Sílicas mesoporosas foram funcionalizadas pela imobilização de substâncias orgânicas ligadas covalentemente aos grupos silanol da superfície da sílica. A sílica SBA-15 nanoestruturada foi funcionalizada por pós-síntese com benzotiazol-2-tiol e filmes de sílica modificados com 3-mercaptopropiltrimetoxisilano foram obtidos por funcionalização direta. A caracterização destes materiais foi realizada por espectroscopia no infravermelho, difração de raios X, termogravimetria, análise elementar, ressonância magnética nuclear, microscopia de força atômica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Eletrodos compósitos grafite-poliuretana e pasta de carbono modificados com sílica SBA-15 organofuncionalizada com benzotiazol-2-tiol (BTPSBA) e eletrodo carbono vítreo modificado com filme de sílica tiol-funcionalizado foram preparados e avaliados quanto ao seu desempenho em relação à determinação voltamétrica de metais pesados em amostras de água natural e cachaça. Parâmetros que afetam a corrente de pico voltamétrica foram otimizados e cádmio(II) apresentou uma resposta linear no intervalo de 1,0 a 10,0 x 10-6 mol L-1 com limite de detecção de 4,5 x 10-7 mol L-1 usando o eletrodo de pasta de carbono modificado com BTPSBA e voltametria de redissolução anódica de pulso diferencial (DPASV). Cd(II) foi adicionado em amostras de águas naturais e determinado com recuperação média de 96,4% em concentrações da ordem de 10-6 mol L-1. Este mesmo eletrodo, também foi avaliado na determinação de chumbo, cobre e mercúrio em amostras de água natural e cachaça por DPASV. Curvas analíticas foram lineares nos intervalos de concentração de 3,0 a 70,0 x 10-7 mol L-1 de (Pb2+), 8,0 a 100,0 x 10-7 mol L-1 de (Cu2+) e 2,0 a 10,0 x 10-6 mol L-1 de (Hg2+), com limites de detecção de 4,0 x 10-8 mol L-1 (Pb2+), 2,0 x 10-7 mol L-1 (Cu2+) e 4,0 x 10-7 mol L-1 (Hg2+). Os resultados indicaram que o eletrodo de pasta de carbono modificado com BTPSBA é sensível e efetivo na determinação de Pb2+, Cu2+ e Hg2+ nas amostras analisadas. O eletrodo compósito grafite-poliuretana modificado com BTPSBA foi avaliado na detecção de cádmio, chumbo, cobre e mercúrio, utilizando voltametria de redissolução anódica de pulso diferencial e onda quadrada (SWASV). Usando SWASV e 5 min de tempo de acumulação, respostas lineares foram obtidas nas faixas de concentrações de 1,0 x 10-7 a 1,0 x 10-6 mol L-1 (Cd2+), 7,0 a 90,0 nmol L-1 (Pb2+), 5,0 x 10-8 a 9,0 x 10-7 mol L-1 (Cu2+) e 1,0 x 10-8 a 1,0 x 10-7 mol L-1 (Hg2+), com limites de detecção de 29,0 nmol L-1 (Cd2+), 0,8 nmol L-1 (Pb2+), 8,0 nmol L-1 (Cu2+) e 0,9 nmol L-1 (Hg2+). O eletrodo modificado foi testado com sucesso na determinação simultânea de Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ e Hg2+ em amostras de água natural. Hg(II) também foi determinado em amostras de água natural usando o eletrodo carbono vítreo modificado com filme de sílica tiol-funcionalizado e foi observado um limite de detecção de 4,3 nmol L-1, usando 15 min de pré-concentração. Hg(II) foi determinado com recuperação entre 97,0 e 101,4% em concentrações da ordem de 10-8 mol L-1. Os resultados mostraram que o eletrodo é seletivo e sensível na determinação de mercúrio. Em todos os casos, a sílica SBA-15 organofuncionalizada com benzotiazol-2-tiol e o filme de sílica tiol-funcionalizado mostraram ser bons modificadores, melhorando a sensibilidade dos eletrodos. / Mesoporous silicas were functionalised by immobilisation of organic substances covalently bonded to the silanol groups on the silica surface. SBA-15 nanostructured silica was functionalised by post-synthesis with 2-benzothiazolethiol and silica films modified with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane were obtained by direct functionalisation. The characterization of these materials was performed by IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Composite graphite- polyurethane and carbon paste electrodes modified with SBA-15 silica organofunctionalised with 2-benzothiazolethiol (BTPSBA) and glassy carbon electrode modified with silica film thiol-functionalised were prepared and evaluated in relation to their performance in voltammetric determination of heavy metals in natural water and sugar cane spirit samples. Parameters affecting the voltammetric peak current were optimized and cadmium(II) showed a linear response in the range from 1.0 to 10.0 x 10-6 mol L-1 with detection limit of 4.5 x 10-7 mol L-1, using the carbon paste electrode modified with BTPSBA and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Cd(II) spiked in a natural water sample was determined with 96.4% mean recovery at µmol L-1 level. The same electrode was also evaluated in the determination of lead, copper and mercury in natural water and sugar cane spirit samples by DPASV. Analytical curves were linear in concentration ranges from 3.0 to 70.0 x 10-7 mol L-1 (Pb2+), 8.0 to 100.0 x 10-7 mol L-1 (Cu2+) and 2.0 to 10.0 x 10-6 mol L-1 (Hg2+), with detection limits of 4.0 x10-8 mol L-1 (Pb2+), 2.0 x 10-7 mol L-1 (Cu2+) and 4.0 x 10-7 mol L-1 (Hg2+). The results indicated that the carbon paste electrode modified with BTPSBA is sensitive and effective in the simultaneous determination of Pb2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ in the analyzed samples. The graphite-polyurethane composite electrode modified with BTPSBA was evaluated in the simultaneous detection of cadmium, lead, copper and mercury, using differential pulse and square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). Using SWASV and 5 min accumulation time, the linear response ranges were 1.0 x 10-7 to 1.0 x 10-6 mol L-1 (Cd2+), 7.0 x 10-9 to 90.0 nmol L-1 (Pb2+), 5.0 x 10-8 to 9.0 x 10-7 mol L-1 (Cu2+) and 1.0 x 10-8 to 1.0 x 10-7 mol L-1 (Hg2+), with detection limits of 29.0 nmol L-1 (Cd2+), 0.8 nmol L-1 (Pb2+), 8.0 nmol L-1 (Cu2+) and 0.9 nmol L-1 (Hg2+). The modified electrode was tested successfully in the determination of Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ in natural water samples. Hg(II) was also determined in natural water samples using glassy carbon electrode modified with silica film thiol-functionalised and observed a detection limit of 4.3 nmol L-1, using 15 min of pre-concentration time. Hg(II) was determined between 97.0 and 101.4% mean recovery at 10-8 mol L-1 level. The results indicate that this electrode is selective and sensitive for the Hg(II) determination. In all cases, silica SBA-15 organofunctionalised with 2-benzothiazolethiol and silica film thiol-functionalised improved the sensitivity of the electrodes.

A literature review of medical implant applications of mesoporous silica films was written, highlighting the advantages and limitations of different film synthesis methods. Both films synthesized through the EISA sol-gel method and particulate films, including those synthesized through the direct growth method, were reviewed and discussed. All films were found to have their strengths and weaknesses, however, the films synthesized through the direct growth method was found to be the most promising type for coating implants. In addition to the literature review, copper-doped mesoporous silica films were synthesized on titanium grade 2 substrates. SEM shows that particles grown on all the films and EDX elemental analysis confirms the presence of copper in the material. Nitrogen physisorption measurements show that particles with incorporated copper have a higher specific surface area, and pore volume compared to un-doped particles. No copper content could be confirmed through FTIR. The particles grown on titanium substrates were more rod-like compared to the ones grown on the silicon substrates as control.

