Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseSF_DISSERT.pdf: 724347 bytes, checksum: 5e2fe00c994c8234654f9d9f1d251e78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-17 / Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate physical characteristics and to examine association between somatotype and performance in collegiate runners of 100 m and 400 m. Methods: The sample, male runners (n=39) competing at the regional level in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, had height, body mass, skinfolds, limb circumference and skeletal breadths measured. Then, the somatotype was calculated by Health-Carter method. Races (100 m and 400 m) were held to assess athletic performance. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the total sample, as well as for the 100 m and 400 m groups, and established four subgroups, named quartiles. For analysis between groups of runners (100 m x 400 m) was used Student's t test for independent samples. To examine the relationship between the race times and anthropometric variables, was used the Pearson correlation test. The somatotype dispersion distance and somatotype spatial distance were calculated among subgroups. One-way analysis of variance, the Wilcoxon test followed of Tukey post test, and correlation analysis were used with a significance level of p<0.05. Results: Somatotype with mesomorphy and ectomorphy dominance was exhibited by 100 m and 400 m athletes. Endomorphy was low in both groups, especially in 400m runners, who had more elongated body types than 100 m runners. When separately compared by athletic performance quartile, 100 m sprinters of better qualifications (G100-G1) had somatotype with dominant mesomorphy, whereas 400 m runners had somatotype with dominant ectomorphy. A significant correlation (r = -0.55, p=0.008) between calf circumference and 100 m race times was observed showing the importance of muscularity, whereas a significant correlation was found between height and 400 m race times (r = -0.53, p=0.02) showing the importance of linearity. Conclusion: Runners of 100 and 400 may show differences in physical characteristics, depending on the level of athletic performance. Anthropometric periodic evaluations may help in the training process of these athletes. However, more specific assessment parameters should be taken into account, because somatotype by itself has not power to predict whether an individual will succeed in racing speed / Objetivo: Investigar as caracter?sticas f?sicas e examinar a associa??o entre o somatotipo e o desempenho em corredores de 100 e 400m. M?todos: As caracter?sticas antropom?tricas e o desempenho atl?tico de corredores de 100 e 400m foram avaliados e comparados. A amostra foi composta de corredores do sexo masculino (n = 39) de n?vel regional no Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Estatura, massa corporal, dobras cut?neas, circunfer?ncia do membro e di?metros ?sseos foram medidos. Em seguida, o somatotipo foi calculado pelo m?todo de Heath-Carter. Corridas de 100 e 400 m foram realizadas para avaliar o desempenho atl?tico. Para a an?lise entre os grupos de corredores (100m x 400m) foi utilizado o teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Foram calculadas estat?sticas descritivas para a amostra total, bem como para os grupos de 100 e 400m e estabelecidos quatro subgrupos, nomeados quartis. Na compara??o dos subgrupos oriundos da distribui??o quartil foi aplicada a an?lise de vari?ncia de um crit?rio (ANOVA), seguida do p?s-teste de Tukey. Para analisar a rela??o entre os tempos de corrida e as vari?veis antropom?tricas, foi utilizado o teste de correla??o de Pearson. A compara??o entre os quartis foi feita utilizando-se a dist?ncia de dispers?o entre os somatotipos (DDS) e a dist?ncia espacial entre os somatotipos (DES) para a an?lise das dispers?es bidimensionais e tridimensionais dos somatotipos24. Como crit?rio para determina??o da exist?ncia de diferen?as entre os grupos observou-se para a DDS valores &#8805; 2 e para a DES &#8805; 124. Em toda a an?lise foi considerado um p valor padr?o de 0,05 e intervalo de confian?a de 95%. Resultados: Atletas de 100 e 400m apresentaram somatotipo com domin?ncia de mesomorfia e ectomorfia. A endomorfia foi baixa em ambos os grupos, especialmente em corredores de 400m que apresentaram tipo f?sico mais alongado do que os corredores de 100m. Quando comparados separadamente por quartis de desempenho, corredores de 100m de melhor qualifica??o (G100-G1) tinham somatotipo com domin?ncia de mesomorfia, enquanto os corredores de 400m de melhor qualifica??o (G400-G1) tinham somatotipo com ectomorfia dominante. Foi observada uma correla??o significativa (r = -0,55, p = 0,008) entre a circunfer?ncia de perna e os tempos na corrida de 100m o que mostra a import?ncia da muscularidade, enquanto que uma correla??o significativa (r = -0,53, p = 0,02) foi encontrada entre a estatura e os tempos na corrida de 400m mostrando a import?ncia da linearidade. Conclus?o: Corredores de 100 e 400m apresentam algumas diferen?as nas caracter?sticas f?sicas, dependendo do n?vel de desempenho atl?tico. Avalia??es antropom?tricas peri?dicas podem ajudar no processo de treinamento destes atletas. No entanto, par?metros de avalia??o mais espec?ficos devem ser levados em conta, pois o somatotipo, por si s?, n?o tem poder para predizer se um indiv?duo ter? sucesso em corridas de velocidade

