No description available.

Acyl carrier protein (ACP) from Escherichia coli has been shown to form complexes with melittin, a cationic peptide from bee venom. ACP is a small (Mr 8847), acidic, Ca2+-binding protein, which possesses some characteristics resembling those of regulatory Ca2+-binding proteins including interaction with melittin. Complexing between melittin and ACP which occurred both in the presence and absence of Ca2+ was evident by chemical cross-linking the two peptides, fluorescence changes (including anisotropy measurements), and inhibition by melittin of the activity of a nonaggregated fatty acid synthetase from Euglena. Also, anti-Apis mellifera antibodies which contained antibodies against melittin specifically inhibited the same enzyme system activity relative to non-immune IgG.

No description available.

Os insetos são os mais numerosos animais encontrados no mundo, com mais de 675 mil espécies conhecidas. Pertencentes à ordem Hymenoptera, da superfamília Apoidea, as abelhas são encontradas distribuídas em aproximadamente 20 mil espécies. No Brasil estima-se que existam 1.700 espécies. Uma das principais espécies é a Apis mellifera, com ocorrência cosmopolita. A Apis mellifera, popularmente conhecida como abelha africanizada, é agressiva, enxameia várias vezes ao ano e utiliza uma grande variedade de locais para nidificar. Esse comportamento aumenta o contato direto entre o inseto e a população, aumentando o número de acidentes. Os acidentes com abelhas representam um problema de saúde pública em diversos países do mundo pela freqüência com que ocorrem e pela mortalidade que ocasionam. O presente estudo propõe a busca por inibidores naturais contra o veneno de abelhas. Um sistema e uma base de dados foram desenvolvidos para a integração entre dados de plantas medicinais antivenenos e os venenos de abelhas. As atividades anti-hemorrágica, anti-proteolítica, anti-miotóxica, antifosfolipase e anti-edema de plantas medicinais antiveneno foram analisadas por meio de ensaios farmacológicos. As possíveis interações entre as toxinas Melitina e Fosfolipase A2 com inibidores foram avaliadas, através do docking virtual. O banco de dados, denominado Bee Venom, foi implementado e os dados de bancos de dados públicos foram inseridos no sistema. O sistema foi liberado para acesso público no endereço eletrônico http://gbi.fmrp.usp.br/beevenom/. Durante a análise da proteína Melitina foram encontradas as regiões da proteína em que os possíveis inibidores devem interagir e identificadas as propriedades químicas que os inibidores devem possuir para interagir corretamente com a Melitina. Nas análises in silico foi possível identificar 10 possíveis inibidores que interagiram corretamente com o sítio ativo da Fosfolipase A2. Algumas espécies do Banco de Germoplasma da FMRP/USP foram obtidas e utilizadas nos experimentos de atividade fosfolipásica indireta e de Edema, sendo possível observar inibição do veneno total e da proteína Fosfolipase A2. Os compostos sintéticos e inibidores avaliados não causaram inibição em todos os experimentos avaliados. Já as plantas obtidas no laboratório de Toxinas Animais e Inibidores Naturais e Sintéticos causaram inibição do veneno total e da proteína Fosfolipase A2. / Insects are the most numerous animals worldwide, with more than 675 thousand known species. Belonging to Hymenoptera order, Apoidea, superfamily, bees are found distributed in approximately 20 thousand species. In Brazil there are about 1,700 species. One of the major species is Apis mellifera, with cosmopolitan occurrence. Apis mellifera, popularly known as Africanized bee, is aggressive, swarm several times per year and uses a great variety of locals to nidificate. This behavior raises the contact between the insect and the population, increasing the accidents numbers. Bee accidents represent a public health problem in many countries because of their frequency and mortality. The present study proposes to search for natural inhibitors of bee venom. A system and a data base have been developed to integrate anti-venom medicinal plants data and bee venoms. Plants activities against venom have been evaluated by farmacological assays, such as anti-hemorraghic, anti-proteolitic, anti-myotoxicity, anti-Phospholipase and anti-edema. The possible interactions between Melittin and Phospholipase A2 toxins with inhibitors have been evaluated by virtual docking. The data base, denominated Bee Venom, was implemented and the data from public data bases have been inserted in the system. The system was released to public access in the following address http://gbi.fmrp.usp.br/beevenom/. In Melittin analysis the protein regions which the inhibitors may act have been found and also the chemical properties that the inhibitors must have to interact with Melitina have been identified. During in silico analysis it was possible to identify 10 possible inhibitors that interacted well with Phospholipase A2 active site. Some plants species from FMRP/USP Germoplam Bank have been obtained and used in the indirect Phospholipase activity and edema, being possible to observe inhibitions of total venom and Phospholipase A2 protein. The synthetic compounds and inhibitors evaluated did not cause inhibition in any experiments. However, the plants obtained on Animals Toxins and Natural and synthetic Inhibitors laboratory have caused inhibition of total venom and Phospholipase A2 protein.

