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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
511

Single-molecule fluorescence studies of KirBac1.1

Sadler, Emma Elizabeth January 2015 (has links)
Inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels are essential for controlling the excitability of eukaryotic cells, forming a key part of the inter-cellular signalling system in multi-cellular organisms. However, as prokaryotic (KirBac) channels are less technically challenging to study in vitro and have been shown to be directly homologous to eukaryotic channels, they are often studied in lieu of their mammalian counterparts. A vital feature of Kir and KirBac channels is their mechanism for opening and closing, or their gating: this study predominantly features observations of open and/or closed channel populations. A well-characterised member of the KirBac family, KirBac1.1, has been successfully expressed, purified into detergent micelles, and doubly labelled with fluorescent maleimide dyes in order to enable observation of confocal-in-solution Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) at the single molecule level. Results demonstrate single-molecule FRET signals from KirBac1.1 and therefore represent the first single-molecule FRET observations from a KirBac channel. Perturbation of the open-closed dynamic equilibrium was performed via activatory point mutations, changes in pH, and ligand binding. A protocol for reconstitution into nanodiscs was optimised in order to more closely approximate native conditions, and the single-molecule FRET observations repeated. This thesis presents a comparison between measurements made using the detergent solubilisation system and those made using nanodiscs.
512

Unfolded protein response genes regulated by CED-1 are required for Caenorhabditis elegans innate immunity.

Haskins, KA, Russell, JF, Gaddis, N, Dressman, HK, Aballay, A 07 1900 (has links)
The endoplasmic reticulum stress response, also known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), has been implicated in the normal physiology of immune defense and in several disorders, including diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. Here, we show that the apoptotic receptor CED-1 and a network of PQN/ABU proteins involved in a noncanonical UPR response are required for proper defense to pathogen infection in Caenorhabditis elegans. A full-genome microarray analysis indicates that CED-1 functions to activate the expression of pqn/abu genes. We also show that ced-1 and pqn/abu genes are required for the survival of C. elegans exposed to live Salmonella enterica, and that overexpression of pqn/abu genes confers protection against pathogen-mediated killing. The results indicate that unfolded protein response genes, regulated in a CED-1-dependent manner, are involved in the C. elegans immune response to live bacteria. / Dissertation
513

The role of CD5 in T lymphocyte activation

Lacey, Erica January 2011 (has links)
No description available.
514

Structural and functional studies of cell surface receptors

Border, Ellen Clare January 2012 (has links)
Receptor proteins on the surfaces of cells equip them to communicate with each other and to sense and interact with their environment. One receptor family, the αβ T-cell receptors (TCRs), allow T lymphocytes to detect and respond to pathogens via interactions with antigen-presenting major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on target cells. A degree of TCR cross-reactivity (e.g. through structural similarity between peptide-MHC (pMHC) complexes) is essential to account for all possible pathogens, but can also lead to the misinterpretation of self antigens as foreign, and thereby elicit an autoimmune response, resulting in diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Structural studies of pMHC and TCR-pMHC complexes have been key to developing of an understanding of the molecular basis of TCR cross reactivity, and the first strand of this thesis describes attempts to express and purify a highly cross-reactive MS patient-derived TCR for structural characterisation. The formation, purification and crystallisation of a TCR-self pMHC complex including another autoreactive TCR is also described. Another family of receptors, the fibronectin leucine-rich transmembrane proteins (FLRTs), has been implicated in roles in embryonic development including cell sorting and adhesion. In the second strand of this thesis, the nature of homotypic interactions between FLRTs, which may underlie adhesion between FLRT transfected cells, is investigated. Biophysical analyses demonstrate that these interactions may be mediated by the extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, and crystal structures of all three FLRT LRR domains suggest how interactions between them may underlie FLRT self-association at the cell surface. Residues which contribute to these interactions are conserved across different members of the FLRT family and different species. These findings confirm that FLRTs induce homotypic cell-cell adhesion, and suggest that this behaviour is mediated by self association at the cell surface via the LRR domain.
515

Phosphorylcholine based amphiphilic polymers for the solubilization of integral membrane proteins