Micro Hall probe magnetometry has been used to investigate the magnetisation of various electrodeposited microcrystals. Superconducting tin crystals of almost perfect square cuboid shapes exhibit a strong size dependence of the supercooling of the superconducting state and, for the smallest accessible crystals, the crossover to the mesoscopic regime can be readily explored close to their critical temperatures. Experimental results are in good agreement with Ginzburg-Landau simulations using the exact experimental parameters. Electroplating of the tin cores with another material provides unique core-shell structures of either two superconductors (S-S’: tin-lead) or of a superconducting core, covered with a ferromagnetic shell (S-F: tin/lead-nickel). The critical parameters of the tin core in Sn-Pb core-shell crystals are considerably enhanced and superconductivity in the tin core is detected up to 1:16 TSn c . Little-Parks oscillations in the shell can be analysed to reveal the extent of the superconducting sheath and hence can be utilised to measure the range of the proximity effect close to the critical temperature of the shell. In S-F core-shell structures, field cancellation effects govern the overall behaviour. Under certain conditions it was possible to switch the overall magnetic response from para(ferro-)magnetic to diamagnetic and back at finite applied fields. Micromagnetic simulations qualitatively reproduce the experimentally observed effects. Applications for the core-shell structures include magnetic guidance or memory devices.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Chemistry / Daniel A. Higgins / This dissertation describes single-molecule tracking (SMT) studies for the quantitative characterization of one-dimensional (1D) solvent-filled surfactant-templated mesoporous silica (STMS) materials and other nanostructured materials, such as double-stranded DNA. SMT permits the simultaneous and quantitative assessment of the nanoscale and microscale morphologies and mass-transport properties of the materials with nanometer-scale spatial resolution. The efficiency and selectivity of catalytic reactions and chemical separations occurring in liquid-filled mesoporous materials are governed by the translational and orientational mobilities and surface interactions of the incorporated reagents and analytes. Polarization dependent SMT results demonstrate that the dye molecules used as probes of materials nanostructure are tightly confined within the one-dimensional (1D) pores of surfactant-templated mesoporous silica films. Spectroscopic single molecule tracking (sSMT) data reveal that the hydrophobic probe dyes are confined within nonpolar regions of the nanomaterials For this dissertation, surfactant templated mesoporous silica films were prepared by the spin coating of acid catalyzed tetramethoxysilane (TMOS)-based silica sols on glass substrates in the presence of Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Cylindrical CTAB micelles formed during evaporation of the solvent acted as a structure directing template, forming nanometer-sized one-dimensional pores within the silica films. SMT experiments were performed using a wide-field fluorescence microscope that was sufficiently sensitive to allow detection of the fluorescence from individual dye molecules. A series of perylene diimide (PDI) dyes was employed for basic structural characterization of the silica materials. Single molecule fluorescence was recorded in the form of fluorescence videos. These videos revealed the presence of immobile dye molecules, along with those diffusing in one and two dimensions (1D and 2D). The 1D diffusing molecules provided basic evidence for the confinement mass transport of the dye molecules within the silica mesopores. Spectroscopic single molecule tracking (sSMT) studies served as an extension of basic SMT experiments and were employed to determine the location of the molecules. The polarity sensitive dye Nile Red (NR) was employed in these studies. It exhibits 1D diffusion, consistent with its confinement to the cylindrical pores, as was also the case for the PDI dyes. The sSMT data revealed that the majority of NR molecules were found in nonpolar environments having polarities similar to that of n-hexane. Single molecule emission polarization (SMEP) measurements were employed to explore the orientational confinement of the dyes. The results of these experiments demonstrated that the PDI and NR molecules diffuse with their long axes aligned parallel to the long axis of the pores. All of the dyes employed were found to be orientationally confined to ∼1 nm diameter pathways within the pores. The diffusion coefficient for the dyes was also shown to be ∼10^3 -fold smaller than in bulk solution. The results of the NR studies demonstrate that the dye molecules were confined to the hydrophobic cores of the micelles, and provide support for the conclusion that the PDI dyes are similarly confined. These studies afford an enhanced understanding of how nanostructuring of the pore-filling medium in solvent- and surfactant-filled mesoporous materials governs