Dans la première partie de cette thèse effectuée en collaboration avec le groupe expérimental de C. Chazaud (Clermont Université), nous avons étudié théoriquement un processus de différenciation cellulaire intervenant avant l’implantation de l’embryon dans l’utérus. Il s’agit de la spécification des cellules de la masse cellulaire interne (MCI) en épiblaste (EPI) et en endoderme primitif (EPr), processus dans lequel les facteurs de transcription Nanog et Gata6 jouent un rôle essentiel. En effet, en absence de Nanog, les cellules de la MCI acquièrent toutes une identité EPr, tandis qu’en absence de Gata6, elles se différencient toutes en EPI. De plus, la voie de signalisation Fgf/Erk active l’expression de Gata6 et inhibe celle de Nanog. Enfin, Nanog active la sécrétion dans le milieu extracellulaire de Fgf4, une molécule qui active la voie de signalisation Fgf/Erk en se liant au FgfR2. Nous avons développé un modèle mathématique pour ce réseau de régulations, fondé sur des équations différentielles ordinaires décrivant l’évolution temporelle des niveaux de protéines Nanog, Gata6, Fgf4 et Fgfr2 et de l’activité de la voie Fgf-Erk. Nous avons validé ce modèle en montrant qu’il récapitule les résultats expérimentaux obtenus in vivo, dans les embryons wild-type et dans les mutants Nanog-/- et Gata6-/-. De plus, l’analyse des résultats du modèle permet de proposer un nouveau mécanisme pour l’émergence d’une population mixte de cellules EPI et EPr au sein de la MCI. Ce mécanisme repose sur le fait que le système décrit par notre modèle peut présenter trois états stationnaires stables, dont les niveaux d’expression de Nanog et Gata6 correspondent à l’EPI, l’EPr et la MCI non-différenciée, respectivement. De plus, le modèle a été utilisé afin d’interpréter des résultats expérimentaux récents et contre-intuitifs, concernant les embryons hétérozygotes Gata6+/-. Enfin, nous avons établi des prédictions théoriques, dont certaines ont été ultérieurement vérifiées en laboratoire. <p>Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, effectuée dans le laboratoire d’O. Pourquié (Université de Strasbourg), nous avons étudié un processus de différenciation in vitro, par une approche expérimentale. Il s’agit de la différenciation des cellules souches embryonnaires (ES) en cellules de mésoderme paraxial, un tissu dont dérivent –au cours du développement embryonnaire– les cellules formant notamment les vertèbres, les côtes, la peau et les muscles squelettiques du dos.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Apesar do grande potencial de regeneração do tecido ósseo, em algumas situações a extensão da lesão impede que o tecido se repare completamente. Como uma alternativa em relação aos tratamentos convencionais, a terapia celular tem sido considerada como promissora para o reparo de defeitos ósseos. No entanto, poucos estudos investigaram a terapia celular utilizando osteoblastos, portanto, avaliamos o efeito da injeção direta de osteoblastos na regeneração do tecido ósseo. Como os osteoblastos têm origens embrionárias diferentes, foi comparado in vitro o potencial osteogênico de osteoblastos derivados da crista neural, do mesoderma e de ambas as origens embrionárias. Considerando a necessidade de grande número de células para a terapia, foi comparado o efeito de uma subcultura, como meio de aumentar a quantidade de células, no potencial osteogênico dos osteoblastos. Para avaliação da regeneração dos defeitos, osteoblastos foram injetados diretamente nesses defeitos. Osteoblastos foram obtidos da calvária de ratos recém-nascidos (Wistar), sendo que os derivados da crista neural foram isolados dos ossos frontais (OB-CN); os do mesoderma isolados dos ossos parietais (OB-MS); e de ambas as origens embrionárias isolados de toda a calvária (OB-Cal). O efeito da subcultura no potencial osteogênico foi avaliado em OB-Cal ou na primeira passagem dessa cultura (OB-Cal P1). Após até 14 dias em cultura, foram avaliadas a proliferação celular, atividade de fosfatase alcalina (ALP), formação de matriz extracelular mineralizada e a expressão dos genes marcadores osteoblásticos: fator de transcrição runt-related 2 (RUNX2), ALP, osteocalcina (OC) e sialoproteína óssea (BSP). Para avaliar a regeneração do tecido ósseo, foram criados defeitos de 5 mm de diâmetro na calvária de ratos Wistar, que após 2 semanas foram tratados com 5 x 106 osteoblastos derivados de OB-Cal P1, por meio de injeção local. Ao final de 4 semanas, a formação óssea foi avaliada por microtomografia computadorizada e análise histológica. Os dados foram comparados por ANOVA, seguido do teste de Student-Newman-Keuls, ou teste t, quando apropriado, considerando o nível de significância de 5%. A comparação do potencial osteogênico em relação à origem embrionária mostrou que, os OB-MS apresentaram maior proliferação mas não houve diferença entre as culturas no evento final da diferenciação osteoblástica, que é a formação de matriz mineralizada. No entanto, como as culturas de OB-Cal apresentaram maior expressão gênica de marcadores iniciais, intermediários e finais dessa diferenciação; e considerando que, essas culturas são aquelas nas quais é possível obter o maior número de células, optamos por utilizar essas culturas na avaliação da formação óssea induzida pela terapia celular. Além disso, os resultados mostraram que os OB-Cal P1 tem seu potencial osteogênico reduzido, mas considerando que a subcultura permite a obtenção de maior número de células, são uma boa escolha para a terapia