Diab, Charbel January 2008 (has links)
Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.
516

Caractérisation d’une nouvelle génération de détergents stabilisateurs des transporteurs abc en solution : cristallisation de BmrA, transporteur ABC bactérien / Characterization of a new generation of detergents stabilizing ABC transporters in solution : crystallization of BmrA, bacterial ABC transporter

Matar Merheb, Rachel Rima 16 December 2010 (has links)
En raison de leur résistance aux agents chimiothérapeutiques, les transporteurs ABC de phénotype MDR ont attiré l'attention de la communauté scientifique. Notre projet vise à trouver des conditions dans lesquelles les transporteurs ABC restent fonctionnels en solution pour aboutir à la cristallisation de ces protéines dans une conformation active. Dans ce but, nous avons conçu et développé une nouvelle classe de détergents, à base de calix[4]arène, qui stabilisent ces protéines. Afin de résoudre la structure 3D à résolution atomique du transporteur ABC bactérien "BmrA", responsable de la résistance aux antibiotiques, nous avons utilisé une approche classique utilisant des détergents commerciaux en parallèle à nos détergents innovants. En présence de la Foscholine 12, nous avons obtenu des cristaux diffractant jusqu’à 5 Å de résolution. Cependant, les données de diffraction n’étaient pas suffisantes pour déterminer la structure tridimensionnelle complète de la protéine, seuls les domaines transmembranaires ont été résolus. D'autre part, nous avons atteint l'objectif de l'extraction, la purification et la stabilisation de ce transporteur à l'aide des détergents à base de calix [4] arène. Nous avons également montré que ces détergents promeuvent et améliorent la cinétique de cristallisation de BmrA, une étape que nous sommes en train d’optimiser, pour obtenir des cristaux de meilleure résolution, pour résoudre la structure 3D de BmrA qui sera utilisé pour concevoir des inhibiteurs adaptés / Due to their preponderance in the resistance to chemotherapies, the MDR ABC transporters have drawn the attention of the scientific community. Our project aimed at finding conditions in which ABC transporters are active in solution to lead the crystallization of these proteins in an active conformation. In this purpose, we conceived and developed a new class of detergents, based on calix[4]arene ring, that stabilize these proteins. In order to solve the 3D-structure to atomic resolution of bacterial ABC transporter “BmrA” responsible for antibiotic resistance, we used a classical approach with commercial detergents in addition to the innovative ones. We have crystallized the protein in presence of Foscholine 12 with a diffraction resolution up to 5 Å. The data was incomplete; solving partially the structure of the transmembrane domains. On the other hand, we have reached the objective of extraction, purification and stabilization of this transporter by using calix[4]arene-based detergents. We have also shown that these detergents promote and enhance the kinetics of crystallization of BmrA, a step that we are improving, to get crystals of better resolution, for resolving the BmrA 3D-structure which will be used to design adapted inhibitors
517

Les protéines membranaires : perturbations de l'environnement et conséquences sur leur assemblage

