As zeólitas são amplamente utilizadas pela indústria em diferentes processos. Nos processos relacionados à conversão térmica do carvão, as zeólitas encontram aplicação, por exemplo, como suporte de catalisadores para a Síntese de Fischer-Tropsch, ou mesmo como adsorventes de efluentes líquidos ou de gases poluentes. No entanto, a microporosidade da zeólita limita a difusão dos produtos e dos reagentes ocasionando um transporte de massa lento e um longo tempo de residência, aumentando a possibilidade de reações secundárias, formação de coque e desativação do catalisador. Uma das maneiras de superar essas limitações é a introdução de um sistema secundário de poros, através da reestruturação da rede cristalina com modeladores de estruturas ou ataques químicos básicos e ácidos nas zeólitas de modo a formar materiais hierárquicos ou mesoporosos. Neste trabalho, foram investigadas três rotas para promover a mesoporosidade em zeólitas do tipo Y. Primeiramente foi realizada a síntese da zeólita hierárquica através da modificação com líquidos iônicos. O segundo método empregado foi o processo de dessilicação, utilizando hidróxido de sódio como base e, por último, a desaluminação com ácido oxálico. As zeólitas mesoporosas foram caracterizadas através de análises de área específica (BET), distribuição de tamanho de poros (BJH), difração de raios X (DRX) e redução à temperatura programada (TPR-H2). Dentre os métodos adotados, os resultados para DRX e BET mostraram que o tratamento de dessilicação destruiu a cristalinidade da zeólita, acarretando no abandono dessa rota de investigação. A síntese com líquido iônico se mostrou eficiente para a formação de mesoporos e, conforme a distribuição de tamanho de poros, seu sistema apresentou-se ordenado de maneira hierarquizada. A desaluminação não danificou a estrutura da zeólita, porém foi obtido um aumento pouco expressivo em seu número de mesoporos. A reação de esterificação foi utilizada, como modelo, para avaliar o efeito dos mesoporos sobre a atividade catalítica da reação. A reação de esterificação ocorreu a 70°C por 1 h, utilizando ácido acético e álcoois com diferentes tamanhos de moléculas. Em comparação à zeólita de partida (CBV720 - Zeolyst), a criação da mesoporosidade na zeólita através dos líquidos iônicos resultou em um aumentou na conversão de ácido acético para os álcoois etílico (em 17,65%), isopropílico (em 8,42%) e isobutílico (em 2%). Para a zeólita mesoporosa sintetizada por desaluminação, houve um acréscimo de 10,93% e 2,11% na conversão para os álcoois etílico e isopropílico, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que a presença de mesoporosidade influenciou positivamente o desempenho das zeólitas Y na reação modelo de esterificação, mostrando-se um excelente mecanismo a ser aplicado para facilitar o transporte de massa nos poros da zeólita, especialmente para a síntese feita com o emprego de líquidos iônicos. / Zeolites are widely used by industry in different processes. In processes related to the thermal conversion of coal, the zeolites find application, for example, as catalyst support for the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis, or even as adsorbents of liquid effluents or pollutant gases. However, the small pore diameter of the zeolite limits the diffusion of the products and the reactants causing slow mass transport and a long residence time that increase the possibility of secondary reactions, coke formation and catalyst deactivation. One of the ways to overcome these limitations is the introduction of a secondary pore system by restructuring the crystal lattice with structural modellers or basic chemical and acidic attacks on zeolites to form hierarchical or mesoporous materials. In this work, three routes were investigated to promote mesoporosity in Y type zeolites. First, the hierarchical zeolite was synthesized through the modification with ionic liquids. The second method used was the desilication process, using sodium hydroxide as the base and, finally, the desalumination method with oxalic acid. The mesoporous zeolites were characterized by specific surface area analysis (BET), pore size distribution (BJH), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR-H2). Among the methods adopted, the results for XRD and BET showed that the desilication treatment destroyed the crystallinity of the zeolite, leading to the abandonment of this research route. The synthesis with ionic liquid was efficient for the formation of mesopores and, according to the pore size distribution, its system was hierarchically ordered. The desalumination did not damage the zeolite structure, but a small increase in its number of mesopores was noted. The esterification reaction was used to evaluate the effect of mesopores on the catalytic activityof the reaction. The esterification reaction occurred at 70°C for 1 h using acetic acid and alcohols with different sizes of molecules. Compared to the starting zeolite (CBV720 - Zeolyst), the creation of mesoporosity in the zeolite through the ionic liquids resulted in an increase in the conversion of acetic acid for the reaction conducted with ethyl (17.65%), isopropyl (8.42%) and isobutyl alcohols (2%). For the mesoporous zeolite synthesized by desalumination, there was an increase of 10.93% and 2.11% in the conversion to the ethyl and isopropyl alcohols, respectively. The results showed that the presence of mesoporosity positively influenced the performance of the zeolites Y in the esterification model reaction, showing an excellent mechanism to be applied to facilitate the mass transport in the zeolite pores, especially for the synthesis made with the use of ionic liquids.