the mass transport and surface interactions of incorporated reagents and analytes. The dependence of molecular confinement on dye charge and structure was also explored in this dissertation. The confined translational and orientational motions of a series of four different PDI dyes diffusing along one dimension (1D) within individual cylindrical silica mesopores were investigated in these studies. Specifically, the motions of cationic and anionic PDI dyes were compared to those of two uncharged PDIs having different alkane tail lengths. All four dyes exhibited populations that were immobile, along with separate populations that diffused in either 1D or 2D. The anionic and cationic PDI dyes exhibited the largest and smallest populations, respectively, of immobile molecules, suggesting that electrostatic interactions between the charged dyes and the cationic surfactant head groups play a significant role in limiting molecular motion. The cationic and anionic PDI dyes also exhibit the largest populations of 2D diffusing molecules, suggesting they may more readily pass between the cylindrical micelles and through the silica pore walls. All four dyes also emit strongly polarized fluorescence as they move in 1D, indicating they are orientationally confined within the nanochannels. Nile Red dye was used to determine the dielectric constant, ε, of nonpolar microenvironments in double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA) single molecules both in aqueous buffer solution and when adsorbed on amine-modified chemical gradient surfaces. The value of ε within the DNA decreased with increasing buffer concentration. Values of ε ∼ 6.75 and ∼3.00 were obtained in 0.1 mM phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and in 10 mM PBS, respectively. Similar effects were observed upon adsorption to chemically graded amine-modified silica surfaces. Under 1 mM buffer, ε was measured to be ∼2.84 and ∼1.90 at the low amine (high silica), and high amine (low silica) ends of the gradient, respectively. An increase in the buffer concentration again led to a decrease in ε, but only at the low amine end. It is concluded that high buffer concentrations and binding to an amine surface cause condensation of the ds-DNA, forming less polar microenvironments within its structure. These results provide important knowledge of the factors governing the polarity of DNA microenvironments to which intercalators bind.

Les azaphosphatranes sont des entités relativement peu utilisées en catalyse organique. Cependant, ils se sont révélés être de bons catalyseurs pour la réaction de couplage entre des époxydes et le dioxyde de carbone pour former des carbonates cycliques. Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur l'optimisation de la réactivité des azaphosphatranes pour la synthèse de carbonates cycliques. Tout d'abord, une étude du confinement à différentes échelles a été réalisée. Les catalyseurs ont été étudiés en présence de silice mésoporeuse de type SBA-15 qui exacerbent leur activité. L'ajout d'un solvant ou de silice entraîne des modifications de mécanisme. La synthèse d'azaphosphatrane encagé au sein d'hémicryptophane a permis d'étudier l'effet d'un double confinement au sein d'une macromolécule et d'un matériau. Ensuite, les azaphosphatranes ont été fonctionnalisés à différentes positions par des groupements activateurs de l'époxyde ou du dioxyde de carbone. Enfin, différentes approches de synthèse de carbonates cycliques énantioenrichis ont été testées. La chiralité a été introduite par le biais de centres asymétriques sur les bras de l'azaphosphatrane ou par le confinement au sein d'un hémicryptophane chiral. Des silices chirales obtenues soit par empreinte moléculaire de proline ou par greffage covalent d’organosilanes chiraux ont également été testées. / Azaphosphatranes have rarely been applied as organocatalysts in organic transformations. Nevertheless, they have recently proved to be efficient single-component metal-free catalysts for the production of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and carbon dioxide. The goal of this work is to optimize the reactivity of azaphosphatrane based catalysts towards greater CO2 fixation into cyclic carbonates. First, they have been used in conjunction with mesoporous silica of the SBA family. A positive synergy, depending on the nature of the counter-anion, was demonstrated leading to better yields in cyclic carbonates. Adding a solvent or silica was shown to drive to a change in the reaction mechanism as evidenced by kinetic studies. Then, different activating functional groups were introduced at different position of the catalyst structure to further activate epoxide or carbon dioxide substrates. Finally, the kinetic resolution of racemic epoxides in the presence of CO2 was investigated. Different approaches to chiral induction have been explored including the introduction of asymmetric carbons on azaphosphatranes, the use of induced chirality with cyclotriveratrylene unit in hemicryptophane moiety. Chiral imprinted with amino acids and chiral grafted mesoporous silicas have also been studied.