Khao, Jonathan 10 November 2011 (has links)
Dans leurs membranes natives, les protéines membranaires peuvent former des assemblages multimériques impliqués dans un grande variété de processus biologiques, de la transduction du signal à la structuration d'organelles. Leur agrégation est influencée par relations qu'elles entretiennent avec la membrane. Au cours de cette thèse, j'étudie l'influence mutuelle des protéines membranaires et de leur environnement au moyen de simulations numériques. L'étude d'un un complexe peptide-détergent modèle a révélé la présence d'une compétition entre deux forces : la cohésion entre les détergents maintenant la structure micellaire, et les interactions adhésives à certaines surfaces peptidiques. L'équilibre entre ces forces conduit à une frustration du système et à l'exposition de surfaces hydrophobes au solvant, expliquant les phénomènes d'agrégations observées expérimentalement. Ces résultats montrent l'importance de la topologie des surfaces du peptide dans l'organisation du complexe. Pour caractériser l'influence de la composante protéique sur les amphiphiles, un estimateur d'entropie configurationelle des chaînes grasses a été développé. Les mesures réalisées sur 15 systèmes membranaires gros grains montrent que la capacité des protéines à apparier l'épaisseur hydrophobe membranaire à la leur est le facteur principal responsable des variations entropiques. Cependant, au delà des simples contributions de l'épaisseur hydrophobe protéique, la diversité des comportements observés dans la première couche de lipides au contact avec la protéine montre bien un rôle de la topologie dans la modulation des interactions. Les variations observées à plus longues distances semblent alors être un facteur clé dans les interactions entre protéines membranaires. Dans le cadre d'une collaboration, la description d'un membranaire par microscopie à force atomique haute vitesse a permis de caractériser le paysage énergétique des interactions entre protéines membranaires. En combinant ces résultats avec ceux obtenus par simulations de dynamiques moléculaires, des chemins basses énergies on pu être identifiés et soulignent de nouveau l'importance des lipides dans l'organisation et la dynamique des agrégats protéiques. L'ensemble de ces données permettent alors de mieux comprendre l'influence mutuelle entre les protéines et les amphiphiles constituant leur environnement et les phénomènes d'agrégation protéiques dans un contexte biologique et expérimental. / In their native membranes, membrane proteins can form multimeric assemblies implicated in a wide range of biological processes, from signal transduction to organelle structure. Their aggregation is influenced by the relations they have with the membrane. Through this thesis, I study the mutual influence between membrane proteins and their environment using numerical simulations. The study of a model protein detergent complex has revealed the presence of two competing forces : cohesion between detergents maintaining the micellar structure, and adhesive interactions to certain peptide surfaces. The balance between these forces leads to a certain frustration of the system, and to the exposure of hydrophobic surfaces to the solvent, explaining phenomena observed experimentally. These results show the importance of peptide surface topology on the organization of the complex. To characterize the influence of the protein component on amphiphiles, a configuartional entropy estimator has been developed. Measures realized on 15 coarse grained membrane systems show that the protein ability to match the membrane hydrophobic thickness to its own is the main factor responsible for entropic variations. However, beyond the simple contributions of protein hydrophobic width, the variety of behaviors in the first shell of lipids show a role of proteins in interaction modulation. Variations observed at longer ranges then seem to be a key factor in the interactions between membrane proteins. In the context of a collaboration, the description of a membrane plane by high speed atomic force microscopy allowed to characterize the energetic landscape of interactions between membrane proteins. By combining these results with those obtained by coarse grained molecular dynamics simulations, low energy paths have been identified and underly the importance of lipids in the organization and dynamics of proteins aggregates. All these data allow to further understand the mutual influence between proteins and amphiphiles constituting their environment and the aggregations phenomena in a biological and experimental context.
518

A PKA modula a localização do SGLT1 e indiretamente a recuperação do pHi, no tratamento com alta concentração de glicose. / PKA modulates the SGLT1 distribution and the pHi recovery rate indirectly, in the high glucose concentration treatment.

Silva, Olivia Beloto da 02 May 2012 (has links)
Esse estudo avaliou o efeito da glicose sobre a atividade da PKA e sua interação com o SGLT1 e os trocadores Na+/H+ (NHE1 e NHE3). As células HEK-293 foram transfectadas com hSGLT1 wild type (WT) ou mutante (S418H) e tratadas 20 dias com DMEM contendo glicose 5 mM ou 25 mM. Foi avaliada a expressão de hSGLT1, hSGLT1+GFP, NHE1, NHE3 e PKA. Foi avaliada a expressão de hSGLT1+GFP e SGLT2 na membrana, com ou sem H-89, Manose, Sucrose e Filipina. Foi avaliada a velocidade de recuperação do pH intracelular (dpHi/dt), onde a solução de NH4Cl foi substituída por uma solução de glicose 5 ou 25 mM ou ambas as soluções na vigência de H-89 ou S3226. Esses dados indicam que o aumento do AMPc pela glicose altera a expressão e atividade dos SGLTs e NHEs. Nossos experimentos utilizando a transfecção do SGLT1 demonstraram que as células regulam a distribuição de SGLT1 e 2 na membrana, frente ao aumento extracelular desse substrato e que as vias ativadas pela glicose afetam a capacidade de recuperação do pH intracelular (pHi), através do NHE3. / This study evaluated the effect of glucose on the PKA activity and its interaction with SGLT1 and the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE1 and NHE3). The HEK-293 cells were transfected with hSGLT1 wild type (WT) or mutant (S418H) and treated 20 days with DMEM containing glucose 5 mM or 25 mM. The hSGLT1, hSGLT1+GFP, NHE1, NHE3 and PKA expression was analyzed. The surface hSGLT1+GFP and SGLT2 expression with or without H-89, Manose, Sucrose and Filipina was evaluated. The pHi recovery rate (dpHi/dt) was analyzed replacing the NH4Cl solution to glucose 5 or 25 mM solution or both with H-89 or S3226. These data indicate that the glucose increases the cAMP concentration and alters the expression and activity of SGLTs and NHEs. Our experiments using SGLT1 transfection demonstrated that, in the treatment with high glucose concentration, HEK-293 cells regulate the SGLT1 and 2 cellular distribution and that the pathways activated by glucose impair the pHi recovery rate, through the NHE3.
519

