Bilayer embedded proteins are affected by stress. This general affirmation is, in this thesis, embodied by two types of proteins: membrane spandex and voltage-gated sodium channels. In this work, we essentially explore, using methods from physics, the theoretical consequences of ideas drawn from experimental biology. Membrane spandex was postulated to exist and we study the theoretical implications and possible benefits for a cell to have such proteins embedded in its bilayer. There are no specific membrane spandex proteins, rather any protein with a transition involving a large enough area change between two non-conducting states could act as spandex. Bacterial cells have osmovalve channels which open at near-lytic tensions to protect themselves against rupture. Spandex expanding at tensions just below the osmovalves’ opening tension could relieve tension enough as to avoid costly accidental osmovalve opening due to transient bilayer tension excursions. Another possible role for spandex is a tension-damper: spandex could be used to maintain bilayer tension at a fixed level. This would be useful as many bilayer embedded channels are known to be modulated by tension. The Stress/shear experienced in traumatic brain injury cause an immediate (< 2 min) and irreversible TTX-sensitive rise in axonal calcium. In situ, this underlies an untreatable condition, diffuse axonal injury. TTX sensitivity indicates that leaky voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels mediate the calcium increase. Wang et al. showed that the mammalian adult CNS Nav isoform, Nav1.6, expressed in Xenopus oocytes becomes “leaky” when subjected to bleb-inducing pipette aspiration. This “leaky” condition is caused by a hyperpolarized-shift (left-shift or towards lower potentials, typically 20 mV) of the kinetically coupled processes of activation and inactivation thus effectively degrading a well-confined window conductance into a TTX-sensitive Na leak. We propose experimental protocols to determine whether this left-shift is the result of an all-or-none or graded process and whether persistent Na currents are also left-shifted by trauma. We also use modeling to assess whether left-shifted Nav channel kinetics could lead to Na+ (and hence Ca2+ ) loading of axons and to study saltatory propagation after traumatizing a single node of Ranvier.

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1998. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Sept. 17, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2010. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 122-136.

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1998. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2005. / Vita. Bibliography: References located at the end of each chapter.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2006. / Embargoed. Vita. Bibliography: 194-220.

Διάφορες ρεολογικές διαταραχές των ερυθροκυττάρων, μεταξύ των οποίων η αυξημένη συσσωμάτωση και η μειωμένη ικανότητα ελαστικής παραμόρφωσης, έχουν παρατηρηθεί στο σακχαρώδη διαβήτη και πιστεύεται ότι εμπλέκονται στην ανάπτυξη της διαβητικής μικροαγγειοπάθειας. Δομικές μεταβολές των πρωτεϊνών της μεμβράνης των ερυθρών αιμοσφαιρίων, ως αποτέλεσμα της διαβητικής διαδικασίας, μπορεί να βρίσκονται πίσω από αυτές τις ρεολογικές διαταραχές. Στην παρούσα μελέτη, διερευνήθηκε η ύπαρξη μεταβολών των πρωτεϊνών της μεμβράνης των ερυθρών αιμοσφαιρίων σε ασθενείς με διαβητική αμφιβληστροειδοπάθεια. Εξετάστηκαν δείγματα περιφερικού αίματος 40 ασθενών με σακχαρώδη διαβήτη τύπου 2 και διαβητική αμφιβληστροειδοπάθεια ποικίλης βαρύτητας (19 άνδρες και 21 γυναίκες με μέση ηλικία 66,8 έτη: Ομάδα Α) και συγκρίθηκαν με δείγματα από 19 ασθενείς με σακχαρώδη διαβήτη τύπου 2 χωρίς αμφιβληστροειδοπάθεια (13 άνδρες και 6 γυναίκες με μέση ηλικία 66,5 έτη: Ομάδα Β) και από 16 υγιείς μάρτυρες (8 άνδρες και 8 γυναίκες με μέση ηλικία 65,6 έτη: Ομάδα Γ). Ερυθροκυτταρικές μεμβράνες από όλα τα δείγματα απομονώθηκαν και υποβλήθηκαν σε ηλεκτροφόρηση πηκτώματος γέλης SDS – πολυακρυλαμίδης και, σε κάθε δείγμα, έγινε μελέτη της ηλεκτροφορητικής κινητικότητας των διαμεμβρανικών πρωτεϊνών και των πρωτεϊνών του υπομεμβρανικού σκελετού. Η ποσοτική ανάλυση κάθε ηλεκτροφορητικής ζώνης επιτεύχθηκε με σάρωση και ψηφιακή ανάλυση. Στις Ομάδες Β και Γ παρατηρήθηκαν μη σημαντικές αποκλίσεις από τη φυσιολογική ηλεκτροφόρηση, εκτός από μια αύξηση στη ζώνη 8 σε δύο δείγματα της Ομάδας Β (11%). Αντίθετα, σε 14 δείγματα της Ομάδας Α (35%) διαπιστώθηκε αύξηση της πρωτεϊνικής ζώνης 8 ή/και της αιμοσφαιρίνης της συνδεδεμένης με τη μεμβράνη παράλληλα με μείωση της σπεκτρίνης. Επιπρόσθετα, σε 10 δείγματα της Ομάδας Α (25%) παρατηρήθηκαν αυξημένη κινητικότητα της ζώνης 3, μια παθολογική ζώνη υψηλού μοριακού βάρους (>255 kDa) και μια παθολογική ζώνη χαμηλού μοριακού βάρους (42 kDa). Οι γλυκοφορίνες εμφάνισαν αλλοιώσεις στο 46% των ασθενών της Ομάδας Α έναντι 38% των ασθενών της Ομάδας Β. Οι γυναίκες και οι ασθενείς με μεγάλη διάρκεια του διαβήτη εμφάνισαν τις περισσότερες ηλεκτροφορητικές διαταραχές. Δομικές μεταβολές των πρωτεϊνών της μεμβράνης των ερυθρών αιμοσφαιρίων σε συσχέτιση με διαβητική αμφιβληστροειδοπάθεια παρουσιάζονται για πρώτη φορά στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία. Η ανίχνευση των μεταβολών αυτών θα μπορούσε να χρησιμεύσει ως αιματικός δείκτης για την ανάπτυξη διαβητικής μικροαγγειοπάθειας. Περαιτέρω μελέτες είναι απαραίτητες ώστε να διερευνηθεί αν ενδεχόμενη φαρμακευτική παρέμβαση στη ρεολογία των ερυθρών αιμοσφαιρίων μπορεί να προλάβει ή να μετριάσει τις επιπλοκές της διαβητικής μικροαγγειοπάθειας. / Several rheological disorders of the erythrocytes, such as increased aggregation and decreased deformability, have been observed in diabetes mellitus and have been implicated in the development of diabetic microangiopathy. Structural alterations of the erythrocyte membrane proteins caused by the diabetic process may be at the origin of these observations. In the present study, we searched for erythrocyte membrane protein alterations in diabetic retinopathy. We examined peripheral blood samples from 40 type-2 diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy of variable severity (19 males and 21 females, mean age 66.8 years, Group A) and we compared them with samples from 19 type-2 diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy (13 males and 6 females, mean age 66.5 years, Group B) and 16 healthy volunteers (8 males and 8 females, mean age 65.6 years, Group C). Erythrocyte membrane ghosts from all samples were subjected to SDS-PAGE, and the electrophoretic pattern of transmembrane and cytoskeletal proteins was analysed for each sample. The protein quantification of each electrophoretic band was accomplished through scanning densitometry. No significant deviations from normal electrophoresis were observed in Groups B and C, apart from an increase in band 8 in two samples from Group B (11%). In contrast, in 14 samples from Group A (35%) we detected increases in protein band 8 and/or membrane-bound haemoglobin along with a decrease in spectrin. Moreover, increased mobility of band 3, an aberrant high molecular weight (>255 kDa) band and a low molecular weight (42 kDa) band were evident in 10 samples from Group A (25%). Glycophorins were altered in 46% of Group-A patients versus 38% of Group-B patients. Females and patients with long duration of diabetes presented more electrophoretic abnormalities. Structural alterations of the erythrocyte membrane proteins are shown for the first time in association with diabetic retinopathy. Their detection may serve as a blood marker for the development of diabetic microangiopathy. Further studies are needed to assess whether pharmaceutical intervention to the rheology of erythrocytes can prevent or alleviate microvascular diabetic complications.