As zeólitas são amplamente utilizadas pela indústria em diferentes processos. Nos processos relacionados à conversão térmica do carvão, as zeólitas encontram aplicação, por exemplo, como suporte de catalisadores para a Síntese de Fischer-Tropsch, ou mesmo como adsorventes de efluentes líquidos ou de gases poluentes. No entanto, a microporosidade da zeólita limita a difusão dos produtos e dos reagentes ocasionando um transporte de massa lento e um longo tempo de residência, aumentando a possibilidade de reações secundárias, formação de coque e desativação do catalisador. Uma das maneiras de superar essas limitações é a introdução de um sistema secundário de poros, através da reestruturação da rede cristalina com modeladores de estruturas ou ataques químicos básicos e ácidos nas zeólitas de modo a formar materiais hierárquicos ou mesoporosos. Neste trabalho, foram investigadas três rotas para promover a mesoporosidade em zeólitas do tipo Y. Primeiramente foi realizada a síntese da zeólita hierárquica através da modificação com líquidos iônicos. O segundo método empregado foi o processo de dessilicação, utilizando hidróxido de sódio como base e, por último, a desaluminação com ácido oxálico. As zeólitas mesoporosas foram caracterizadas através de análises de área específica (BET), distribuição de tamanho de poros (BJH), difração de raios X (DRX) e redução à temperatura programada (TPR-H2). Dentre os métodos adotados, os resultados para DRX e BET mostraram que o tratamento de dessilicação destruiu a cristalinidade da zeólita, acarretando no abandono dessa rota de investigação. A síntese com líquido iônico se mostrou eficiente para a formação de mesoporos e, conforme a distribuição de tamanho de poros, seu sistema apresentou-se ordenado de maneira hierarquizada. A desaluminação não danificou a estrutura da zeólita, porém foi obtido um aumento pouco expressivo em seu número de mesoporos. A reação de esterificação foi utilizada, como modelo, para avaliar o efeito dos mesoporos sobre a atividade catalítica da reação. A reação de esterificação ocorreu a 70°C por 1 h, utilizando ácido acético e álcoois com diferentes tamanhos de moléculas. Em comparação à zeólita de partida (CBV720 - Zeolyst), a criação da mesoporosidade na zeólita através dos líquidos iônicos resultou em um aumentou na conversão de ácido acético para os álcoois etílico (em 17,65%), isopropílico (em 8,42%) e isobutílico (em 2%). Para a zeólita mesoporosa sintetizada por desaluminação, houve um acréscimo de 10,93% e 2,11% na conversão para os álcoois etílico e isopropílico, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que a presença de mesoporosidade influenciou positivamente o desempenho das zeólitas Y na reação modelo de esterificação, mostrando-se um excelente mecanismo a ser aplicado para facilitar o transporte de massa nos poros da zeólita, especialmente para a síntese feita com o emprego de líquidos iônicos. / Zeolites are widely used by industry in different processes. In processes related to the thermal conversion of coal, the zeolites find application, for example, as catalyst support for the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis, or even as adsorbents of liquid effluents or pollutant gases. However, the small pore diameter of the zeolite limits the diffusion of the products and the reactants causing slow mass transport and a long residence time that increase the possibility of secondary reactions, coke formation and catalyst deactivation. One of the ways to overcome these limitations is the introduction of a secondary pore system by restructuring the crystal lattice with structural modellers or basic chemical and acidic attacks on zeolites to form hierarchical or mesoporous materials. In this work, three routes were investigated to promote mesoporosity in Y type zeolites. First, the hierarchical zeolite was synthesized through the modification with ionic liquids. The second method used was the desilication process, using sodium hydroxide as the base and, finally, the desalumination method with oxalic acid. The mesoporous zeolites were characterized by specific surface area analysis (BET), pore size distribution (BJH), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR-H2). Among the methods adopted, the results for XRD and BET