Cette thèse présente une approche globale de la modélisation du comportement thermomécanique et cyclique des alliages à mémoire de forme (AMF) en grandes déformations. Cette approche s’articule en trois étapes : i) La généralisation du modèle ZM de comportement des AMF en grandes déformations dans le cadre de la thermodynamique des processus irréversibles. Pour ce faire, le gradient de la transformation totale est décomposé sous la forme du produit de trois gradients : le gradient de transformation lié à la déformation élastique, le gradient lié au changement de phase et le gradient de transformation lié à la réorientation de la martensite. Cette décomposition permet ainsi la modélisation de la réponse des structures en AMF dans le cas de chargements multiaxiaux non-proportionnels en transformations fi nies. ii) La prise en compte du couplage thermomécanique en transformations fi nies. Pour ce faire, la déformation de Henckya été introduite. Le modèle obtenu intègre trois caractéristiques thermomécaniques importantes des AMF, à savoir l’effet de la coexistence de l’austénite et de deux variantes de martensites distinctes, la variation de la taille de la boucle d’hystérésis avec la température et la transition du processus de changement de phase, d’abrupt à doux. iii) Enfin, en vue de prédire la réponse des structures en AMF sous chargement thermomécanique cyclique, le modèle développé dans la deuxième étape est généralisé pour décrire la pseudoélasticité cyclique des AMF polycristallins. Le modèle obtenu permet la prise en compte de quatre caractéristiques fondamentales liées au comportement cyclique des AMF : la déformation résiduelle accumulée, la dégénérescence de la boucle d’hystérésis, l’évolution de la transformation de phase, d’abrupte à douce. La mise en œuvre numérique de ces modèles s’appuie sur des algorithmes d’intégration appropriés. Des exemples numériques on été traités pour valider chaque étape. / Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are a class of smart materials that possess two salient features known as pseudoelasticity (PE) and shape memory effect(SME). In industrial applications, SMA structures are typically subjected to complex service conditions, such as large deformations, thermomechanically coupled boundaries and loadings, and cyclic loadings. The reliability and durability analysis of these SMA structures requires a good understanding of constitutive behavior in SMAs. To this end, this work develops a comprehensive constitutive modeling approach to investigate thermomechanical and cyclic behavior of SMAs in fi nite deformations. The work is generally divided into three steps. First, to improve accuracy of SMA model infinite deformation regime, the ZM model proposed by Zaki and Moumni (2007b) is extended within a fi nite-strain thermodynamic framework. Moreover, the transformation strain is decomposed into phase transformation and martensite reorientation components to capture multi-axial non-proportional response. Secondly, in addition to the fi nite deformation, thermomechanical coupling effect is taken into account by developing a new fi nite-strain thermomechanical constitutive model. A more straightforward approach is obtained by using the fi nite Hencky strain. This model incorporates three important thermomechanical characteristics, namely the coexistence effect between austenite and two distinct martensite variants, the variation with temperature of hysteresis size, and the smooth transition at initiation and completion of phase transformation. Finally, with a view to studying SMA behavior under cyclic loading, the model developed in the second step is generalized to describe cyclic pseudoelasticity of polycrystalline SMAs. The generalized model captures four fundamental characteristics related to the cyclic behavior of SMAs: large accumulated residual strain, degeneration of pseudoelasticity and hysteresis loop, rate dependence, and evolution of phase transformation from abrupt to smooth transition. Numerical implementation of these models are realized by introducing proper integration algorithms. Finite element simulations, including orthodontic archwire, helical and torsion spring actuators, are carried out using the proposed models. The future directions of this work mainly involve plasticity and fatigue analysis of SMA structures.