The interactions between antimicrobial peptides and phospholipid membranes were investigated, in terms of lipid headgroup variations and the role of cholesterol, as well as peptide composition and structure. Also strategies for increasing proteolytic stability were evaluated. The interactions were studied on model membranes in the form of liposomes and supported bilayers, through a combination of ellipsometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism, dynamic light scattering, electrophoresis, electron cryomicroscopy, and bacterial/cell culture experiments. The findings showed that membrane tolerance against the lytic activity of melittin, was increased on anionic membranes by electrostatic arrest in the headgroup region, and was reduced by hydration repulsion. The presence of cholesterol caused a reduction in melittin adsorption, while at the same time reducing membrane tolerance per adsorbed peptide. Differences in membrane leakage mechanisms were also attributed to cholesterol, where large scale structural effects contributed to the leakage, while other membranes followed the pore formation model. Substituting specific amino acids for tryptophan on an LL-37 derivative, was shown to increase stability against bacterial proteases, while at the same time significantly increasing antibacterial properties. These substitutions, as well as terminal modifications, increased adsorption and membrane lytic properties in a way that was less dependent on electrostatics. Furthermore, by comparing short cationic peptides with oligotryptophan end-tagged versions, the lytic mechanism of end-tagged peptides, and the different contributions of arginine and lysine to membrane adsorption and disruption were demonstrated. This thesis is a contribution to the development of antimicrobial peptides as therapeutic alternatives to conventional antibiotics.

Os insetos são os mais numerosos animais encontrados no mundo, com mais de 675 mil espécies conhecidas. Pertencentes à ordem Hymenoptera, da superfamília Apoidea, as abelhas são encontradas distribuídas em aproximadamente 20 mil espécies. No Brasil estima-se que existam 1.700 espécies. Uma das principais espécies é a Apis mellifera, com ocorrência cosmopolita. A Apis mellifera, popularmente conhecida como abelha africanizada, é agressiva, enxameia várias vezes ao ano e utiliza uma grande variedade de locais para nidificar. Esse comportamento aumenta o contato direto entre o inseto e a população, aumentando o número de acidentes. Os acidentes com abelhas representam um problema de saúde pública em diversos países do mundo pela freqüência com que ocorrem e pela mortalidade que ocasionam. O presente estudo propõe a busca por inibidores naturais contra o veneno de abelhas. Um sistema e uma base de dados foram desenvolvidos para a integração entre dados de plantas medicinais antivenenos e os venenos de abelhas. As atividades anti-hemorrágica, anti-proteolítica, anti-miotóxica, antifosfolipase e anti-edema de plantas medicinais antiveneno foram analisadas por meio de ensaios farmacológicos. As possíveis interações entre as toxinas Melitina e Fosfolipase A2 com inibidores foram avaliadas, através do docking virtual. O banco de dados, denominado Bee Venom, foi implementado e os dados de bancos de dados públicos foram inseridos no sistema. O sistema foi liberado para acesso público no endereço eletrônico http://gbi.fmrp.usp.br/beevenom/. Durante a análise da proteína Melitina foram encontradas as regiões da proteína em que os possíveis inibidores devem interagir e identificadas as propriedades químicas que os inibidores devem possuir para interagir corretamente com a Melitina. Nas análises in silico foi possível identificar 10 possíveis