showed that the desilication treatment destroyed the crystallinity of the zeolite, leading to the abandonment of this research route. The synthesis with ionic liquid was efficient for the formation of mesopores and, according to the pore size distribution, its system was hierarchically ordered. The desalumination did not damage the zeolite structure, but a small increase in its number of mesopores was noted. The esterification reaction was used to evaluate the effect of mesopores on the catalytic activityof the reaction. The esterification reaction occurred at 70°C for 1 h using acetic acid and alcohols with different sizes of molecules. Compared to the starting zeolite (CBV720 - Zeolyst), the creation of mesoporosity in the zeolite through the ionic liquids resulted in an increase in the conversion of acetic acid for the reaction conducted with ethyl (17.65%), isopropyl (8.42%) and isobutyl alcohols (2%). For the mesoporous zeolite synthesized by desalumination, there was an increase of 10.93% and 2.11% in the conversion to the ethyl and isopropyl alcohols, respectively. The results showed that the presence of mesoporosity positively influenced the performance of the zeolites Y in the esterification model reaction, showing an excellent mechanism to be applied to facilitate the mass transport in the zeolite pores, especially for the synthesis made with the use of ionic liquids.

As zeólitas são amplamente utilizadas pela indústria em diferentes processos. Nos processos relacionados à conversão térmica do carvão, as zeólitas encontram aplicação, por exemplo, como suporte de catalisadores para a Síntese de Fischer-Tropsch, ou mesmo como adsorventes de efluentes líquidos ou de gases poluentes. No entanto, a microporosidade da zeólita limita a difusão dos produtos e dos reagentes ocasionando um transporte de massa lento e um longo tempo de residência, aumentando a possibilidade de reações secundárias, formação de coque e desativação do catalisador. Uma das maneiras de superar essas limitações é a introdução de um sistema secundário de poros, através da reestruturação da rede cristalina com modeladores de estruturas ou ataques químicos básicos e ácidos nas zeólitas de modo a formar materiais hierárquicos ou mesoporosos. Neste trabalho, foram investigadas três rotas para promover a mesoporosidade em zeólitas do tipo Y. Primeiramente foi realizada a síntese da zeólita hierárquica através da modificação com líquidos iônicos. O segundo método empregado foi o processo de dessilicação, utilizando hidróxido de sódio como base e, por último, a desaluminação com ácido oxálico. As zeólitas mesoporosas foram caracterizadas através de análises de área específica (BET), distribuição de tamanho de poros (BJH), difração de raios X (DRX) e redução à temperatura programada (TPR-H2). Dentre os métodos adotados, os resultados para DRX e BET mostraram que o tratamento de dessilicação destruiu a cristalinidade da zeólita, acarretando no abandono dessa rota de investigação. A síntese com líquido iônico se mostrou eficiente para a formação de mesoporos e, conforme a distribuição de tamanho de poros, seu sistema apresentou-se ordenado de maneira hierarquizada. A desaluminação não danificou a estrutura da zeólita, porém foi obtido um aumento pouco expressivo em seu número de mesoporos. A reação de esterificação foi utilizada, como modelo, para avaliar o efeito dos mesoporos sobre a atividade catalítica da reação. A reação de esterificação ocorreu a 70°C por 1 h, utilizando ácido acético e álcoois com diferentes tamanhos de moléculas. Em comparação à zeólita de partida (CBV720 - Zeolyst), a criação da mesoporosidade na zeólita através dos líquidos iônicos resultou em um aumentou na conversão de ácido acético para os álcoois etílico (em 17,65%), isopropílico (em 8,42%) e isobutílico (em 2%). Para a zeólita mesoporosa sintetizada por desaluminação, houve um acréscimo de 10,93% e 2,11% na conversão para os álcoois etílico e isopropílico, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que a presença de mesoporosidade influenciou positivamente o desempenho das zeólitas Y na reação modelo de esterificação, mostrando-se um excelente mecanismo a ser aplicado para facilitar o transporte de massa nos poros da zeólita, especialmente para a síntese feita com o