One of the leading causes of death and hospital stays in the United States, myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when coronary blockages lead to downstream ischemia in the myocardium. Following the MI, the heart activates a number of pathways to repair or remodel the infarcted zone. Endothelial cells respond to ischemia by de-differentiating to form neovasculature and myofibroblasts. The resident cardiac differentiable stem cells (CDCs) are recruited via local cytokines and chemokines to the infarct zone where they too differentiate into myofibroblasts. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of the bone marrow respond to circulating factors by immobilizing to the heart and differentiating down cardiac lineages. In regenerative medicine approaches, these processes are exploited to augment the resident supply of reparative cells. Clinical trials to transplant cardiac stem cells into MI zones have been met with mixed results. When CDCs are harvested from autologous or type-matched donors, the cells are prepared with a minimum of manipulations, but the yield is quite small. Conversely, MSCs from bone marrow are highly proliferative, but the manipulations in culture required to trigger cardiac differentiation have been found to transform the cell into a more immunogenic phenotype. In addition, there is a dearth of in vivo evidence for the fate of transplanted cells. Currently, intracardiac echocardiographs are used to assess the infarcted area and to guide delivery of stem cell transplants. However, this modality is invasive, short-term, and does not image the transplanted cells directly. In this project, I addressed these shortcomings with a regenerative medicine and bioimaging approach. Our lab has developed multimodal nanoparticles based on a core of mesoporous silica, functionalized with fluorescein or tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate for visibility in fluorescent microscopy, Gd2O3 for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and trifluoropropyl moieties for ultrasound applications. After establishing in vitro models of cardiac stem cells using CDCs and MSCs, the particles were implemented and characterized in vitro. At a concentration of 125 μg/mL in culture, the particles are highly biocompatible, and labeled cells were found to be fluorescent, echogenic, and detectable with MRI in prepared agar phantoms. Ex vivo mouse hearts, first mounted in agar phantoms, then left in situ, were implemented as a model for guided delivery using ultrasound and follow-up cell tracking with MRI. These results in this project demonstrate the feasibility of this highly novel and practical approach. Additional studies will be carried out to evaluate the biocompatibility and retention versus clearance in live animal models, prior to the carrying out of true pre-clinical models for myocardial infarction.