inibidores que interagiram corretamente com o sítio ativo da Fosfolipase A2. Algumas espécies do Banco de Germoplasma da FMRP/USP foram obtidas e utilizadas nos experimentos de atividade fosfolipásica indireta e de Edema, sendo possível observar inibição do veneno total e da proteína Fosfolipase A2. Os compostos sintéticos e inibidores avaliados não causaram inibição em todos os experimentos avaliados. Já as plantas obtidas no laboratório de Toxinas Animais e Inibidores Naturais e Sintéticos causaram inibição do veneno total e da proteína Fosfolipase A2. / Insects are the most numerous animals worldwide, with more than 675 thousand known species. Belonging to Hymenoptera order, Apoidea, superfamily, bees are found distributed in approximately 20 thousand species. In Brazil there are about 1,700 species. One of the major species is Apis mellifera, with cosmopolitan occurrence. Apis mellifera, popularly known as Africanized bee, is aggressive, swarm several times per year and uses a great variety of locals to nidificate. This behavior raises the contact between the insect and the population, increasing the accidents numbers. Bee accidents represent a public health problem in many countries because of their frequency and mortality. The present study proposes to search for natural inhibitors of bee venom. A system and a data base have been developed to integrate anti-venom medicinal plants data and bee venoms. Plants activities against venom have been evaluated by farmacological assays, such as anti-hemorraghic, anti-proteolitic, anti-myotoxicity, anti-Phospholipase and anti-edema. The possible interactions between Melittin and Phospholipase A2 toxins with inhibitors have been evaluated by virtual docking. The data base, denominated Bee Venom, was implemented and the data from public data bases have been inserted in the system. The system was released to public access in the following address http://gbi.fmrp.usp.br/beevenom/. In Melittin analysis the protein regions which the inhibitors may act have been found and also the chemical properties that the inhibitors must have to interact with Melitina have been identified. During in silico analysis it was possible to identify 10 possible inhibitors that interacted well with Phospholipase A2 active site. Some plants species from FMRP/USP Germoplam Bank have been obtained and used in the indirect Phospholipase activity and edema, being possible to observe inhibitions of total venom and Phospholipase A2 protein. The synthetic compounds and inhibitors evaluated did not cause inhibition in any experiments. However, the plants obtained on Animals Toxins and Natural and synthetic Inhibitors laboratory have caused inhibition of total venom and Phospholipase A2 protein.

F1FO ATP synthase is a membrane bound enzyme capable of synthesizing and hydrolyzing ATP. Lately, α-helical cationic peptides such as melittin and melittin related peptide (MRP) were shown to inhibit E. coli ATP synthase. The proposed but unconfirmed site of inhibition is βDELSEED-motif formed by the residues 380-386, located at the interface of α/β subunit of ATP synthase. This project was a mutagenic analysis of βDELSEED-motif residues to understand the binding mechanism and mode of action of peptide inhibitors. The study addressed 2 main questions: Are the antibacterial/anticancer effects of these peptides related to their inhibitory action on ATP synthase through interaction with the βDELSEED-motif? If so, which amino acid residues play critical role in peptide binding? The findings demonstrated that the βDELSEED-motif is the binding site of the above peptides on ATP synthase and Glutamate residues are more important in peptide binding than the Aspartate residues.