emprego de líquidos iônicos. / Zeolites are widely used by industry in different processes. In processes related to the thermal conversion of coal, the zeolites find application, for example, as catalyst support for the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis, or even as adsorbents of liquid effluents or pollutant gases. However, the small pore diameter of the zeolite limits the diffusion of the products and the reactants causing slow mass transport and a long residence time that increase the possibility of secondary reactions, coke formation and catalyst deactivation. One of the ways to overcome these limitations is the introduction of a secondary pore system by restructuring the crystal lattice with structural modellers or basic chemical and acidic attacks on zeolites to form hierarchical or mesoporous materials. In this work, three routes were investigated to promote mesoporosity in Y type zeolites. First, the hierarchical zeolite was synthesized through the modification with ionic liquids. The second method used was the desilication process, using sodium hydroxide as the base and, finally, the desalumination method with oxalic acid. The mesoporous zeolites were characterized by specific surface area analysis (BET), pore size distribution (BJH), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR-H2). Among the methods adopted, the results for XRD and BET showed that the desilication treatment destroyed the crystallinity of the zeolite, leading to the abandonment of this research route. The synthesis with ionic liquid was efficient for the formation of mesopores and, according to the pore size distribution, its system was hierarchically ordered. The desalumination did not damage the zeolite structure, but a small increase in its number of mesopores was noted. The esterification reaction was used to evaluate the effect of mesopores on the catalytic activityof the reaction. The esterification reaction occurred at 70°C for 1 h using acetic acid and alcohols with different sizes of molecules. Compared to the starting zeolite (CBV720 - Zeolyst), the creation of mesoporosity in the zeolite through the ionic liquids resulted in an increase in the conversion of acetic acid for the reaction conducted with ethyl (17.65%), isopropyl (8.42%) and isobutyl alcohols (2%). For the mesoporous zeolite synthesized by desalumination, there was an increase of 10.93% and 2.11% in the conversion to the ethyl and isopropyl alcohols, respectively. The results showed that the presence of mesoporosity positively influenced the performance of the zeolites Y in the esterification model reaction, showing an excellent mechanism to be applied to facilitate the mass transport in the zeolite pores, especially for the synthesis made with the use of ionic liquids.

Crosslinkable mixed matrix membranes represent an attractive technology that promises both outstanding separation properties and swelling resistance for the purification of natural gas. This approach relies upon dispersal of a CO2/CH4 size-discriminating zeolite in a crosslinkable polymer, which is resistant to CO2 swelling when crosslinked. The resulting membrane has the potential to separate CO2 from CH4 more effectively than traditional pure polymer membranes, while also providing needed membrane stability in the presence of aggressive CO2-contaminated natural gas streams. Control studies are conducted using the pure crosslinkable polymer to observe the separation properties and swelling resistance. Initial crosslinkable mixed matrix membrane experiments are then performed and result in an increase in membrane productivity, instead of the expected increase in selectivity. Traditionally, this is caused by material incompatibility at the polymer/zeolite interface, so the crosslinkable mixed matrix membranes are characterized to examine this issue. During the material characterization, a new non-ideal transport phenomenon is discovered in the zeolite phase. A model is developed to better understand the transport and predict subsequent experimental results. Once the independent materials are proven to be viable, crosslinkable mixed matrix membranes that show enhancements in both efficiency and productivity and exhibit stability in the presence of aggressive CO2 feeds are created.