Haemophilus influenzae encounters niches within the human host that are predicted to differ in availability of oxygen and reactive nitrogen species (RNS: nitrite and nitric oxide), which influence the environmental redox state. Previously reported data has indicated that an altered redox condition could serve as a signal recognized by H. influenzae to optimize its survival within host microenvironments. To elucidate the role of redox signaling in virulence, we examined regulation by the FNR homolog of H. influenzae, whose counterpart in E. coli has been reported to be a direct oxygen sensor and a regulator of genes responsible for RNS metabolism and resistance. Many members of the FNR regulon are subject to coordinated transcriptional control by NarP, a regulator in E. coli that is activated by cognate sensor NarQ in response to environmental nitrite. To study the regulatory activities of FNR and NarQ-NarP in H. influenzae, I targeted a gene predicted to be FNR-regulated, nrfA, which encodes nitrite reductase, a periplasmic cytochrome-c involved in anaerobic respiration. The fnr, narP and nrfA mutants were assayed for nitrite reduction, which implicated the roles of FNR, NarP and NrfA in RNS metabolism. Using Western blot detection of an epitope-tagged reporter protein fused to the endogenous nrf promoter (Pnrf-HA), I demonstrate that FNR and NarP, but not NarQ, are required for full activation of the nrf promoter. Additionally, Pnrf-HA expression increases as oxygen becomes depleted and decreases when exposed to high concentrations of nitrite, implying that the nrfpromoter is modulated by environmental redox signals. FNR of E. coli has been implicated in regulation of resistance mechanisms to a reactive nitrogen species, nitric oxide (NO), which is produced by innate immune cells during infection as a host defense mechanism. A mutant lacking FNR is more sensitive to NO exposure and killing by activated macrophages than wild type H. influenzae after anaerobic pre-growth. Mutants of nrfA and narP have been tested and initial experiments have shown both mutants have a lesser NO sensitivity phenotype as compared to the fnr mutant, suggesting that other factors could be involved in FNR-mediated NO resistance in H. influenzae. Upon examination of potential factors that might be involved to this phenotype, we discovered FNR-regulated gene, ytfE, which contributes to defense against nitrosative stress. The fnr and ytfE mutants are more susceptible to killing by activated macrophages indicating that FNR regulation of ytfE might be important for in vivo infection.