Les peptides et protéines extracteurs de lipides (PEL) se lient aux membranes lipidiques puis en extraient des lipides en formant de plus petits auto-assemblages, un phénomène qui peut aller jusqu'à la fragmentation des membranes. Dans la nature, cette extraction se produit sur une gamme de cellules et entraîne des conséquences variées, comme la modification de la composition de la membrane et la mort de la cellule. Cette thèse se penche sur l’extraction lipidique, ou fragmentation, induite par le peptide mélittine et la protéine Binder-of-SPerm 1 (BSP1) sur des membranes lipidiques modèles. Pour ce faire, des liposomes de différentes compositions sont préparés et incubés avec la mélittine ou la BSP1. L'association aux membranes est déterminée par la fluorescence intrinsèque des PEL, tandis que l'extraction est caractérisée par une plateforme analytique combinant des tests colorimétriques et des analyses en chromatographie en phase liquide et spectrométrie de masse (LCMS). La mélittine fait partie des peptides antimicrobiens cationiques, un groupe de PEL très répandu chez les organismes vivants. Ces peptides sont intéressants du point du vue médical étant donné leur mode d’action qui vise directement les lipides des membranes. Plusieurs de ceux-ci agissent sur les membranes des bactéries selon le mécanisme dit « en tapis », par lequel ils s’adsorbent à leur surface, forment des pores et ultimement causent leur fragmentation. Dans cette thèse, la mélittine est utilisée comme peptide modèle afin d’étudier le mécanisme par lequel les peptides antimicrobiens cationiques fragmentent les membranes. Les résultats montrent que la fragmentation des membranes de phosphatidylcholines (PC) est réduite par une déméthylation graduelle de leur groupement ammonium. L'analyse du matériel fragmenté révèle que les PC sont préférentiellement extraites des membranes, dû à un enrichissement local en PC autour de la mélittine à l'intérieur de la membrane. De plus, un analogue de la mélittine, dont la majorité des résidus cationiques sont neutralisés, est utilisé pour évaluer le rôle du caractère cationique de la mélittine native. La neutralisation augmente l'affinité du peptide pour les membranes neutres et anioniques, réduit la fragmentation des membranes neutres et augmente la fragmentation des membranes anioniques. Malgré les interactions électrostatiques entre le peptide cationique et les lipides anioniques, aucune spécificité lipidique n'est observée dans l'extraction. La BSP1 est la protéine la plus abondante du liquide séminal bovin et constitue un autre exemple de PEL naturel important. Elle se mélange aux spermatozoïdes lors de l’éjaculation et extrait des lipides de leur membrane, notamment le cholestérol et les phosphatidylcholines. Cette étape cruciale modifie la composition lipidique de la membrane du spermatozoïde, ce qui faciliterait par la suite la fécondation de l’ovule. Cependant, le contact prolongé de la protéine avec les spermatozoïdes endommagerait la semence. Cette thèse cherche donc à approfondir notre compréhension de ce délicat phénomène en étudiant le mécanisme moléculaire par lequel la protéine fragmente les membranes lipidiques. Les résultats des présents travaux permettent de proposer un mécanisme d’extraction lipidique en 3 étapes : 1) L'association à l’interface des membranes; 2) La relocalisation de l’interface vers le cœur lipidique; 3) La fragmentation des membranes. La BSP1 se lie directement à deux PC à l'interface; une quantité suffisante de PC dans les membranes est nécessaire pour permettre l'association et la fragmentation. Cette liaison spécifique ne mène généralement pas à une extraction lipidique sélective. L'impact des insaturations des chaînes lipidiques, de la présence de lysophosphatidylcholines, de phosphatidyléthanolamine, de cholestérol et de lipides anioniques est également évalué. Les présentes observations soulignent la complexe relation entre l'affinité d'un PEL pour une membrane et le niveau de fragmentation qu'il induit. L'importance de la relocalisation des PEL de l'interface vers le cœur hydrophobe des membranes pour permettre leur fragmentation est réitérée. Cette fragmentation semble s'accompagner d'une extraction lipidique préférentielle seulement lorsqu'une séparation de phase est induite au niveau de la membrane, nonobstant les interactions spécifiques PEL-lipide. Les prévalences des structures amphiphiles chez certains PEL, ainsi que de la fragmentation en auto-assemblages discoïdaux sont discutées. Finalement, le rôle des interactions électrostatiques entre les peptides antimicrobiens cationiques et les membranes