We report the fabrication of Ni2.7Mn0.9Ga0.4/InGaAs bilayers on GaAs (001)/InGaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. To form freestanding microtubes the bilayers have been released from the substrate by strain engineering. Microtubes with up to three windings have been successfully realized by tailoring the size and strain of the bilayer. The structure and magnetic properties of both, the initial films and the rolled-up microtubes, are investigated by electron microscopy, X-ray techniques and magnetization measurements. A tetragonal lattice with c/a = 2.03 (film) and c/a = 2.01 (tube) is identified for the Ni2.7Mn0.9Ga0.4 alloy. Furthermore, a significant influence of the cylindrical geometry and strain relaxation induced by roll-up on the magnetic properties of the tube is found. / Dieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) can recover large strains (e.g., up to 8%) by undergoing a temperature-induced phase transformation. This strain recovery can occur against large forces, resulting in their use as actuators. The SMA elements in such actuators integrate both sensory and actuation functions. This is possible because SMAs can inherently sense a change in temperature and actuate by undergoing a shape change, associated with the temperature-induced phase transformation. The objective of this work is to develop an SMA based cryogenic thermal conduction switch for operation between dewars of liquid methane and liquid oxygen in a common bulk head arrangement for NASA. The design of the thermal conduction switch is based on a biased, two-way SMA actuator and utilizes a commercially available NiTi alloy as the SMA element to demonstrate the feasibility of this concept. This work describes the design from concept to implementation, addressing methodologies and issues encountered, including: a finite element based thermal analysis, various thermo-mechanical processes carried out on the NiTi SMA elements, and fabrication and testing of a prototype switch. Furthermore, recommendations for improvements and extension to NASA's requirements are presented. Such a switch has potential application in variable thermal sinks to other cryogenic tanks for liquefaction, densification, and zero boil-off systems for advanced spaceport applications. The SMA thermal conduction switch offers the following advantages over the currently used gas gap and liquid gap thermal switches in the cryogenic range: (i) integrates both sensor and actuator elements thereby reducing the overall complexity, (ii) exhibits superior thermal isolation in the open state, and (iii) possesses high heat transfer ratios between the open and closed states. This work was supported by a grant from NASA Kennedy Space Center (NAG10-323) with William U. Notardonato as Technical Officer.

The ferromagnetic shape memory alloy, Fe7Pd3, not only offers promising applications, but also reveals a number of unresolved scientific questions, including coupling between a series of martensite and order–disorder transitions, which are in the focus of the present study. To address and understand these aspects, which are of particular importance for controlling phase stability in Fe7Pd3, an ab initio based Monte Carlo simulation code is developed, whose results demonstrate that equilibrated ordered or disordered phases show distinct dependencies coupled to temperature and lattice structure. Moreover, in equiatomic domains emerging from initially randomized disorder, an intermediate, entropy stabilized phase is identified with significantly higher magnetic anisotropy energy, being advantageous for miniaturized applications. This phase, among other observed configurations, is comprehensively characterized by free energy landscapes and magneto-structural coupling derived from vibrational analysis of molecular dynamics trajectories and full relativistic spin polarized density functional theory ground state calculations, respectively.

Reinforced concrete buildings built prior to the enactment of modern seismic codes are often seismically deficient. These buildings may have inadequate strength and ductility to withstand strong earthquakes. Conventional retrofit techniques for such frame buildings involve adding reinforced concrete shear walls or structural bracing systems to the existing bays. These techniques can be intrusive and result in lengthy down times and expensive structural interventions. An alternative to conventional techniques is the use of high-strength prestressing strands or cables, diagonally placed as tension elements. This technique was researched and used in a limited manner after the 1985 Mexico City Earthquake. It has since been further investigated at the University of Ottawa through experimental and analytical research (Shalouf and Saatcioglu (2006), Carrière (2008), Molaei (2014)). While the use of steel strands as tension bracing elements proves to be an effective technique, the resulting stiffening effects on the frames lead to increased seismic force demands and higher based shear, as well as increased axial forces on the attached columns, potentially generating net tension, foundation uplift and excessive compression. Relatively low elongation characteristics of high-strength cables and slack caused by yielding strands and associated pinching of hysteresis curves reduce potential energy dissipation capacity. The current research aims to improve the previously observed deficiencies of the system. One of the improvements involve the use of shape memory alloys (SMA) in the middle of the cables, which reduce/eliminate residual deformations upon yielding and associated pinching of the hysteresis curves. SMA allows energy dissipation in the system while forcing the structure to recover from its inelastic deformations because of the flag-shape hysteretic characteristics of the material. The feasibility of the cable-SMA assembly as tension brace elements is illustrated through dynamic analyses of selected prototype buildings. The other improvement is the development of progressively engaging, initially loose multiple strands as tension cables. These cables are placed loosely to engage in seismic resistance at pre-determined drift levels, thereby eliminating premature increase in seismic force demands until their participation is required as the frame capacity is reached. Tests of a large-scale reinforced concrete frame, designed following the requirements of the 1965 National Building Code of Canada NRC (1965) as representative of existing older frame buildings in Canada, are conducted under simulated seismic loading to assess the effectiveness of the proposed system. The verification of the concept is extended analytically to prototype buildings and the effectiveness of the system is demonstrated for mid-rise and low-rise frame buildings.