Estresse oxidativo e diferenças na sensibilidade de células de tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cv. BY-2 ao alumínio e à acidez / Oxidative stress and differences in sensibility of tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cv. BY-2 to aluminum and acidity

Capaldi, Flávia Regina 25 September 2006 (has links)
O alumínio é limitante à atividade agrícola em todo o mundo. Nos solos ácidos a disponibilidade de Al aumenta. Estes solos constituem a maioria dos solos do mundo e dois terços dos solos brasileiros. O problema da acidez do solo e da toxicidade por Al é altamente significativo para as perdas na produtividade agrícola e florestal. Para se ter Al disponível, primeiramente tem que se ter condições de pH baixo. O primeiro sintoma causado pela toxicidade por Al é a inibição no alongamento do sistema radicular. Existem trabalhos vinculando a inibição a alterações nos processos de divisão e expansão celular. Embora os mecanismos de toxicidade e resistência ao Al não estejam totalmente elucidados, admite-se que em algumas plantas, a quelação do Al por ácidos orgânicos é um dos mecanismos que confere resistência das células ao Al, assim como em outras plantas a elevação do pH da rizosfera, por compostos liberados pelo sistema radicular, atua na queda da disponibilidade do Al na solução do solo. Porém, existem outras alternativas que vêm sendo propostas na literatura como possíveis mecanismos de resistência das plantas ao Al, principalmente ao nível celular e molecular. Alterações nas composições lipídica e protéica da membrana plasmática, assim como na sua estrutura física; ativação do sistema antioxidante celular; alterações na sinalização celular e de atividade dos canais de troca da membrana plasmática vêm sendo estudados como possíveis contribuintes para os mecanismos de resistência ao Al. A sensibilidade celular ao Al depende do seu estágio de desenvolvimento. As células sensíveis ao Al acumulam o metal, enquanto que as resistentes acumulam muito pouco. Foi constatado em nosso trabalho que as células sensíveis ao Al também são sensíveis ao baixo pH. As células sensíveis não conseguem recuperar seu crescimento e sua viabilidade celular após a exposição ao Al ou ao baixo pH.A sacarose ou manitol conferiram proteção às células quanto ao acúmulo de Al. Isso fez com que a viabilidade mantivesse-se em níveis próximos ao controle (pH5,6) e a cultura conseguisse recuperar seu crescimento e viabilidade após a exposição ao Al e ao baixo pH. O efeito protetor não foi devido ao caráter energético da sacarose, pois o manitol não é metabolizado pelas células BY-2 e os resultados foram semelhantes quando se usou sacarose ou manitol, nas mesmas concentrações. Sabe-se que o Al aumenta a peroxidação lipídica e a oxidação protéica da membrana plasmática, pela geração de EAO?s, desencadeando o processo de estresse oxidativo na célula. Em nosso estudo, nas células sensíveis houve peroxidação dos lipídios, ativação do sistema de enzimas antioxidantes, como SOD, GST, GR, CAT e APX, alteração nos níveis de carboidratos e alteração no perfil protéico de frações enriquecidas de membrana plasmática, obtido por eletroforese 2D. O mesmo comportamento foi verificado em células sensíveis tratadas a baixo pH. Pode-se concluir que o sistema antioxidante celular foi ativado na presença de baixo pH ou Al, pela ocorrência de peroxidação lipídica, que gera maiores concentrações de H2O2 nas células sensíveis (fase log). E que existem diferenças no perfil protéico de células tratadas com Al em relação