bactériennes anioniques est nuancé : les résidus chargés diminueraient l'association des peptides aux membranes neutres suite à l'augmentation de leur énergie de solvatation. / Lipid-extracting peptides and proteins (LEPs) bind to lipid membranes, extract lipids in the form of smaller auto-assemblies, and ultimately fragment membranes. In nature, this lipid extraction occurs in many different cell systems and causes various consequences, such as a modification of the membrane lipid composition or the cell death. This thesis focuses on the lipid extraction, or fragmentation, induced by the peptide melittin and the protein Binder-of-SPerm 1 (BSP1) on model lipid membranes. To this end, liposomes of different composition are prepared and incubated with melittin or BSP1. The association to membranes is determined by the LEPs intrinsic fluorescence, while the extraction is characterized by a combination of colorimetric phosphorus assays and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses (LCMS). Melittin is a cationic antimicrobial peptide, a very common category of LEP found in living organisms. Cationic antimicrobial peptides are interesting to medicine because they directly target membrane lipids. The action of many of these peptides is described by the carpet-like mechanism, by which they adsorb to membrane surface, induce the formation of pores and then cause the fragmentation of the membranes. In this thesis, melittin is used as a model peptide in order to study the mechanism by which cationic antimicrobial peptides fragment lipid membranes. Results show that the phosphocholine (PC) membrane fragmentation is reduced by a gradual demethylation of the ammonium group. Analysis of the fragmented material reveals that PC are preferentially extracted from membranes, due to a local enrichment in PC near melittin in the membrane. Furthermore, a melittin analogue, for which a majority of its cationic residues were neutralized, is used to investigate the role of the cationic character of native melittin. The neutralization increases the peptide affinity for neutral and anionic membranes, reduces fragmentation of neutral membranes and increases fragmentation of anionic membranes. Despite electrostatic interactions between the cationic peptide and the anionic lipids, no lipid specificity is observed in the extraction. BSP1 is the most abundant protein of the bovine seminal plasma and constitutes another example of important LEP found in nature. Upon ejaculation, it mixes with spermatozoa and extracts membrane lipids, such as cholesterol and phosphatidylcholines. This crucial process modulates the lipid composition of sperm membranes, which would then facilitate egg fertilization. However, a prolonged contact between the protein and spermatozoa could damage the semen. This thesis is looking to deepen our understanding of this delicate phenomenon by studying the molecular mechanism by which this protein fragments lipid membranes. Results of the present work suggest a 3-step mechanism for the extraction: 1) Association to membrane interface; 2) Relocation towards the lipid core; 3) Fragmentation of membranes. BSP1 binds directly to two interfacial PC; a sufficient quantity of PC in membranes is necessary for protein association and fragmentation. This specific binding generally does not lead to specificity in the lipid extraction. The impact of unsaturation of the lipid chains, of the presence of lysophosphatidylcholines, of phosphatidylethanolamines, of cholesterol and of anionic lipids is also studied. The present observations underline the complex relationship between a LEP affinity for membranes and the level of fragmentation it induces. The importance of LEP relocation, from the interface to the hydrophobic core of the membranes, for fragmentation is reiterated. This fragmentation seems to be lipid specific only when a phase separation of the lipids occurs in the membrane, notwithstanding specific LEP-lipid interactions. The prevalence of amphipathic structures in certain LEPs, as well as of the auto-assembled discoidal structures resulting from fragmentation is discussed. Finally, the role of electrostatic interactions between cationic antimicrobial peptides and anionic bacterial membranes is detailed: charged residues lower peptide association to neutral membrane due to an increase of their free energy of solvation.

