Concrete-filled buckling restrained braces (BRBs) was first developed in 1988 in Tokyo, Japan, to prevent the steel plates in the core portion from buckling, leading the steel core to exhibiting a more stable and fully hysteretic loop than conventional steel braces. However, past studies have shown that buckling restrained braced frames (BRBFs) have a large residual deformation after a median or high seismic event due to steel’s residual strain. In order to address this issue, innovative self-centering SMA braces are proposed and installed in the originally unbraced bays in existing BRBFs to become a hybrid frame system where the existing steel BRBs dissipate energy induced by external forces and the newly added self-centering SMA braces restore the building configuration after the steel BRBs yield. A case study of conventional three-story BRBF retrofitted by the proposed self-centering SMA braces is carried out to develop systematic retrofit strategies, to investigate the structural behavior, and to probabilistically assess their seismic performance in terms of interstory drifts, residual drifts, and brace deformation, as compared to the original steel BRB frames. Finally, the developed brace component fragility curves and system fragility curves will be further used for the assessment of downtime and repair cost.

Over the last few decades, Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) have been increasingly explored in order to take advantage of their unique properties (i.e., pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect), in various actuation, sensing and absorption applications. In order to achieve an effective design of SMA-based devices a thorough investigation of their behavior in the presence of cracks is needed. In particular, it is important to understand the effect of phase transformation on their fracture response. The aim of the present work is to study the effect of stress-induced as well as thermo-mechanically-induced phase transformation on several characteristics of the fracture response of SMAs. The SMA thermomechanical response is modeled through an existing constitutive phenomenological model, developed within the framework of continuum thermodynamics, which has been implemented in a finite element frame-work. The effect of stress-induced phase transformation on the mechanical fields in the vicinity of a stationary crack and on the toughness enhancement associated with crack advance in an SMA subjected to in-plane mode I loading conditions is examined. The small scale transformation assumption is employed in the analysis according to which the size of the region occupied by the transformed material forming close to the crack tip is small compared to any characteristic length of the problem (i.e. the size of the transformation zone is thirty times smaller than the size of the cracked ligament). Given this assumption, displacement boundary conditions, corresponding to the Irwin’s solution for linear elastic fracture mechanics, are applied on a circular region in the austenitic phase that encloses the stress-induced phase transformation zone. The quasi-static stable crack growth is studied by assuming that the crackpropagates at a certain critical level of the crack-tip energy release rate. The Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT) is employed to calculate the energy release rate. Fracture toughness enhancement associated with transformation dissipation is observed and its sensitivity on the variation of key characteristic non-dimensional parameters related to the constitutive response is investigated. Moreover, the effect of the dissipation due plastic deformation on the fracture resistance is analyzed by using a Cohesive Zone Model (CZM). The effect of thermo-mechanically-induced transformation on the driving force for crack growth is analyzed in an infinite center-cracked SMA plate subjected to thermal actuation under isobaric mode I loading. The crack-tip energy release rate is identified as the driving force for crack growth and is measured over the entire thermal cycle by means of the VCCT. A substantial increase of the crack-tip energy release rate – an order of magnitude for some material systems – is observed during actuation as a result of phase transformation, i.e., martensitic transformation occurring during actuation causes anti-shielding that might cause the energy release rate to reach the critical value for crack growth. A strong dependence of the crack-tip energy release rate on the variation of the thermomechanical parameters characterizing the material response is examined. Therefore, it is implied that the actual shape of the strain- temperature curve is important for the quantitative determination of the change of the crack-tip energy release rate during actuation.