a células mantidas sob condições de cultivo, tanto em presença de spots como em expressão diferencial. Porém estas diferenças necessitam ser melhores exploradas. A peroxidação lipídica é um bom indicador da sensibilidade celular ao Al e ao baixo pH, assim como a ativação do sistema antioxidante e a geração do peróxido de hidrogênio. Poderiam ser realizados experimentos no tempo, medindo-se o acúmulo de Al e relacionando-o aos níveis de peroxidação lipídica, atividade das enzimas antioxidantes e geração do peróxido, para que pudéssemos indicar talvez um processo que se iniciasse antes que outro, ou mesmo que decaísse antes do outro. Assim como um monitoramento das condições de oxidação protéica na presença de Al. / Aluminum limits crop production in all over the world. In acid solis the Al disponibility is larger. Acid soils compose the major part of the brazillian soils. The problem of acidity and Al toxicity results in losses of productivity in agriculture and forestry. The first symptom of Al toxicity is inhibition of root growth. There is many studies that indicate relations between the inhibition of root growth and cell division and expansion alterations. The mechanisms of Al toxicity and resistance aren?t completely understood in plants. The resistance mechanism of Al chelation by organic acid is one of the mechanisms accept, like the elevation of the rizosphere pH by substances exsudated by the root system. Other possible mechanisms that are being mentionated are the alterations in plasma membrane composition and structure, antioxidant cell system activation, alterations in cell signal and alterations in the membrane channels activity. Aluminum cell sensibility depends of the status cellular. The cells that are sensible to Al, are in the log phase of growth and accumulate the metal, whereas the resistant cells do not accumulate and were in the stationary phase of growth. In our work, we observed that the sensible cells are sensible to low pH too. The sensible cells don?t recover their growth rate and cellular viability after the treatment exposition. Sucrose or mannitol confers cellular protection against the Al. The cellular viability was high (next to the control, pH5,6) and the cell culture recovery their growth and viability after the Al or low pH exposition. The protective effect don?t occurs in response to the energetic role of sucrose, because cells treated with mannitol showed the same results and the mannitol did not metabolizated by tobacco BY-2 cells. Al induces lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in plasma membrane, by the ROS generation promoting the oxidative stress. We found that sensible Al cells showed lipid peroxidation, H2O2 generation, antioxidant enzymes activation (SOD, le carbohydrate levels and protein profile alterations by 2D electrophoresis. The same responses were observed in the pH sensible cells, at log phase of growth. This differences should be more explored. We concluded that the lipid peroxidation is an indicator of sensitivity to Al and low pH, like the antioxidant enzymes activities and the H2O2 generation. Studies should be done with the Al accumulated in time, measuring the activities of antioxidant system and the lipid peroxidation with the objective to indicated what process could start firstly
520

Sistemas carreadores de proteínas antigênicas da membrana de Pasteurella multocida para a prevenção da pasteurelose / Carrier liposome systems of Pasteurella multocida membrane antigenic proteins for the prevention of pasteurellose