Há muito tempo os venenos de abelhas se tornaram objeto de interesse de muitos cientistas, principalmente os venenos daquelas linhagens do gênero Apis, chamadas abelhas europeias e as conhecidas abelhas africanizadas. O foco no desenvolvimento de terapias eficazes que pudessem prevenir ou frear as reações desencadeadas pelas toxinas dos venenos desses insetos foi o principal estimulador do surgimento dessa grande área da pesquisa, uma vez que esses animais causam um grande número de acidentes em animais e seres humanos e os acidentes podem desencadear graves consequências, inclusive óbito. Sendo assim, desenvolvemos o presente trabalho baseado na caracterização da composição proteica dos venenos de abelhas europeias e africanizadas, na análise quantitativa diferencial entre os venenos e, na investigação de fosforilações e a possível relação das mesmas com as funções biológicas. Reunindo todos os elementos que estavam ao nosso alcance para compor o melhor conjunto de etapas para a realização do estudo proteômico de venenos de abelhas, nós atingimos todos os objetivos propostos. Utilizando uma abordagem baseada em espectrometria de massas, consistindo de análise shotgun seguida de LC-MS/MS realizada em um dos mais modernos espectrômetros de massas, nós fomos capazes de obter resultados extremamente confiáveis e interessantes. Comparando-se o efeito da extensão do gradiente de separação na cromatografia líquida, nós fomos capazes de atingir uma maior cobertura da amostra, uma vez que identificamos um maior número de proteínas após a utilização do gradiente mais longo. A identificação de fosforilações foi favorecida pela combinação de fragmentação por \"Colisão Induzida por Dissociação\" e medidas de massa de alta acurácia realizadas no instrumento LTQ-Orbitrap-Velos. Enquanto apenas 29 proteínas foram identificadas após 120 minutos de separação cromatográfica, um total de 51 proteínas foram identificadas aplicando-se gradiente mais longo. Dentre as 51 proteínas totais, 42 são comuns aos venenos das três abelhas. A comparação em pares mostrou que os venenos das abelhas europeias compartilham 44 proteínas e os venenos das abelhas africanizadas compartilham 43 proteínas tanto com o veneno de A. m. carnica quanto com o de A. m. ligustica. Além disso, nós revelamos que existem diferenças quantitativas entre algumas das proteínas dos venenos, sendo muitas dessas proteínas diferenciais toxinas com funções conhecidamente relevantes. A investigação de fosforilação mostrou que duas toxinas apresentam-se na forma fosforilada: melitina e icarapina. Melitina é considerada a principal toxina de venenos de abelhas, sendo bem conhecida por sua ação altamente tóxica e alergenicidade. Este peptídeo foi identificado com fosforilação ocorrendo no sítio Ser18 em todas as amostras de venenos, enquanto somente no veneno da abelha africanizada foi também identificado com sítio de fosforilação no resíduo de Thr10. Icarapina, também já descrita como um alérgeno do veneno, apresentou sítio de fosforilação no resíduo Ser205. Por fim, nós demonstramos o efeito da fosforilação presente em melitina (Ser18) realizando ensaios de atividade biológica do peptídeo fosforilado e nativo, como: hemólise, lise celular e desgranulação de mastócitos e atividade quimiotáctica. Foi observado que a toxicidade do peptídeo fosforilado é reduzida em comparação ao do peptídeo nativo. Sendo assim, nós podemos concluir que a combinação de metodologias eficientes e a utilização de moderna instrumentação nos levou a resultados surpreendentes, os quais se somam a todo o conhecimento já existente acerca de venenos de abelhas / Honeybee venom toxins disturb the activity of critical cellular processes, triggering immunological, physiological, and neurological responses within victims. Studies on venom toxins have provided invaluable knowledge towards elucidating the molecular and functional details of their biological targets, yet there has been no report of a full proteome/phosphoproteome profile of honeybee venom. In this study, we focused on Apis mellifera honeybee venom characterization, including proteins identification, label-free quantitative analysis and phosphorylation identification. Making use of a MS-based proteomic approach, consisting on in-solution digestion followed by LC-MS/MS analysis, we were able to compare the effect of the liquid chromatography gradient length on the sample coverage, consequently, to identify a higher number of proteins using longer separation gradient of the tryptic peptides. Favorable identification of phosphorylations was achieved by the application of a long separation gradient combined with CID fragmentation and high accuracy mass measurement using an LTQ Orbitrap Velos. Here we report on the comparative shotgun proteomics study of the venoms of two Apis mellifera subspecies, A. m. carnica and A. m. ligustica, and the