L’amélioration de la qualité de l’air est un enjeu majeur pour la santé et l’environnement. Le challenge pour les fabricants de convertisseurs catalytiques pour la dépollution automobile est d’optimiser leur formulation pour répondre aux normes réglementant les émissions polluantes se durcissant, tout en rentabilisant l’utilisation de métaux précieux dont les ressources s’épuisent. Dans cette thèse, un nouveau support catalytique MgAl2O4 méso-poreux a été synthétisé par atomisation d’un sol aqueux contenant un copolymère tri-blocs. Les nano-cristallites de MgAl2O4 en contact quasi-ponctuel permettent d’atteindre des taux de dispersion de la phase active Pt-Pd supérieurs à ceux d’un catalyseur d’oxydation Diesel commercialisé, pris comme référence par la société Renault. La phase active d’un catalyseur 2,5%m.PtPd(3:2)[450°C]/MgAl2O4[900°C] présente une stabilité hydrothermale similaire à celle ce dernier grâce aux ancrages chimiques (croissance épitaxiale, solutions solides) et mécaniques (marches atomiques, pores). Bien que la totalité des métaux précieux ne soit pas accessible (insertion, encapsulation) pour l’oxydation du CO, des HC et de NO, les performances catalytiques atteintes par ce catalyseur au cours de vieillissements hydrothermaux sont comparables à celle d’un DOC de référence. La conversion des HC est similaire à celle du DOC de référence et dépendante de la concentration locale des sites actifs. La conversion du CO est légèrement pénalisée car les particules sont de trop petite taille et à l’état oxydé. Enfin, ce catalyseur ne réduit pas les NOx, en revanche il assure une oxydation plus importante de NO en NO2 après vieillissement hydrothermal que le DOC de référence, ainsi que le stockage de NO2. Cela représente un avantage majeur pour le bon fonctionnement du filtre à particules situé en aval du DOC. / The improvement of air quality is a major issue for the health and the environment. The challenge for the manufacturers of catalytic converters for automotive depollution is to optimize their formulation to meet the standards regulating the polluting emissions hardening, while making a profitable use of the precious metals whose resources are becoming exhausted. In this thesis, a new, mesoporous, MgAl2O4, catalytic support was synthesized by atomization of an aqueous sol containing a tri-block copolymer. The MgAl2O4 nanocristallites in point contact enable to reach higher dispersion rates of the Pt-Pd active phase than those of a commercialized DOC taken as reference by Renault. The active phase of the 2,5%m.PtPd(3:2)[450°C]/MgAl2O4[900°C] catalyst presents similar hydrothermal stability to that of the reference DOC thanks to chemical anchoring (epitaxial growth, solid solutions) and mechanical anchoring (atomic steps, pores). Although the totality of the precious metal content is not accessible (insertion, encapsulation) for CO, HC and NO oxidation, the catalytic performances reached by this catalyst during hydrothermal aging are comparable with that of the reference DOC. The conversion of the HC is similar to that of the reference DOC and depends on the local concentration of the active sites. The CO conversion rate is slightly penalized since the particles are too smalls and in an oxidized state. Lastly, this catalyst does not reduce NOx but ensures a more important oxidation of NO in NO2 after a hydrothermal aging than the reference DOC and also the storage of NO2 which have a positive impact on the proper functioning of the downstream diesel particulate filter.

