanos. Os procedimentos usuais para a determinação de proteínas são baseados na quantificação de nitrogênio total e não permitem detectar a adulteração. Neste trabalho, um procedimento rápido e limpo foi desenvolvido para a determinação de melamina como adulterante em leite. Triton X-114 foi utilizado para o clean-up da amostra e como fluoróforo. A determinação da melamina foi baseada na supressão da fluorescência do surfactante na fase pobre após a extração em ponto nuvem. Resposta linear foi observada entre 1,0 e 6,0 mg L- 1 de melamina, descrita pela equação de Stern-Volmer I°/I = 0,999 + 0,0165 CMEL (r = 0,999). O limite de detecção foi estimado em 0,8 mg L- 1 (nível de confiança de 95 %), o que permite a detecção de 320 \'mü\'g de melamina em 100 g de leite. Coeficientes de variação (n = 8) foram estimados em 0,4 e 1,4 % na ausência e na presença do analito, respectivamente. Recuperações entre 95 e 102% e os coeficientes angulares das curvas de calibração obtidas na presença e ausência de leite indicaram a ausência de efeitos da matriz. Os resultados para diferentes amostras de leite concordaram com os obtidos por cromatografia líquida de alto desempenho a um nível de confiança de 95% / Melamine is a toxic compound illegally used to adulterate the protein content in milk. The ingestion even of low amounts of melamine can lead to renal complications and death of animals and humans. Usual procedures for the determination of total nitrogen are not selective for the determination of non-protein nitrogen. In this work, a fast and environmentally friendly procedure was developed for the determination of melamine as a milk adulterant. Triton X-114 was used for sample clean-up and as a fluorophore. Determination of melamine was based on fluorescence quenching of surfactant in the poor phase after cloud point extraction in the presence of melamine. A linear response was observed from 1.0 and 6.0 mg L-1 melamine, described by the Stern-Volmer equation I°/I = 0.999 + 0.0165 CMEL(r = 0.999). The detection limit was estimated at 0.8 mg L-1 level (95% confidence level), which enables detection of as low as 320 \'mü\'g in 100 g of melamine of milk. The coefficients of variation (n = 8) were estimated at 0.4 % or 1.4 % in the absence or presence of the analyte, respectively. Recoveries within 95-102 % and similar slopes of calibration graphs obtained with and without milk indicated the absence of matrix effects. The results for different milk samples agreed with those obtained by high performance liquid chromatography at the 95% confidence level

<p>Sintetisane su klasične alkidne smole polazeći od ricinolne kiseline, anhidrida ftalne<br />kiseline i tri poliola (glicerina, trimetilolpropana i etoksilovanog pentaeritritola), kao i<br />hiperrazgranati alkidi na osnovu ditrimetilolpropana, dimetilolpropionske kiseline i<br />ricinolne kiseline. Smole su karakterisane određivanjem hidroksilnog i kiselinskog broja,<br />viskoznosti, srednjih molskih masa i njihove raspodele. Struktura sintetisanih smola je<br />potvrđena infracrvenom spektroskopijom sa Furijeovom transformacijom (FTIR).<br />Sintetisani alkidi imaju veliki sadržaj hidroksilnih grupa, a mali kiselinski broj. Prisustvo<br />hidroksilnih grupa, kao krajnjih funkcionalnih grupa, omogućuje modifikaciju alkidnih<br />smola i dobijanje materijala različitih svojstava. Sintetisani alkidi su umrežavani sa<br />triizobutoksimetil i heksametoksimetil melaminskom smolom u cilju dobijanja umreženog materijala željene strukture i svojstava za primenu u premazima. Umrežavanje sme&scaron;a smola praćeno je FTIR spektroskopijom, dinamičko skanirajućom kalorimetrijom (DSC), reometrijom, kao i određivanjem sadržaja gela. Ispitivana su toplotna svojstva, dinamičkomehaničko pona&scaron;anje, fizičko-mehaničke karakteristike i hemijska otpornost filmova premaza. Umrežavanje sme&scaron;a smola teče uglavnom preko hidroksilnih i karboksilnih grupa alkida sa izobutoksimetil i metoksimetil grupama u melaminskim smolama. Sintetisane klasične alkidne smole u sme&scaron;i sa melaminskim smolama umrežavaju u temperaturnom opsegu od 90 do 170&nbsp;⁰C, a hiperrazgranati alkidi od 80 do 170&nbsp;⁰C, &scaron;to su uobičajene temperature u tehnologiji lakova koji umrežavaju &ldquo;pečenjem&ldquo;. Umreženi filmovi premaza su toplotno veoma stabilni, budući da početak razgradnje premaza započinje na temperaturama od 281 do 330 ⁰C. Potvrđeno je da postoji linearna zavisnost između modula izgubljene energije na 25 ⁰C, koji je mera viskoznog odgovora materijala, i tvrdoće premaza određene metodom klatna. Svi projektovani premazi, bez obzira na nesavr&scaron;enost nastale polimerne mreže, su pokazali zadovoljavajuća svojstva. Najbolja svojstva od klasičnih alkidnih premaza ima onaj na osnovu sme&scaron;e alkida sa etoksilovanim pentaeritritolom i heksametoksimetil melaminske smole. Kori&scaron;ćenje hiperrazgranatih alkidnih smola kao veziva u ekolo&scaron;ki prihvatljivim premazima ima prednost zbog manjeg sadržaja organskih rastvarača i manje viskoznosti u odnosu na klasične smole. Pretpostavljeno je da bi sme&scaron;e sintetisanih klasičnih i hiperrazgranatih alkida sa melaminskim smolama (maseni odnos 70:30) bile pogodne za primenu u industriji boja i lakova. Potvrđeno je da su sistemi alkid/melaminska smola veoma složeni. Dobijeni rezultati omogućuju da se objasni uticaj građe prekursora na strukturu nastale polimerne mreže, a time i na svojstva premaza.