celular. Tanto que, ao avaliar in vivo a capacidade regenerativa das OBCal P1 no reparo dos defeitos ósseos, as análises microtomográficas e histológicas mostraram que que a terapia celular com injeção local de osteoblastos obtidos de fragmentos ósseos da calvária constitui uma estratégia adequada para estimular o reparo ósseo / Despite of the great potential of regeneration of the bone tissue, in some situations the extension of the lesion prevents the tissue from repairing completely. As an alternative to conventional treatments, cell therapy has been considered a promising strategy for the repair of bone defects. However, few studies investigated cell therapy using osteoblasts, therefore, we evaluated the effect of direct injection of osteoblasts on the regeneration of bone tissue. Since osteoblasts have different embryonic origins, the osteogenic potential of osteoblasts derived from neural crest, mesoderm and both embryonic origins was compared in vitro. Considering the need for a large number of cells for the therapy, the effect of a subculture, a common way to increase the amount of cells, on the osteogenic potential was also compared. Then, osteoblasts were injected directly into bone defects to evaluate the regeneration of bone tissue. Osteoblasts were obtained from the calvaria of newborn rats (Wistar), the neural crest derivatives were isolated from the frontal bones (OB-CN); those of the mesoderm isolated from the parietal bones (OB-MS); and from both embryonic origins isolated from the entire calvaria (OB-Cal). The effect of the subculture on the osteogenic potential was evaluated in OB-Cal and in its firstpassage (OB-Cal P1). After up to 14 days, all cultures were assayed for cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), mineralized extracellular matrix formation and the expression of the osteoblastic marker genes: runtrelated transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), ALP, osteocalcin (OC) and bone sialoprotein (BSP). To evaluate the effect of cell injection on bone regeneration, defects of 5 mm diameter were created in the calvaria of Wistar rats, that after 2 weeks were injected with 5 x 106 OB-Cal P1-derived osteoblasts. Vehicle injections were used as control. At the end of 4 weeks, the bone formation was evaluated by computerized microtomography and histological analysis. Data were compared by ANOVA, followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test, or ttest, when appropriate, and the level of significance was set at 5%. The comparison of the osteogenic potential related to the embryonic origin showed that the OB-MS presented a greater proliferation but there was no difference between the cultures in the final event of the osteoblastic differentiation, that is the formation of mineralized matrix. However, as OB-Cal cultures showed greater gene expression of initial, intermediate and final markers of this differentiation; and considering that these cultures are those in which it is possible to obtain the largest number of cells, we selected these cultures for evaluating the bone formation induced by the cell therapy. In addition, the results showed that OB-Cal P1 still holds its osteogenic potential and despite being lower than that of OB-Cal as the subculture allows obtaining more cells, it has been considered as a good choice for cell therapy. In agreement with this, OB-Cal P1-derived osteoblasts injected into the bone defects were capable of inducing more bone formation than control, as revealed by microtomographic and histological analyzes. Therefore, it supports the idea that cell therapy with local injection of osteoblasts obtained from calvarial bone fragments is an adequate strategy to stimulate bone formation

Chez les Vertébrés, le plan d’organisation du corps est mis en place lors de l’élongation de l’axe antéro-postérieur. L’importance du mésoderme pré-somitique (PSM) dans l’élongation a précédemment été démontrée chez l’embryon de poulet. Il a été proposé qu’un gradient de motilité cellulaire aléatoire, contrôlé par un gradient de morphogène, était nécessaire à l’élongation de l’axe. À ce jour, les interactions entre un profil de signalisation moléculaire bien connu et un mécanisme physique d’élongation restent à explorer. En particulier, plusieurs questions de mécanique doivent être étudiées. Tout d’abord, un gradient de motilité cellulaire peut-il provoquer l’extension du PSM ? Ensuite, la force générée par l’extension du PSM peut-elle être à l’origine de l’élongation de l’axe ? Enfin, comment l’extension du PSM est-elle couplée mécaniquement à l’élongation des autres tissus ? Pour répondre à ces questions, une meilleure description des propriétés mécaniques des tissus embryonnaires est nécessaire. De plus, afin d’estimer la contribution des différents tissus au processus d’élongation, une analyse quantitative de la production de force de ces tissus est essentielle. Dans cette thèse de doctorat, nous présentons le profil des propriétés visco-élastiques du PSM et du tube neural le long de l’axe. Nous démontrons également que des PSM isolés sont capables de s’allonger de manière autonome et nous mesurons leur contribution à la force totale d’élongation. / In vertebrates, the elongation of the anteroposterior axis is a crucial step during embryonic development as it results in the establishment of the basic body plan. A previous study highlighted the importance of the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) in elongation and showed that a