Magnetische Formgedächtnislegierungen (MSM-Legierungen) weisen im Vergleich zu anderen Festkörperwandlern und konventionellen elektromagnetischen Wandlerprinzipien unikale Kopplungseigenschaften auf. Dies motiviert ihre Anwendung in kompakten und schnellschaltenden Antrieben. Aufgrund der Kompliziertheit ihres Kopplungsverhaltens ist jedoch ein modellbasierter Entwurf unumgänglich. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der Beschreibung einer Unterklasse von MSM-Antrieben mit eisenbehafteten Magnetkreisen und engen Luftspalten durch eine Kombination von Messung und Modell. Ziel ist dabei die Beantwortung anwendungsrelevanter Fragestellungen im Antriebsentwurf. Die Grundlage dafür bildet die heuristische Definition eines auf verallgemeinerten Kirchhoffschen Netzwerken (Netzwerkmodellen) basierenden Ersatzmodells des MSM-Elements samt umgebendem Luftspalt. Die das Verhalten des Ersatzmodells beschreibenden magnetischen Größen werden durch ein neuartiges und im Rahmen der Arbeit entwickeltes Messverfahren ermittelt. Ein Prüfstand setzt dieses Messverfahren um und ermöglicht eine simultane magnetische und magnetomechanische Charakterisierung von MSM-Elementen unter Kraft- oder Wegvorgabe. Eine empirische Validierung der gemessenen Zusammenhänge, auch anhand thermodynamischer Gesichtspunkte, weist die Plausibilität der das Ersatzmodell beschreibenden Zusammenhänge nach. Diese Ergebnisse motivieren die Entwicklung eines Netzwerkmodells, das die hysteresebehaftete magnetomechanische Kopplung innerhalb des Ersatzmodells thermodynamisch korrekt berücksichtigt. Mithilfe des Modells gelingt es, das experimentell bestimmte integrale magnetomechanische Verhalten des MSM-Elements samt umgebendem Luftspalt in wesentlichen Aspekten vorherzusagen. / Magnetic shape memory (MSM) alloys are considered promising active materials for compact electromagnetic drives due to their strong magneto-mechanical coupling. However, the latter is associated with a strong nonlinearity and a distinct hysteresis making a model-based design indispensable. The present work describes the behavior of a subclass of MSM drives with iron-core and small air gaps by means of a combination of model and experiment. Heuristically, an equivalent lumped-element model considering the MSM element and the surrounding air gap is proposed. An associated novel magnetic measurement procedure determines the quantities describing the behavior of this equivalent model. A test setup implements the measurement procedure and allows for a simultaneous magnetic and magneto-mechanical characterization either under constant load or under constant displacement. An empiric validation, also with regard to thermodynamic aspects, indicates the plausibility of the collected data describing the simplified equivalent model. These results motivate the development of a novel lumped-element model considering the hysteretic magneto-mechanical coupling of the equivalent model in a thermodynamically consistent way. Its validation by means of various magneto-mechanical experiments shows that the model is able to predict the essential magnetic and magneto-mechanical behavior of the MSM element and the surrounding air gap with sufficient accuracy, making it appropriate for system design.

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L’utilisation croissante des Alliages à Mémoire de Forme (AMF) dans des structures de plus en plus complexes, notamment en vue d'applications médicales, rend nécessaire la compréhension des phénomènes régissant leur comportement et plus précisément la pseudo-élasticité. Le fort couplage thermomécanique, résultant de la transformation de phase martensitique, est un point clé de ce comportement. Les travaux de thèse présentés sont consacrés à l’étude et la modélisation de ce couplage. Tout d’abord, la transformation de phase martensitique provoque une déformation et une émission de chaleur couplées qui peuvent se localiser en bandes de transformation sous sollicitation uniaxiale. Une partie de cette thèse a été consacrée au développement de la Corrélation d’Images InfraRouge, qui permet à partir d’un unique film IR de mesurer conjointement, en une seule analyse, les champs cinématiques et thermiques discrétisés sur un même maillage éléments finis. Une application à l’analyse d’un essai de traction sur AMF de type NiTi a été réalisée. Le comportement pseudo-élastique a aussi été abordé d’un point de vue modélisation. Une large part de ce travail de thèse a donc été consacrée à l’élaboration d’un modèle multiéchelle et multiaxial, décrivant le comportement d’un VER à partir de la physique de la transformation martensitique à l’échelle de la maille cristalline. L’approche est inspirée de modèles multiéchelles développés pour la modélisation d’autres couplages multiphysiques et notamment magnéto-élastique. La troisième partie de cette thèse a été consacrée à l’élaboration d’un modèle de structure 1D sous traction uniaxiale. Dans un premier temps un modèle de thermique 1D ainsi qu’un modèle mécanique phénoménologique à seuils ont été développés. Les simulations rendent compte des phénomènes de transformation diffuse accompagnant l’élasticité puis de la transformation localisée. L’algorithme est notamment