</p> / <p>Conventional alkyd resins based on ricinoleic acid, phthalic anhydride and three polyols (glycerin, trimethylolpropane or ethoxylated pentaerythritol), as well as hyperbranched alkyds based on ditrimethylolpropane, dimethylol propionic acid and ricinoleic acid were synthesized. Prepared alkyds were characterized by the determination of hydroxyl and acid numbers, viscosity, average molecular masses and molecular masses distribution. The structure of synthesized resins is confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Obtained alkyd resins have high content of hydroxyl groups and low acid number. The presence of hydroxyl groups as functional end groups opens up a high potential for further chemical modifications and for obtaining materials with different properties. Synthesized alkyds were cured by triisobutoxymethyl- and hexamethoxymethyl melamine resins, in order to obtain crosslinked material with desired structure and properties for coating applications. Curing of the resin mixtures were examined by FTIR spectroscopy, dynamic scanning calorimety (DSC), rheometry and by the determination of gel content. Thermal properties, dynamic mechanical behavior, physico-mechanical characteristics and chemical resistance of coated films were determined. Curing of the resin mixtures proceeds via the reactions between hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of alkyds with isobutoxymethyl and metoxymethyl groups in melamine resins. Synthesized alkyd/melamine resin mixtures became cured in the temperature range from 80 to 170 0C, which is the usual temperature range employed in the baking enamel technology. Cured films are thermally very stable since the onset of films degradation starts at high temperatures (from 281 to 330 0C). It is confirmed that there is a linear dependence between the loss modulus at 25 0C, which is the measure of the material viscosity response, and the coating hardness determined by pendulum method. All projected coatings, despite of defects in the resulting polymer networks, show satisfying properties. Among the conventional systems coating based on mixture of alkyd with ethoxylated pentaerythritol and hexamethoxymethyl melamine resin show the best properties. Application of hyperbranched alkyd resins, as binders in environment friendly coatings has an advantage due to less content of organic solvent and lower viscosity, compared to conventional alkyd resins. It is supposed that the combination of synthesized conventional and hyperbranched alkyds with melamine resins (weight ratio of 70:30 based on dried mass) could be employed as new materials for the industrial preparation of baking enamels. It is confirmed that alkyd/melamine resin systems are very complex. Results obtained enable to explain the effect of precursor type on the structure of resulting polymer network, and thus, on the coating properties.</p>

A melamina é um composto tóxico ilegalmente empregado para adulterar o teor de proteínas em leite. A ingestão de pequenas quantidades de melamina pode causar complicações renais e até mesmo a morte de animais e humanos. Os procedimentos usuais para a determinação de proteínas são baseados na quantificação de nitrogênio total e não permitem detectar a adulteração. Neste trabalho, um procedimento rápido e limpo foi desenvolvido para a determinação de melamina como adulterante em leite. Triton X-114 foi utilizado para o clean-up da amostra e como fluoróforo. A determinação da melamina foi baseada na supressão da fluorescência do surfactante na fase pobre após a extração em ponto nuvem. Resposta linear foi observada entre 1,0 e 6,0 mg L- 1 de melamina, descrita pela equação de Stern-Volmer I°/I = 0,999 + 0,0165 CMEL (r = 0,999). O limite de detecção foi estimado em 0,8 mg L- 1 (nível de confiança de 95 %), o que permite a detecção de 320 \'mü\'g de melamina em 100 g de leite. Coeficientes de variação (n = 8) foram estimados em 0,4 e 1,4 % na ausência e na presença do analito, respectivamente. Recuperações entre 95 e 102% e os coeficientes angulares das curvas de calibração obtidas na presença e ausência de leite indicaram a ausência de efeitos da matriz. Os resultados para diferentes amostras de leite concordaram com os obtidos por cromatografia líquida de alto desempenho a um nível de confiança de 95% / Melamine is a toxic compound illegally used to adulterate the protein content in milk. The ingestion even of low amounts of melamine can lead to renal complications and death of animals and humans. Usual procedures for the determination of total nitrogen are not selective for the determination of non-protein nitrogen. In this work, a fast and environmentally friendly procedure was developed for the determination of melamine as a milk adulterant. Triton X-114 was used for sample clean-up and as a fluorophore. Determination of melamine was based on fluorescence quenching of surfactant in the poor phase after cloud point extraction in the presence of melamine. A linear response was observed from 1.0 and 6.0 mg L-1 melamine, described by the Stern-Volmer equation I°/I = 0.999 + 0.0165 CMEL(r = 0.999). The detection limit was estimated at 0.8 mg L-1 level (95% confidence level), which enables detection of as low as 320 \'mü\'g in 100 g of melamine of milk. The coefficients of variation (n = 8) were estimated at 0.4 % or 1.4 % in the absence or presence of the analyte, respectively. Recoveries within 95-102 % and similar slopes of calibration graphs obtained with and without milk indicated the absence of matrix effects. The results for different milk samples agreed with those obtained by high performance liquid chromatography at the 95% confidence level