gradient of random cell motility along the anteroposterior axis is necessary for proper elongation of the chicken embryo. It was proposed that a gradient of random cell motility, downstream of a morphogen gradient, drives axis extension. To date, the potential interaction between well-established molecular signaling and physical mechanisms involved in axis elongation remains largely unexplored. In particular, several mechanical questions need to be addressed. First, can the cell motility gradient lead to PSM extension? Second, is the force generated by PSM extension capable of promoting axis elongation? Third, how is PSM extension mechanically coupled with the elongation of all embryonic tissues? In order to tackle these questions, a better description of the mechanical properties of the embryonic tissues is required. Moreover, to assess specific tissues' contribution to elongation, a quantitative analysis of their force production is needed. In this Ph.D. thesis, we measure how the viscoelastic properties of both the PSM and the neural tube vary along the anteroposterior axis. We also demonstrate that isolated PSM explants are capable of autonomous elongation and we measure their contribution to the total force production in the embryo.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-116).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Feb. 13, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

La thérapie cellulaire représente une alternative intéressante aux approchespharmacologiques dans le cadre de certaines pathologies comme les dystrophiesneuromusculaires ou l’ischémie du myocarde. La transplantation de précurseurs adultes deces tissus peut améliorer ces pathologies. Toutefois, le faible nombre de ces précurseursdans l’organisme et la difficulté de leur culture et expansion in vitro sont des facteurslimitants. Grâce à leurs propriétés spécifiques, les cellules souches embryonnaires (ES)constituent une source alternative pour la thérapie cellulaire. Cependant, leur efficacité dedifférenciation dans un lignage donné doit être finement contrôlée avant de pouvoir lesutiliser avec succès.Afin de mieux connaître le potentiel thérapeutique des cellules dérivées de cellulesES, il est essentiel de caractériser les mécanismes moléculaires qui engagent les cellules ESvers différents lignages. Nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressés à la voie designalisation p38MAPK, qui est largement impliquée dans la différenciation cellulaire et lasurvie cellulaire. Nous avons plus précisement étudié l’implication de p38MAPK au coursdes différenciations endothéliale, du muscle lisse et du muscle squelettique.Nous avons mis en évidence que les cellules ES p38!-/- ne se différencient plus encellules endothéliales, en cellules du muscle lisse et en cellules du muscle squelettique. Laré-expression de p38MAPK dans ces cellules restaure partiellement les différenciationsdérivées du mésoderme (les différenciations endothéliale, du muscle lisse,cardiomyocytaire et de muscle squelettique). Parallèlement grâce à une inhibitionspécifique de la voie p38MAPK au cours de la différenciation des cellules ES, nous avonsmontré que la voie p38MAPK agit via deux mécanismes moléculaires distincts successifspour réguler la différenciation mésodermique des cellules ES. Le premier mécanisme estcorrèlé à l’expression de Brachyury, un marqueur précoce du mésoderme, alors que lesecond mécanisme est indépendant de Brachyury.Nous avons ensuite poursuivi l’étude de l’implication de p38MAPK dans lamyogénèse des cellules ES et nous avons pu mettre en évidence que p38MAPK estnécessaire à la fois pour l’engagement précoce et la différenciation terminale des cellulesmusculaires.En combinant des approches biochimiques et génétiques, nous avons démontré que lavoie de signalisation p38MAPK est nécessaire très précocement à la différenciation deslignages issus du mésoderme.Ces résultats permettent une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes moléculairesimpliqués dans la différenciation des cellules ES, ce qui constitue une étape préalable ausuccés de futures thérapies cellulaires. / Embryonic stem (ES) cells give rise, in vivo, to all of the three germ layers and, invitro, to differentiate into a broad variety of cell lineages which opens up largeperspectives in regenerative medicine. We previously found that the p38MAPKpathway controls the commitment of ES cells toward either cardiomyogenesis (p38on) or neurogenesis (p38 off ). In this study, we show that p38a knock-out ES cellsdo not differentiate into cardiac, endothelial, smooth muscle, and skeletal musclelineages. Reexpression of p38MAPK in these cells partially rescues theirmesodermal differentiation defects and corrects the high level of spontaneousneurogenesis of knock-out cells. Wild-type ES cells were treated with a p38MAPKspecificinhibitor during the differentiation process. These experiments allowed us toidentify 2 early independent successive p38MAPK functions in the formation ofmesodermal lineages. Further, the first one correlates with the regulation of theexpression of Brachyury, an essential mesodermal-specific transcription factor, byp38MAPK. Moreover, we also showed that p38MAPK is required for the late stageskeletal muscle differentiation. In conclusion, by genetic and biochemicalapproaches, we demonstrate that p38MAPK activity is essential for the commitmentof ES cell into cardiac, endothelial, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle mesodermallineages.