hybrid known as Africanized honey bee (AHB). We identified 51 proteins in total, with 42 of them being common among the three venoms, including many previously unidentified entries. Performing label-free quantification, we observed that few proteins were found with different relative amounts. Additionally, we revealed the phosphorylation of two proteins in all the samples, with two of them being HBV toxins/allergens: melittin and icarapin. Icarapin was identified as phosphorylated at 205Ser. Melittin was identified as phosphorylated at the 18Ser and 10Thr positions in all venoms, as well. Given these novel findings, we then chose to compare the toxicity of the phosphorylated/unphosphorylated forms of the major venom toxin, melittin, considering the most prominent phosphorylation event, the phosphorylated 18Ser position. We showed that the toxicity is in fact decreased when the peptide is phosphorylated. Based on a combination of efficient methodology and state-of-the-art instrumentation, delineated by our Shotgun-NanoESI-Long Gradient-LTQ Orbitrap Velos analysis, we achieved proteomic coverage far surpassing any previous report. Together, these discoveries pave the way for future phosphovenomic studies

Die Rasterionenleitfähigkeitsmikroskopie (scanning ion conductance microscopy, SICM) stellt eine kontaktfreie Methode zur Ermittlung sowohl der Topographie als auch lokalen Ionenleitfähigkeit einer Oberfläche dar. Besonders vorteilhaft ist die Vermeidung mechanischer Beeinflussung bei der Untersuchung flexibler Strukturen, z.B. Lipiddoppelschichten wie Zellen oder künstlich erzeugter Lipidmembranen. Porenüberspannende Membranen (pore-suspending membranes, PSMs) verbinden als ein Beispiel für Modellsysteme eine hohe Stabilität mit lateraler Mobilität und dem Vorhandensein wässriger Kompartimente ober- und unterhalb der Doppelschicht, wie sie auch in der Natur gefunden werden. Ein wichtiges Forschungsgebiet stellt die Untersuchung der Wechselwirkung von Peptiden, besonders zellpenetrierenden Peptiden (cell penetrating peptides, CPPs), mit Lipiden und anderen Membranbestandteilen dar. Häufig untersuchte Beispiele sind Melittin, Hauptbestandteil des Giftes der Honigbiene Apis mellifera, sowie Penetratin, dritte Helix der Antennapedia Homöodomäne von Drosophila melanogaster. Generalisierte Protokolle zur Herstellung lösungsmittelfreier PSMs werden vorgestellt. Riesige unilamellare Vesikel (giant unilamellar vesicles, GUVs) unterschiedlicher Lipidzusammensetzung wurden hierzu auf porösem Siliziumnitrid (Si3N4), welches mit Cholesterylpolyethylenoxythiol (CPEO3, hydrophob) bzw. Mercaptoethanol (ME, hydrophil) funktionalisiert worden war, gespreitet. Verwendet wurden GUVs aus reinen Phosphatidylcholin (PC)-Lipiden sowie aus Mischungen von PC-Lipiden mit Cholesterol und PC-Lipiden mit Phosphatidylserin (PS)-Lipiden. Der Erfolg des Spreitvorgangs wurde durch Abbilden mittels konfokaler Rasterlasermikroskopie (confocal laser scanning microscopy, CLSM) und SICM verifiziert. Der Hauptteil dieser Arbeit behandelte die Entwicklung und Anwendung CLSM- und SICM-basierter CPP-Titrationsassays zur Aufklärung des Einflusses der Substratfunktionalisierung und der Lipidzusammensetzung der Membranen auf die Wechselwirkung zwischen Melittin bzw. Penetratin und den Lipiddoppelschichten. CLSM-Experimente wurden mit Melittin auf allen zur Verfügung stehenden PSMs sowohl auf hydrophob als auch hydrophil funktiona-lisierten Substraten durchgeführt, während Penetratin auf den drei unterschiedlichen PSMs auf hydrophil funktionalisierten Substraten verwendet wurde. Ein Reißen der Membranen wurde im Fall hydrophil funktionalisierter Substrate für beide Peptide im Bereich von 1–3 µM beobachtet. Bei hydrophob funktionalisierten Substraten induzierte eine dreifach geringere Melittinkonzentration die Zerstörung der Membranen. Sowohl auf hydrophob als auch auf hydrophil funktionalisierten Substraten wurde bei einem Cholesterolanteil von 10% eine Erhöhung der zum Reißen notwendigen Melittinkonzentratin erhalten, während bei 20% PS-Anteil eine Verschiebung zu geringeren Konzentrationen evident wurde. SICM-Experimente wurden mit Melittin auf PC/Cholesterol-PSMs auf hydrophob und hydrophil funktionalisierten Substraten und mit reinen PC-PSMs auf hydrophil funktionalisierten Membranen durchgeführt. Es wurden keine signifikanten Konzentrationsunterschiede beobachtet; die gefundenen Konzentrationsbereiche jedoch stimmten mit denen der CLSM-Experimente überein. Darüberhinaus wurde vor dem Reißen der Membranen ein Ansteigen der Porentiefe gefunden, das mit einer erhöhten Membranpermeabilität korrespondiert.