The unique performance offerings of NiTi based shape memory alloys (SMAs), which includes the shape memory effect (SME), pseudoelasticity (PE) and biocompatibility have led to widespread acceptance of these alloys as valuable engineering materials. Over the past several decades the complex metallurgy behind the SME and PE properties has for the most part been uncovered and the design and engineering knowhow has been demonstrated; facilitating successful application of NiTi devices in numerous industries. Specifically, more mature applications in the medical industry including medical devices such as, catheters, guide wires, orthodontic arch wires, maxillofacial reconstruction implants, minimally invasive surgical tools, and arterial and gastrointestinal stents, have become common practice in modern medicine. Recently however, there has been a drive for more demanding functionality of SMAs for example to locally modify properties creating tuneable or gradient SME and PE performance. Unique processing protocols are therefore necessary to meet these demands and allow SMAs to reach their full potential in a wider range of applications. The current thesis successfully details the application of pulsed Nd:YAG laser processing along with post-processing techniques to locally tune both the SME and PE functional properties of monolithic binary NiTi wires and strip, while maintaining confidence in the retained corrosion performance and limited release of biologically harmful Ni ions. This extensive study contains three distinct parts which include: i) application of a laser induced vaporization protocol to locally embed multiple memories in a monolithic wire actuator; ii) uncovering the process, structure, and performance relationship of combined laser, cold working, and heat treatment processes; and iii) comprehensive characterization of surface characteristics and their relationship with corrosion performance and Ni ion release from laser processed material.

The exciting thermomechanical properties of nickel-titanium shape memory alloys have sparked significant research efforts seeking to exploit their exotic capabilities. Until recently, the performance capabilities of nickel-titanium devices have been inhibited by the retention of only one thermomechanical characteristic. However, laser processing technology promises to deliver enhanced material offerings which are capable of multiple functional responses. Presented in this thesis, is an investigation of the effects of laser processing on the thermomechanical behaviour of nickel-titanium shape memory alloys. In the context of this work, laser processing refers to removal of alloy constituents, as in the case of laser ablation, or alternatively, addition of elements through laser alloying. The effects of laser ablation on the composition, crystallography and phase transformation temperatures of a nickel-titanium strip have been studied. Application of laser energy was shown to ablate nickel constituents, induce an austenite-martensite phase change and cause an increase in phase transformation onset temperatures, which correlated well with reported findings. Laser processing of a nickel-titanium wire was shown to locally embed an additional thermomechanical response which manifested as unique shape memory and pseudoelastic properties. Localized alloying of ternary species via laser processing of nickel-titanium strip was investigated. Synthesis of a ternary shape memory intermetallic within the laser processing region was achieved through melting of copper foils. Results from thermoanalytical testing indicated that the ternary compound possessed a higher phase transformation temperature and reduced transformation hysteresis in comparison to the reference alloy. Indentation testing was used to demonstrate the augmented thermomechanical characteristics of the laser processed shape memory alloy. In order to demonstrate the enhanced functionality of laser processed nickel-titanium shape memory alloys, a self-positioning nickel-titanium microgripper was fabricated. The microgripper was designed to actuate through four different positions, corresponding to activation of three embedded shape memory characteristics. Thermoanalytical and tensile testing instrumentations were used to characterize the thermomechanical performance of the laser processed nickel-titanium microgripper. Results indicated that each of the laser processed microgripper components possessed unique mechanical and shape memory recovery properties.