Daghastanli, Katia Regina Perez 07 December 2004 (has links)
A pasteurelose é uma das doenças mais comuns do trato respiratório do coelho em criações comerciais e/ou em biotérios de animais destinados à pesquisa biomédica. A bactéria Pasteurella multocida é o patógeno responsável por uma série de manifestações clínicas em coelhos, incluindo rinite crônica, otite média, pneumonia, infecções no trato genital, formação de abscessos pulmonares e cutâneos, conjuntivite e septicemia hemorrágica. Porém, entre 50 e 70 % dos animais podem incubar o organismo de forma assintomática. Os fatores predisponentes para o desencadeamento dos sinais clínicos incluem acúmulo de amônia no ar (má ventilação), prenhez, aparecimento de doenças concomitantes, distúrbios no ambiente de criação ou na manipulação experimental. A doença está presente no Brasil, ocorrendo surtos com relativa freqüência, no entanto, o diagnóstico é feito com base nos sinais clínicos e necropsia. Dessa forma é difícil precisar a extensão dos prejuízos causados pela pasteurelose à cunicultura. Vacinas comerciais específicas contra a pasteurelose em coelhos não estão disponíveis no mercado. A prevenção, ainda que apresente resultados duvidosos, é realizada utilizando-se antibióticos dissolvidos na água, porém este tipo de tratamento normalmente não protege definitivamente os animais. Uma vez que não existem vacinas disponíveis e o tratamento com antibióticos não estabelece proteção contra a pasteurelose, foram desenvolvidos neste trabalho sistemas carreadores das proteínas antigênicas da membrana da P. multocida. Estes sistemas carreadores são formados por lipossomos, já conhecidos pelo seu potencial como imunoadjuvante, e por microesferas lipídicas, responsáveis por apresentar os antígenos às células apresentadoras de antígenos (APC). Inicialmente, foram obtidas colônias puras da bactéria as quais foram cultivadas em meio de crescimento específico (BHI). Os microrganismos foram isolados, rompidos e as proteínas antigênicas foram detectadas por SDS-PAGE e Western Blotting. Estes resultados mostraram que a maioria das bandas protéicas foi reconhecida pelo anticorpo policlonal contra a P. multocida. Visto que tínhamos um pool de proteínas as quais apresentavam antigenicidade, foi realizada uma solubilização incubando frações de membrana da bactéria com SDS 1 %. Este procedimento resultou em um rendimento de solubilização de 85 %. A obtenção dos proteolipossomos foi realizada pelo método da co-solubilização de lipídio, proteína e detergente. Um bom rendimento de incorporação das proteínas em lipossomos parecer estar relacionada com a metodologia utilizada para a remoção do detergente da mistura lipídio:proteína:detergente durante o processo de co-solubilização, e também com a natureza do fosfolipídio utilizado. Os resultados indicaram que a resina Calbiosorb® foi a mais eficiente para a remoção do SDS e, dentre os diversos fosfolipídios testados o que melhor incorporou as proteínas foi o DPPC, com rendimento de incorporação de 93 % e diâmetro médio de 180 nm. Além disso, o SDS-PAGE dos proteolipossomos mostrou que todas as espécies protéicas presentes no extrato bruto solubilizado foram incorporadas nos lipossomos de DPPC. O Western Blotting mostrou que as proteínas incorporadas nos lipossomos continuavam a ser reconhecidas pelo anticorpo policlonal contra a P. multocida. Para os ensaios de imunização foram separados 3 grupos de coelhos: (i) imunizados com lipossomos; (ii) imunizados com extrato bruto solubilizado (EBS); (iii) imunizados com os proteolipossomos. Após 21 dias de imunização com as preparações descritas, os animais foram infectados com 105 ufc de bactéria. Todos os animais vacinados previamente com lipossomos ou EBS foram a óbito enquanto que os animais vacinados com os sistemas de proteolipossomos apresentaram sobrevida de 95 %. Além disso, um grupo controle vacinado com a bactéria atenuada na presença de hidróxido de alumínio como imunoadjuvante apresentou uma sobrevida de apenas 30 %, indicando que a vacina convencional não apresenta uma proteção satisfatória contra a pasteurelose. O soro dos animais vacinados com lipossomo, EBS e proteolipossomos foram coletados semanalmente antes e após a infecção experimental para a detecção da produção de anticorpos IgG, IgM e IgA, utilizando-se a técnica de ELISA. Como esperado, os animais vacinados com lipossomos não apresentaram estimulação de nenhum dos anticorpos específicos para P. multocida analisados. Os animais imunizados com EBS apresentaram um significativo aumento dos níveis de IgG sérico 7 dias após a imunização os quais se mantiveram constantes durante todo o período experimental. Os níveis de IgG no soro de animais imunizados com os proteolipossomos apresentam um aumento 7 dias após a