Pour ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés dans une première partie à la conception et à la synthèse de nouveaux matériaux multifonctionnels (LC, photosensible, systèmes moléculaires dendritiques) capables d'être élaborés en films minces anisotropes et doués de propriétés photo-induites. Nous avons réalisé l'étude complète des propriétés mésomorphes de ces nouveaux matériaux et de dérivés structuraux (en fonction de la connectivité dendritique intrinsèque) par la diffraction des rayons X aux petits angles; l’étude de leurs propriétés optiques a également été effectuée. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons fonctionnalisé des nanoparticules d'or avec des ligands dendritiques mésogènes afin d'organiser ces particules dans des structures mésomorphes. Les objectifs principaux de cette partie sont tout d’abord la synthèse d'une "bibliothèque" de nanoparticules mésomorphes dendronisées, et ensuite la caractérisation de réseaux simples formée par l’auto-assemblage des particules précédentes. / The need to expand further the range of mesomorphic organization, develop original materials where different functionalities can be added (i.e. multifunctional), and to design “multitask materials” with tunable properties are particularly interesting and crucial challenges for potential uses in future technologies. On the one hand, we focused on the design and synthesis of multifunctional materials (liquid crystalline, dendritic, photoresponisve) which are suitable for making thin films where photoinduced optical anisotropy and surface relief gratings can be generated. The mesomorphic behaviour of these dendrimers was investigated and also their optical properties. On the other hand, we grafted structurally related protodendritic mesogenic ligands to monodisperse gold nanoparticles to elaborate liquid crystalline hybrids in order to self-organize NPs in periodic arrays. A set of dendronized gold nanohybrids was synthesized to carry out this study.

De nouveaux glycopolymères greffés aux paramètres macromoléculaires contrôlés [dextrane-g-poly(acrylate de diéthylène glycol cholestéryle), Dex-g-PADEGChol] ont été préparés en quatre étapes via la stratégie de synthèse « grafting from». L'originalité de ces glycopolymères réside dans la combinaison, et pour la première fois, d'une dorsale polysaccharide hydrophile biocompatible/ biodégradable et de greffons polymères hydrophobes à caractère mésogène. L'ATRP a été utilisée pour contrôler la croissance des greffons PADEGChol en milieu homogène à partir d'un macroamorceur dérivé de dextrane (DexAcBr). Les conditions de polymérisation avaient été préalablement ajustées en étudiant l'homopolymérisation du monomère ADEGChol en présence d'un amorceur modèle et de plusieurs systèmes catalytiques CuIBr/(PMDETA ou OPMI) dans différents solvants (THF ou toluène). Le caractère amphiphile de ces glycopolymères a été évalué et leurs propriétés mésomorphes ont été étudiées par calorimétrie différentielle à balayage, microscopie optique à lumière polarisante et par diffraction des rayons X. Des études préliminaires par microscope électronique à transmission et diffusion dynamique de la lumière polarisée ont démontré que ces glycopolymères adoptent une morphologie vésiculaire appelée « polymersome » en phase aqueuse, lorsque le DMSO est utilisé comme co-solvant. Ces nano-objets pourront être testés ultérieurement pour la formulation d'un nouveau type de vecteurs de principes actifs / New graft glycopolymers with well-defined parameters [dextran-g-poly(diethylene glycol cholesteryl ether acrylate) (Dex-g-PADEGChol)] have been prepared in four steps using the "grafting from" strategy. Challenge of this work arises from the combination for the first time of a hydrophilic, biocompatible/biodegradable polysaccharide backbone with mesogen hydrophobic polymeric grafts. Controlled growth of the grafts (PADEGChol) was obtained using ATRP initiated in homogeneous medium from a dextran derivative (DexAcBr). In order to find the best polymerization conditions, homopolymerization of ADEGChol monomer was investigated using an initiator model and various catalytic systems CuIBr/(PMDETA or OPMI) in two solvents (Toluene and THF). The amphiphilic properties of such glycopolymers were evaluated and their mesomorphic properties have been studied by thermal polarizing optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray scattering. Using transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, vesicular morphology called "polymersome" was observed in aqueous medium when DMSO was used as co-solvent. These polymersomes could be tested as new drug delivery systems