Martensite-to-Beta transformation temperatures of CuAlNiMn and CuAlNi shape memory alloys has been determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In CuAlNiMn alloys, each new betatizing treatment has resulted in randomly varying transformation temperatures on the same specimen and an anomalously diffuse and serrated Martensite-to-Beta transformation peaks in the first cycle. Therefore, as quenched alloy samples were thermally cycled for three times in DSC prior to ageing to obtain thermally stable and reproducible transformation temperatures and to eliminate the anomalous effect of betatizing on the transformation temperatures. CuAlNiMn alloys were aged in martensitic condition at temperatures in the range 80&amp / #61616 / C to 150&amp / #61616 / C for 24 hours to 312 hours ageing periods. Both A_s and A_f temperatures have increased with ageing temperature and time while M_s and M_f temperatures have not changed during martensite ageing. Transformation temperatures of CuAlNi alloys, on the other hand, have not changed during martensite ageing. In this respect, CuAlNiMn alloys were found to be more prone to martensite stabilization than the CuAlNi alloys. Through Transmission Electron Microscope investigation in the Cu-12.6wt%Al-5.9wt%Ni-1.8wt%Mn alloy aged at 150&amp / #61616 / C for 312 hours has revealed no sign of precipitate formation and it has been concluded that the &amp / #65533 / precipitates pinning martensite boundaries&amp / #65533 / mechanism could not be responsible of martensite stabilization. Beta phase ageing of CuAlNiMn alloys at temperatures 200&amp / #61616 / C, 230&amp / #61616 / C, 250&amp / #61616 / C and 270&amp / #61616 / C, have drastically shortened the periods for stabilization to the extent that &amp / #946 / -to-M transformation completely ceases. With regard to the Manganese content, highest Manganese bearing alloy was the one stabilized first and the lowest manganese containing one was the longest lasting alloy during beta phase ageing. Beta stabilization was not observed in any of the four CuAlNi alloys at the end of 96 hours ageing at 200&amp / #61616 / C while beta stabilization was realized after 26, 38 and 11 hours ageing at the same temperature in the three Mn containing alloys studied. In conclusion, on the basis of ageing studies at 200&amp / #61616 / C, with regard to beta stabilization, CuAlNi alloys were found to be more resistant to high temperature ageing than CuAlNiMn alloys. Equilibrium &amp / #947 / _2 and &amp / #945 / phases were observed with coupled-grown lamellar morphologies in Cu-13.6%Al-3.0%Ni alloy aged above 400&amp / #61616 / C.

TiNiPd high-temperature shape memory alloys (HTSMAs) have attracted considerable attention as potential solid-state actuators capable of operating at temperatures up to 500 °C, exhibiting excellent corrosion resistance, adequate ductility levels and significant strain recovery under both constrained and unconstrained thermomechanical conditions. During operation, these actuators may be subjected to multiple cycles and from an application point of view, the functional stability, i.e. conservation of original actuator dimensions and transformation temperatures during repeated employment, is of considerable importance. This study addresses the issue of functional stability in a model HTSMA, Ti50.5Ni24.5Pd25, for its use as a compact solid-state actuator. Since the primary reason for functional instability is the creation of lattice defects (dislocations, vacancies, etc.) during repeated transformation cycles, several methods were successfully undertaken to improve the functional stability through inhibiting the generation of these defects. Solid-solution strengthening through Sc microalloying and thermomechanical treatments via severe plastic deformation were the two approaches used to strengthen the HTSMA against defect generation. Thermal cycling the HTSMA under stress was the third method to voluntarily introduce defects into the microstructure such that further defect generation during application would be impeded. Overall, severe plastic deformation was found to be more efficient than other strengthening methods in improving the functional stability of TiNiPd HTSMA, yet it brought about disadvantages such as reduction in transformation strain and transformation temperatures. While functional instability is due to the creation of lattice defects, the generation of these defects is mainly controlled by the crystallographic incompatibility between martensitically transforming phases and the strength levels for plastic deformation. It was shown that TiNiPd HTSMAs, which exhibited martensitic transformation from a cubic (B2) to orthorhombic (B19) symmetry, illustrated better compatibility and thus better functional stability levels compared to TiNi SMAs, which had a B2 to monoclinic (B19’) transition. Although crystallographic incompatibility seems to be the governing factor for the functional stability of the TiNiPd HTSMA, the strength differential between the onset of plastic deformation and local constraint due to the martensitic transformation was also found to be an influential factor determining the overall stable behavior. Functional stability was also investigated for the two-way shape memory effect (TWSME) in TiNiPd HTSMAs. Better strength and compatibility levels compared to TiNi SMAs were also reflected in the TWSME characteristics in the form of enhanced stability under stress-free thermal cycling. The stability during constrained thermal cycling was not as good and TWSME degraded rapidly while doing work against an opposing stress. Nevertheless, work output levels were much higher as compared to those obtained from conventional TiNi and Cu-based SMAs.