Les catalyseurs supportés sur alumine ont un intérêt crucial pour un large domaine de procédés de raffinage. La connaissance des propriétés de texture du support catalytique est un paramètre clé pour l'optimisation des propriétés de transport des réactifs et des produits. Basée sur la grande sensibilité du nuage électronique fortement polarisable de l'atome de xénon à son environnement, la RMN 129Xe s’est avérée être une technique très utile pour étudier la porosité des solides microporeux et mésoporeux comme les zéolithes et les silices. L’objectif de cette thèse est alors de caractériser des matériaux non organisés telles que les alumines-γ grâce à cette technique. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit combinent les résultats des différentes mesures de RMN permettant de caractériser les propriétés de texture et de transport des alumines: - Après avoir déterminé les conditions expérimentales permettant de minimiser l’effet des sites d’adsorption forte sur le déplacement chimique du xénon adsorbé, une corrélation a pu être établie entre le déplacement chimique et la taille de pores déterminée par adsorption d’azote à 77 K (Chapitre 4).- Afin de décrire la diffusion de différents adsorbats (Xe, n-hexane), les décrire les coefficients d’autodiffusion ont été déterminées par RMN à gradients de champ pulsé (129Xe et 1H) permettant ainsi de caractériser les phénomènes de diffusion et d’évaluer la tortuosité (Chapitre 5).- Pour compléter la description de la porosité des alumines–γ, la connectivité des pores, l’échange des atomes de Xe entre divers environnements, a été quantifié par des expériences RMN 2D-Echange réalisées à différentes températures (Chapitre 6). / Alumina-based catalysts have a crucial importance for a wide range of refining processes. The knowledge of the textural properties of catalyst supports is decisive for the optimization of transport properties of reactants and products. Based on the sensitivity of the highly polarizable electron cloud of xenon atom to its environment, 129Xe NMR has proved to be a very useful technique to study the porosity of microporous and mesoporous solids such as zeolites and silicas. The objective of this PhD thesis is to characterize disorganized materials such as γ-aluminas with this technique. The work presented in this manuscript combine the results of different NMR measurements to characterize the texture and transport properties of aluminas:- After identifying the experimental conditions that minimize the effect of strong adsorption sites on the chemical shift of xenon adsorbed, a correlation has been established between the chemical shift and the pore size determined by nitrogen adsorption at 77 K (Chapter 4).- In order to describe the diffusion coefficients of different adsorbates (Xe, n-hexane) were determined by pulsed field gradient NMR (129Xe and 1H) to characterize diffusion phenomena and to assess pore tortuosities (Chapter 5).- For completing the description of γ-aluminas porosity, pore connectivities, exchange of Xe atoms between different environments has been quantified using 2D-Exchange NMR experiments performed at different temperatures (Chapter 6).

No description available.

No description available.

Les verres bioactifs sont des matériaux particulièrement intéressants en régénération osseuse du fait de leur capacité à stimuler les cellules responsables de la croissance osseuse par les espèces qu’ils relarguent lors de leur dissolution et pour leur capacité à se lier à l’os. Au-delà de leur rôle comme matériau de comblement de défauts osseux, ils pourraient servir de support à la croissance en laboratoire de véritables greffons osseux cultivés à l’aide de seulement quelques cellules d’un patient. Afin d’être efficace, ce support doit posséder une architecture macroporeuse interconnectée pour permettre l’invasion cellulaire ainsi que la vascularisation, nécessaire à la survie des cellules. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif la réalisation d’un tel support par l’ajout d’une étape de moussage au procédé sol-gel. Ce procédé a été utilisé pour la synthèse de matériaux aux porosités différentes permettant de déterminer une porosité plus prometteuse pour des essais in vivo qui ont montré l’invasion possible de cette mousse par des cellules osseuses. Ce procédé a de plus été rendu plus sûr par la mise au point d’une voie de synthèse alternative dans laquelle l’acide nécessaire au procédé de moussage, mais toxique, a été remplacé avec succès. Cette voie alternative a de plus permis l’organisation de la mésoporosité de la mousse. L’incorporation d’un élément d’intérêt biologique, le strontium, a été réalisé et son influence sur les propriétés et la réactivité du verre a été étudiée. Enfin, une voie de synthèse de nouveaux matériaux composites a été proposée : la grande bioactivité des verres bioactifs est conservée tout en ayant des propriétés mécaniques supérieures grâce à l’utilisation de la gélatine comme phase organique. / Bioactive glasses are very interesting materials for bone regeneration because of their ability to stimulate cells responsible for bone growth with ionic products released during dissolution and for their bone bonding ability. Beyond their role as bone filling materials, they can be used as support for growth of laboratory-made bone grafts cultivated from just a few cells of a patient. This support, named scaffold, has to be an interconnected macroporous architecture in order to allow cell invasion and vascularization which is essential to cell survival. The aim of this thesis work is the realization of such a scaffold using the sol-gel foaming process. This process has been used for the synthesis of materials with different properties that were compared for determination of the most promising for in vivo implantation and was indeed able to allow cell invasion. Moreover, this process was improved to be safer by replacement of hazardous catalyst. This new process also allowed the structuration of the mesoporosity inside the foams. Incorporation of a biologically active element (strontium) was realized and its influence on the glass properties and reactivity was evaluated. Finally, the synthesis of new composite materials has been proposed: the high bioactivity of bioactive glasses is preserved while better mechanical properties are obtained thank to the use of gelatin as organic phase.

Les propriétés (catalytiques, électriques, optiques ou magnétiques) des métaux ultra-divisés sont différentes du métal massif et sont influencées par la forme et la morphologie des nanomatériaux. Parmi les techniques de synthèses des nanomatériaux, la radiolyse est une méthode de choix pour réduire de façon contrôlée des ions métalliques et pour induire la polymérisation de monomères. Une matrice souple auto-assemblée, à partir de molécules de surfactants, a été employée comme nanoréacteur pour synthétiser des nanostructures (bi-)métalliques ou polymères de morphologie contrôlée. Les surfactants forment dans des conditions particulières des mésophases hexagonales quaternaires qui peuvent être gonflées, de façon continue, sur une large gamme. Le dopage des mésophases en sels métalliques ou en monomères peut être réalisé aussi bien en phase aqueuse qu’en phase organique, permettant d’obtenir des nanostructures de morphologie différentes. En phase aqueuse, la synthèse conduit à la formation de matériaux mésoporeux. Ceux-ci sont d’un intérêt tout particulier pour la catalyse en raison de leur très grande surface spécifique. Le contrôle du gonflement de la mésophase permet un ajustement fin de la porosité dans la structure métallique finale. Nous avons également mis en évidence que la composition de ces nanostructures métalliques Pd/Pt poreuses peut être contrôlée. Nous avons également synthétisé des nanostructures 1D dans la phase organique, comme des nanofils de palladium ou des nanofils de polymères. / The properties (catalytic, electrical, optical or magnetic) of ultra-divided metals are different from those from bulk and are influenced by the shape and morphology of the nanomaterials. Among the techniques of nanomaterials synthesis, radiolysis is a preferred method to reduce metal ions and to induce the polymerization of monomers. A soft template made of self-assembled surfactant molecules, has been used as nanoreactor to synthesize (bi-)metallic or polymer nanostructures of controlled morphology. Surfactants can form, under certain conditions, quaternary hexagonal mesophases, which can be inflated continuously over a wide range. Mesophases can be doped with metal salts or monomers, in aqueous phase or in organic phase, to obtain different nanostructures morphology. In aqueous phase, the synthesis leads to the formation of mesoporous materials. These are of particular interest for catalysis due to their large surface area. The control of the mesophase swelling allows a fine adjustment of the porosity in the final metal structure. We also demonstrated that the composition of porous bimetallic nanostructures Pd / Pt can be controlled. We also synthesized 1D nanostructures in the organic phase, such as metal (palladium) or polymer nanowires.