During embryonic development, precursor cells commit to specific cell fates in response to environmental cues through the establishment of lineage-specific gene expression programmes. Transcription factors are important downstream effectors of signalling pathways that initiate and maintain cell fate decisions. The haematopoietic transcription factor SCL (TAL-1) is an essential regulator of embryonic blood development. However, the exact stage at which SCL is required, its mechanisms of action, and its genomic targets are poorly understood. Characterising, jiow SCL functions - , during haematopoietic development will provide insights into how stern cells are specified. Using the embryonic stem cell/embryoid body (ES/EB) system to model early mouse development, we describe a critical role for SCL in mesoderm patterning. SCL is first expressed in PDGFRa+ FLK1+ mesoderm populations which contain lateral, paraxial and cardiac precursors. Through loss- and gain-of-function studies, we show that SCL drives lateral mesoderm specification and activates the haematopoietic programme in a direct DNA-binding independent manner, while actively repressing alternative mesodermal fates, specifically cardiac development, in a DNA-binding dependent manner. At a molecular level, we have identified direct genomic targets of SCL in Flk-1 + mesoderm populations. These include haematopoietic and cardiac transcription factors, cardiac-specific structural proteins, signalling proteins and general transcriptional repressors; thereby strengthening the dual function of SCL in mesoderm patterning. Finally, we have shown that the cardiac transcription factor GATA4 acts in a reciprocal manner, specifying cardiac precursors while repressing a lateral mesoderm fate. Collectively, this implicates SCL as a critical transcriptional regulator of cell fate decisions in early mesodermal precursors, employing distinct molecular mechanisms to impose a blood programme. Moreover, and extending earlier reports, we document the existence of an antagonistic cross-talk between haematopoietic and cardiac lineages during mesoderm patterning. In conclusion, this work offers a cellular and molecular platform to begin to dissect the network of genetic interactions involved in these developmental processes.

Cai, Ganhui. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-192). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

In this thesis, I first focused on the testing of the hypothesis of the mechanotransductive activation of the apical accumulation of Myosin-II (Myo-II) that leads to Drosophila embryos mesoderm invagination, in response to the active cell apex pulsations preceding gastrulation in the mesoderm. This hypothesis was proposed on the basis of previous experiments realized in my host lab, having consisted in the rescue of mesoderm invagination in pulsation and invagination defective mutants, in response to a simple mechanical indent of the mesoderm. Here I demonstrated quantitatively the plausibility of such mechanical trigger of the active apical accumulation of Myo-II leading to subsequent mesoderm invagination, in response to the mechanical strains developed by the endogenous pulsative movements of mesoderm cell apexes, in silico. In a second part, I tested experimentally the role of the mechanical strains developed by the very first morphogenetic movements of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Drosophila embryos, in the early specification of mesoderm cells identity. Specifically, to test this hypothesis, I developed magnetic biophysical tools to mimic the epiboly morphogenetic movements in epiboly defective zebrafish embryos. We found the beta-catenin (B-cat) Y667 phosphorylation as the common mechano-transductive pathway involved in earliest mesoderm genes expression notail and twist respectively, in response to the very first morphogenetic movements of embryogenesis in both species, epiboly and mesoderm invagination, respectively. This allowed to suggest such mechanotransduction pathway as conserved from the last common ancestor of both species, namely the last common ancestor of bilaterians, therefore possibly involved in the origins of mesoderm emergence in the ancestor, which represents a currently important opened question of evo-devo. In a third part, I developed experiments of mechanical indent of Drosophila embryos germ cells, and demonstrated the production of generational heritable developmental defects induced on at least 3 generations. These experiments suggest accidental mechanical perturbation of germ cells as a putative new motor mode of heritable modulations in the genetic developmental program of embryogenesis, with the molecular mechanism underlying such transmission being currently in progress.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2003. / Vita. Bibliography: 180-208.