Previous experimental observations have shown that the pseudoelastic response of NiTi shape memory alloys (SMA) is localized in nature and proceeds through nucleation and propagation of localized deformation bands. It has also been observed that the mechanical response of SMAs is strongly affected by loading rate and cyclic degradation. These behaviors significantly limit the accurate modeling of SMA elements used in various devices and applications. The aim of this work is to provide engineers with a constitutive model that can accurately describe the dynamic, unstable pseudoelastic response of SMAs, including their cyclic response, and facilitate the reliable design of SMA elements. A 1-D phenomenological model is developed to simulate the localized phase transformations in NiTi wires during both loading and unloading. In this model, it is assumed that the untransformed particles located close to the transformed regions are less stable than those further away from the transformed regions. By consideration of the thermomechanical coupling among the stress, temperature, and latent heat of transformation, the analysis can account for strain-rate effects. Inspired by the deformation theory of plasticity, the 1-D model is extended to a 3-D macromechanical model of localized unstable pseudoelasticity. An important feature of this model is the reorientation of the transformation strain tensor with changes in stress tensor. Unlike previous modeling efforts, the present model can also capture the propagation of localized deformation during unloading. The constitutive model is implemented within a 2-D finite element framework to allow numerical investigation of the effect of strain rate and boundary conditions on the overall mechanical response and evolution of localized transformation bands in NiTi strips. The model successfully captures the features of the transformation front morphology, and pseudoelastic response of NiTi strip samples observed in previous experiments. The 1-D and 3-D constitutive models are further extended to include the plastic deformation and degradation of material properties as a result of cyclic loading.

[Truncated abstract] The study of NiTi shape memory alloys, although comprehensive and diverse, still encounters numerous uncertainties and misunderstandings that often jeopardise the effective use of these alloys in various applications. One such key area is the understanding of the micromechanics and thermodynamics of the deformation mechanisms, such that their deformation behaviour can be accurately predicted and modelled. Furthermore, most research involves polycrystalline NiTi of varying compositions and processing history, both of which complicate and damage the internal structure of the matrix even before deformation. This work aims to study the micromechanisms of deformation of near-equiatomic NiTi alloys, both in polycrystalline and single crystal forms, with particular attention given to the commonly observed phenomena of Luders-like deformation behaviour and deformation induced martensite stabilisation. This work was carried out in three sections. Firstly, the tensile deformation of polycrystalline NiTi samples via martensite reorientation and stress-induced martensitic transformations was carried out. The samples were deformed to various stages of deformation and then thermally cycled to study the thermomechanical response to deformation as a means to explore the various mechanisms of deformation. Next, the deformation and post-deformation transformation behaviour of NiTi single crystals were studied to verify the effect of grain boundaries and other hypotheses raised regarding the deformation mechanisms. The single crystal samples were deformed along three low-index axial orientations. Finally, microscopic analysis was carried out on as-annealed and the deformed polycrystal and single crystal samples by means of transmission electron microscopy. The microstructural analyses accompanied the thermodynamic study and provided evidences to support various hypotheses