imunização, porém não se mantiveram até o momento da infecção experimental. Após a infecção experimental, os níveis séricos de IgG nos animais imunizados com proteolipossomos apresentam um aumento significativo, enquanto que para os imunizados com EBS houve manutenção dos níveis antes obtidos. A análise de anticorpos IgM específicos para a P. multocida mostram uma produção significativamente maior destes anticorpos para animais imunizados previamente com proteolipossomos que para os animais imunizados com EBS. Além disso, após a infecção experimental, a produção de IgM nos animais imunizados com proteolipossomos continuou sendo estimulada, o que não foi observado para os animais imunizados com EBS. O sistema de proteolipossomos não produz anticorpos IgA sistêmicos específicos para a bactéria, porém após a infecção experimental foi possível observar o aparecimento gradativo deste anticorpo no lavado nasal dos animais, durante as semanas de observação. Os animais previamente imunizados com proteolipossomos sobreviventes da primeira infecção experimental foram observados durante 140 dias e novamente infectados, com nova carga bacteriana. Após a reinfecção a sobrevida destes animais foi de 100 % indicando que o sistema de proteolipossomos foi capaz de gerar uma memória imunológica. A análise conjunta dos resultados obtidos na detecção de anticorpos indica que a proteção proporcionada pelos proteolipossomos contra a pasteurelose é devida a estimulação de anticorpos IgG e, principalmente, de IgM. O outro sistema de delivery de proteínas antigênicas desenvolvido foi o de microesferas lipídicas. Foram experimentados diferentes protocolos, porém o que mais se adequou as nossas condições foi obtido da união e adaptação de duas metodologias descritas na literatura. Estudos de microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostraram que as microesferas lipídicas são formadas quando é utilizado 3 % (p/v) de PVA na formulação. Além disso, marcamos as proteínas com isoticiocianato de fluoresceína e a microscopia revelou a presença de estruturas esféricas fluorescentes, indicando a encapsulação das proteínas na região lipofílica das microesferas. Estudos sistemáticos variando a concentração de óleo, fosfolipídio, proteínas e PVA na formação das microcapsulas permitiram um rendimento de encapsulação de cerca de 99 %. Portanto, no presente trabalho, estabelecemos metodologias de incorporação das proteínas antigênicas em lipossomos constituídos de DPPC e em microesferas lipídicas. Além disso, os sistemas de proteolipossomos apresentaram uma satisfatória propriedade de proteção dos coelhos contra a pasteurelose (frente à infecção experimental com P. multocida) indicando que o sistema aqui proposto pode ser utilizado como vacina, prevenindo a pasteurelose em criações de coelhos comerciais ou destinados à pesquisa biomédica. / Pasteurellosis is a common disease in the respiratory tract of commercial and/or biomedical rearing of research rabbits. The bacterium Pasteurella multocida is the pathogen responsible for a range of clinical syntomes, including chronic rhinitis (snuffles), otitis media, pneumonia, genital infection, pulmonary and cutaneous abscesses, conjunctivitis and hemorrhagic septicemia. However, between 50 and 70 % of the animals can harbour the microorganism asymptomatically. The factors that cause the clinical syntomes include the ammonium accumulation in the air (foul ventilation), pregnancy, another concomitant disease, disorder in the rabbit production environment and experimental manipulation. Outbreaks of this disease occur in Brazil with relative frequency; however diagnosis is generally based on the clinical signals and necropsy. Therefore, it is difficult to estimate the extent of losses caused by pasteurellosis druing cuniculture. However, specific commercial vaccines against pasteurellosis in rabbits are not available and prevention is through the use of antibiotics in drinking water, even though this type of treatment generally does not protect the animals. Initially, pure bacteria colonies were obtained, which were cultivated in specific growing media (BHI). The microorganisms were isolated, lysed and the antigenic proteins were detected by SDS-PAGE and Western Blotting. These results show that most protein bands were recognized by the policlonal antibody against P. multocida. Since this protein pool presented antigenicity, the protein mixture was solubilized by incubating 0,5 mg/ml of the membrane fraction with SDS 1 % (w/v) under constant agitation for 2 hours. This procedure resulted in a 85 % solubilization yield. The proteoliposomes wew formed using a lipid, protein and detergent co-solubilization method. A good yield of protein incorporation in liposomes seems to be related to the