It was recently shown that V-doped acid-prepared mesoporous silica (APMS) nanoparticles are active catalysts for the oxidation of the mustard gas analogue 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) under ambient conditions in the presence of aldehydes, using O2 from air as the oxidation source. However, the vanadium ion leached from the surface when water was present, leading to decreased catalytic activity. Therefore, in this work, the environment around the vanadium is changed, using diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (dtpa) as a ligand and anchoring it to the surface of a mesoporous silica nanoparticle, to investigate its effect on vanadium’s ability to perform oxidation reactions. VO(dtpa)-APMS was synthesized by covalently linking the multi-dentate chelator dtpa onto the surface through peptide coupling of one of the acetate groups to aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), condensing the dtpa-APTES molecule onto the mesoporous silica surface, and then exchanging a vanadyl salt into the resulting solid. Physical characterization of the material confirmed that the substrate retained its porosity after modification, and that the vanadium did not leach from the solid, in contrast to samples that did not contain dtpa. Solid-state EPR spectroscopy, combined with ongoing computational modeling, indicated that the vanadium was in a distorted five-coordinate environment. Various vanadium catalysts have been shown to oxidize alkanes, alkenes, alcohols and aromatic compounds. To further understand the catalyst’s ability to perform oxidation reactions, mechanisms of sulfides and alkenes were studied. Two model substrates were chosen for the investigation: CEES and cis-cyclooctene. The catalytic system effectively oxidizes CEES at room temperature in less than 15 minutes and cis-cyclooctene at 47 °C within 3 hours, using a peroxyacid generated in situ as the oxidant source. Kinetic experiments demonstrated that the mechanism of the sulfide reaction changed at higher temperatures, while the alkene reaction did not. In each reaction, a partial negative charge on the peroxyacid during the oxidation process was indicated. The confirmation of radical formation in the mechanism was experimentally shown by the appearance of an induction period when diphenylamine, a radical trap, was introduced into the reaction. VO(dtpa)-APMS performs two catalytic oxidations: the oxidation of propionaldehyde to make the peroxyacid and the oxidation of alkenes or sulfides. In the first reaction, O2 binds to the vanadium complex to form a superoxo eta-1-bound O2 radical. This species leads to the formation of peroxyacid through a radical process. The peroxyacid produced in this manner can then react with a sulfide or an alkene in a process also catalyzed by the VO(dtpa) complex. The peroxyacid coordinates with the vanadium center. Upon coordination, the sulfide or alkene directly reacts with the oxygen of the peroxyacid while the peroxyacid is being deprotonated. A 6-coordinate catalyst intermediate is formed prior to the release of the oxidation product and propionic acid to regenerate the VO(dtpa) complex.

L’interface entre deux solutions électrolytiques immiscibles (ITIES) peut agir comme un support pour l’assemblage de nanoobjets. Cela présente de nombreux avantages : les particules ne requièrent pas d’ingénierie particulière pour leur obtention, peuvent s’assembler dans des conditions qui leur sont propres, sont pratiquement non dégradables et facilement renouvelables. Les recherches actuelles portent tant sur leur utilisation potentielle en tant que plateformes pour des appareils optiques ajustables, pour des capteurs ou encore pour de la catalyse. L’adsorption de nanoparticules de silice, dense ou mésoporeuse, à l’interface liquide-liquide a été étudiée par voltammétrie en courant alternatif. L’interaction des nanoparticules de silice avec le bleu de méthylène et l’éosine B a été étudiée par voltammétrie cyclique et spectrophotométrie. Les constantes thermodynamiques d’adsorption du bleu de méthylène ont été déterminées à 1.66 105 et 3.68 103 sur les particules de silice dense et mésoporeuse respectivement. La variation de constante entre les deux types de silice repose essentiellement sur leur état d’ionisation respectif. L’énergie de Gibbs de transfert entre phase liquide est modifiée de 8.9 kJ mol-1 en présence de nanoparticules denses ce qui donne des indications sur le mécanisme de transfert du bleu de méthylène en présence de nanoparticules. Mettant à profit l’aptitude de la silice à accumuler le bleu de méthylène et à s’adsorber sur l’interface liquide il nous a été possible d’améliorer la sensibilité de la détection électrochimique. L’éosine B n’a aucune interaction avec les particules de silice. Nos efforts ont ensuite porté sur l’amélioration de la sélectivité du transfert électrochimie par l’utilisation de nanoparticules de silice à empreinte moléculaire. Des nanoparticules de silice dense à empreinte moléculaire de Diclofénac (DIN) ont été synthétisées. Cette molécule est un