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-03-14T21:54:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 NATHÁLIA CRISTINA MORAIS LIA FOOK - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2015..pdf: 2182368 bytes, checksum: 5948d7190b44ee52e0cbfdbf788ee8dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-14T21:54:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NATHÁLIA CRISTINA MORAIS LIA FOOK - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2015..pdf: 2182368 bytes, checksum: 5948d7190b44ee52e0cbfdbf788ee8dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-05 / Capes / As ligas de Ni-Ti têm possibilitado uma melhoria em muitos projetos tradicionais de engenharia e das áreas médicas e ortodônticas, com suas propriedades únicas de superelasticidade e efeito de memória de forma. Nas últimas décadas, as pesquisas e análises para aplicações destas ligas se tornaram cada vez mais específicas, para estudos sobre micro e nano atuadores visando aplicações em dispositivos médicos e ortodônticos e em microssistemas eletromecânicos. Assim, os processos de soldagem se tornaram importantes aliados, promovendo a união entre atuadores de liga de memória de forma (LMF) com semelhantes e dissemelhantes, uma forma de aumentar as aplicações úteis de materiais disponíveis, principalmente como biomateriais. Nesse contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo geral a avaliação da resistência à corrosão em uma região de solda obtida por microssoldagem TIG autógena em fios de Ni-Ti superelásticos com fios de Ni-Ti termoativados em solução que simula a saliva humana. Os fios soldados também passaram por um tratamento térmico feito com base em um planejamento fatorial 3². A caracterização dos fios íntegros e soldados (com e sem tratamento térmico) foi realizada utilizando ensaios de calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e também quanto à resistência à corrosão. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que o processo de soldagem TIG utilizado neste trabalho gerou juntas soldadas de excelente qualidade, apresentando uma boa resistência à corrosão no eletrólito que simula a saliva humana. O planejamento experimental utilizado para verificar a influência da temperatura e do tempo do tratamento térmico nos resultados de corrosão gerou um experimento ótimo com temperatura de 350°C e um tempo no intervalo de 20 a 40 minutos. Estes resultados foram confirmados através dos ensaios de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. / The Ni-Ti alloys have enabled the improvement in many projects from the traditional engineering and from the medical and orthodontic areas with their unique properties of superelasticity and shape memory effect. In recent decades, researches and analysis for applying these alloys have become increasingly more specific, tending to studies on micro and nano actuators targeting applications in medical and orthodontic devices and in electromechanical microsystems. Thus, the welding processes have become important allies by promoting the union between shape memory alloy actuators (SMA) with similar and dissimilar ones, which is one way of increasing the useful applications of available materials, especially biomaterials. In this context, this study aimed at analyzing the corrosion resistance in the weld region obtained by autogenous TIG micro welding in Ni-Ti superelastic wires with thermo-active Ni-Ti wires in a solution that simulates human saliva. The welded wires also Soldiers wires also undergone heat treatment made based on a factorial design 3. The characterization of the original and welded wires (with and without heat treatment) was performed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests and also regarding its resistance to corrosion. The results revealed that the TIG welding process used in this work generated welds of excellent quality, showing a good resistance to corrosion in the electrolyte that simulates human saliva. The experimental design used to investigate the influence of temperature and time of heat treatment in corrosion results generated a great experiment with temperature of 350 °C and time in the range of 20 to 40 minutes. These results were confirmed by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests.

Ce travail de thèse est consacré à l’étude de la dissipation mécanique produite par des alliages à mémoire de forme Cu-Zn-Al lors d'un chargement mécanique cyclique, ainsi qu'à l’influence de la composition chimique sur cette grandeur. Divers alliages ont été élaborés dans ce but, chacun présentant une faible variation de composition par rapport à l’autre. Une procédure expérimentale originale a été mise au point pour mesurer cette dissipation mécanique car elle se traduit par une source de chaleur très inférieure à celles dues à d’autres phénomènes comme la chaleur latente de changement de phase ou le couplage thermoélastique. Les éprouvettes ont ainsi été soumises à divers essais cycliques à température ambiante constante alors qu’une caméra infrarouge filmait les champs thermiques sur leur surface. Ces films thermiques ont ensuite été traités pour en extraire cette dissipation mécanique. Divers niveaux de dissipation correspondant à divers niveaux d’irréversibilité mécanique ont ainsi été mis en évidence. / The study deals with the mechanical dissipation in Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloys subjected to cyclic mechanical loading, as well as with the influence of the chemical composition on this dissipation. Various alloys were prepared for this purpose, each of them featuring a slight change with respect to the others. An original procedure has been proposed to measure mechanical dissipation because it is very low compared to other heat sources such as latent heat or thermoelastic coupling. The specimens have been subjected to cyclic tests at constant ambient temperature while an infrared camera grabbed the thermal images. These thermal maps have been then processed to extract mechanical dissipation. Various levels have been found, corresponding to various levels of mechanical irreversibilities.