methodology used for the removal of the detergent from the lipid:protein:detergent mixture during the co-solubilization process, as well as the nature of the phospholipid used. The results indicated that the Calbiosorb® resin was the most efficient for SDS removal and, among the various phospholipids tested, DPPC best incorporated the proteins, presenting an incorporation yield of 93% and average proteoliposome diameter of 180 nm. In addition, SDS-PAGE of the proteoliposomes has shown that all the proteic species present in the crude solubilized extract were incorporated in the DPPC liposomes. The Western Blotting has shown that the proteins incorporated in the liposomes continue to be recognized by the policlonal antibody against P. multocida. For the immunization assays, three animal groups were separated: (i) rabbits immunized with liposomes; (ii) rabbits immunized with crude solubilized extract (CSE) and (iii) rabbits immunized with the proteoliposomes. After twenty-one days of immunization with the described preparations, the animals were challenged with 105 ufc of bacteria. All animals previously vaccinated with the liposomes or CSE died while the animals vaccinated with the proteoliposomes systems had 95 % survival after the challenge. Moreover, a control group vaccinated with the attenuated bacteria in the presence of aluminum hydroxide as an immunoadjuvant had only 30% survival, indicating that the conventional vaccine does not protect against pasteurellosis. The serum of animals vaccinated with liposome, CSE and proteoliposomes were collected weekly before and after the experimental infection for the detection of IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies production using ELISA. Animals vaccinated with liposomes did not present stimulation of any of the specific antibodies for the P. multocida analyzed. The animals immunized with CSE presented a significant increase in the IgA serum level seven days after the immunization, but these levels were not maintained until the moment of the experimental infection. After the experimental infection, the serum levels of IgG in rabbits immunized with proteoliposomes showed a significant increase, while for those animals immunized with the CSE the levels were maintained. The analysis of IgM antibodies specific for the P. multocida showed a higher production to animals vaccinated with proteoliposomes than for the animals immunized with CSE. Furthermore, after experimental infection, the production of IgM in animals immunized with proteoliposomes continued to be stimulated, which was not observed for those immunized with EBS. The proteoliposome system does not induce IgA systemic antibodies that were specific for the bacterium. However, after the experimental infections it was possible to observe the gradual appearance of IgA in the nasal lavage of the infected animals on the time course of the experiment. Animals previously immunized with the proteoliposomes which survived the first experimental infection were observed during 140 days and re-infected. After the re-infection, the survival of these animals was 100 %, indicating that the proteoliposome system was able to generate a possible immunological memory. The global analysis of the results obtained in the antibody detection indicates that the protection given by the proteoliposome against pasteurellosis is due to the stimulation of antibodies IgG and mainly of IgM. The other delivery system of antigenic proteins developed during this work is of lipidic microspheres. Different protocols were tried, but the one which was more adequate to our experimental conditions was elaborated from joining and adapting two methodologies described in literature. Scanning electron microscopy studies have shown that the lipidic microspheres are formed when 3 % (w/v) of PVA is used in the formulation. Furthermore, we have marked the proteins with fluorescein isothiocyanate and the microscopy revealed the presence of fluorescent spherical structures which indicated the encapsulation of the proteins in the lipophilic region of the microspheres. Systematic studies varying the concentration of oil, phospholipid, proteins and PVA in the microcapsules formulation has given a yield of encapsulation of 99%. We have established methodologies of incorporation of the antigenic proteins in liposomes constituted of DPPC and lipidic microspheres. Moreover, the proteolipossome systems have shown a satisfying property of protection of rabbits against pasteurellosis in face of the experimental challenge with P. multocida indicating that the system proposed here can be used as a vaccine to prevent the pasteurellosis either in commercial or biomedical research rearing of rabbit.

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