capable de gérer les deux sens de transformation. Ce modèle met en compétition les deux phénomènes transitoires de génération et évacuation de la chaleur par la transformation de phase et les échanges thermiques avec l’environnement. Ainsi, il est capable de reproduire la relation liant le nombre de bandes de transformation générées à la vitesse de sollicitation et aux conditions aux limites thermiques. Un travail été initié pour coupler ce modèle de structure et de gestion de la thermique au modèle monocristallin multiaxial. Sans encore reproduire la localisation de la transformation en bande, les simulations de traction montrent un hystérésis, issu des pertes thermiques dans l’air ambiant, bien que le modèle de comportement multiéchelle élémentaire soit écrit dans un cadre réversible, l’irréversibilité et la localisation étant avant tout des effets de transferts. Le couplage thermomécanique à la source des comportements si spécifiques des AMF que sont la super élasticité et la mémoire de forme ont donc été étudiés sous divers points de vue : expérimentalement, par l’établissement de modèles de comportement, par la simulation de structures 1D et des échanges thermiques mis en jeu. Les outils et modèles ont été appliqués à l’étude du Ni49,75at%Ti, support de ce travail, mais sont facilement adaptables à tout autre AMF. L’approche utilisée pour la modélisation multi-échelle peut être étendue à d’autres couplages, par exemple en cumulant les couplages thermo- et magnéto- mécaniques en vu de l’étude des Alliages à Mémoire de Forme Magnétiques par exemple. / The increasing use of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) for complex structure, especially for medical applications, requires a better understanding of the phenomena governing their behaviors and particularly the super-elasticity. The strong thermomechanical coupling resulting from the martensitic phase transformation is a key point of this behavior. The thesis is devoted to the study and modeling of this coupling. First, the martensitic phase transformation causes coupled local deformation and heat emission that can locate onto transformation bands when structure undergoes uniaxial stress. A part of this thesis has been devoted to the development of InfraRed Image Correlation (IRIC). This technique permits us to measure by a single analysis, from a single IR film, both kinematic and thermal fields discretized on the same finite element mesh. An application to the analysis of a tensile test on a NiTi type AMF has been made. Superelastic behavior is also discussed from a modeling point of view. A large part of this work has been devoted to the development of multiaxial multiscale model describing the behavior of a RVE from the description of martensitic transformation at the crystal scale. The approach is inspired from multiscale models developed for modeling other multiphysic couplings especially the magneto-elastic coupling. It is based on the comparison of the free energies of each component, without any topological description. A probabilistic comparison is made, using a Boltzmann distribution, to determine the internal variables : the volume fractions. Interfaces are not taken into account. This model allows the simulation of the effect of any thermo-mechanical loading. It well gives account of the superelasticity, including the asymmetry in tension / compression ... The third part of this thesis has been devoted to the development of a one dimensional model for structure under uniaxial tension. In a first step, a 1D thermal model and a phenomenological mechanical model, based on the Clausius Clapeyron diagram have been developed. The simulations account for the diffuse transformation accompanying the elasticity at the very beginning of stress-strain behavior, and localized phase transformation afterthat. The algorithm is capable of handling two-way transformation. This model emphasizes competition both transient phenomena : generation and heat dissipation by the phase transformation and heat exchange with environment. Thus, it is able to reproduce relationship linking the number of nucleated transformation bands to the strain rate and the thermal boundary conditions. A study has been initiated to couple this model to the singlecrystalline multiaxial RVE model detailed in the previous part. It is currently not able to model the localization phenomenon, but the simulations show a tensile hysteresis issued from the thermal losses in the air. Indeed, even if the local multiscale model is written in a reversible way, irreversibility and the localization are primarily structural effects. The thermomechanical coupling is at the origin of the so specific AMF behavior (super elasticity and shape memory effect), it has been studied from various points of view: experimentally, by establishing RVE models, by simulating 1D structures and heat exchange. Developed tools and models have been applied to the study of Ni49, 75at% Ti, but are easily adaptable to other AMF. The approach used for the multi-scale modeling can be extended to other couplings, such as couplings cumulating the thermo-and magneto-mechanical aspect for the study of Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys for example.