anti-inflammatoire non stéroïdien très largement utilisé et figurant sur la liste européenne des polluants émergents. Les constantes d’affinité du Diclofénac pour les DIN et les particules équivalentes sans empreinte sont de 7.47 108 et 2.96 107 respectivement ce qui démontre clairement la présence d’empreintes ayant une forte affinité pour le diclofénac au sein des particules. Des molécules analogues (Diclofénac acide, Aceclofenac, acide 4 phenyl-azo benzoique) ont été testées et ont une affinité faible pour les DIN. En électrochimie, l’ajout de DIN bloque le transfert de Diclofénac à l’interface liquide-liquide / The interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) can act as a scaffold for the assembly of nanometer-sized objects. The assembly of nanoparticles at liquid-liquid interfaces has numerous advantages – the nanoparticles do not require engineering, can assemble given proper conditions, are practically non-degrading and easily renewable. Research is ongoing into their use as a platform for tunable optical devices, sensors and catalysis. The adsorption of both dense and mesoporous silica nanoparticles at the ITIES was studied by AC voltammetry. Their interactions with methylene blue (MB+) and Eosin B (EB-), selected as a model ions, were studied by cyclic voltammetry and UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy. The thermodynamic constants of adsorption of MB+ were found to be 1.66 105 and 3.68 103 onto dense and mesoporous silica nanoparticles respectively. The difference of adsorption constants for the two types of silica was explained by their differing ionisation states. The Gibbs energy of transfer of MB+ is shifted by -8.9 kJ mol-1 in the presence of dense silica nanoparticles, giving some insights to the transfer mechanism of MB+ in presence of nanoparticles. Combining the ability of silica to adsorb onto the ITIES and their affinity for MB+, MB+ was accumulated at the ITIES and so an increase in sensitivity of electrochemical detection was achieved. Eosin B demonstrated no affinity for the silica nanoparticles and its transfer at the ITIES was not influenced by their presence. Next the focus was placed on improving the selectivity of the interaction by synthesising imprinted silica nanoparticles, more specifically, Diclofenac-imprinted dense silica nanoparticles. This drug was chosen as it is a commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug which has been placed on the European watch list of emerging pollutants. The thermodynamic constants were calculated as 7.47 108 for Diclofenac-imprinted silica and only 2.96 107 for non-imprinted silica. Thus the presence of imprint cavities greatly influences the affinity of diclofenac for the silica nanoparticles. The analogues of Diclofenac (Aceclofenac, Acid diclofenac, 4-phenyl azo benzoic acid) were shown to have a very limited affinity for the imprinted particles. Electrochemical experiments at the liquid-liquid interface revealed that the diclofenac transfer is blocked by the presence of imprinted particles

This dissertation has been focused on the synthesis and characterization of novel functionalized silica mesoporous crystals by using cationic surfactant and co–structure directing agents (CSDA), the central concept of the synthesis method is to build proper organic/inorganic interactions by introducing CSDA into the synthesis system. By using cationic surfactant as template and anionic CSDA, carboxylic group functionalized mesoporous silicas were successfully synthesized. Well ordered 2D p6mm, cubic Fm-3m, mixture of CCP (Fm-3m) and HCP (P63/mmc), and cubic Fd-3m with uniform carboxylic group distribution have been obtained. Besides, we have investigated the Fm-3m/Fd-3m type intergrowth and new type defects observed in the Fd-3m structure using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and proposed a “polyhedron packing” model. New amphoteric, inorganic amino acid with highly ordered mesopores were synthesized. Uniform distribution of acid and base organic groups on the mesopore surfaces were formed by interactions between the counter charged surfactant head groups and ionic parts of CSDAs. It has been demonstrated that organic (–NH2 and –COOH) pairs incorporated in the mesopore walls behave as natural amino acids, collectively exhibiting an isoelectric point of ~6.0. Moreover, we have demonstrated that the inorganic amino acid is an efficient catalyst for the reaction between aldehydes and carbon nucleophiles.

This master thesis aimed to create and characterize multilayer coatings upon mesoporous silica particles (MSP). The properties of the coating aimed for, was to have a triggerable controlled release, where a targeted enzyme within the intestine, alpha-amylase, is supposed to degrade the coating. The coating was created from a bilayer consisting of DOTAP and DOPC in a 1:3 molar ratio, which serves as a protective coating. The second layer interacting with the surroundings consisted of a starch component, amylopectin, which is degraded by alpha-amylase. The study of the coating was performed with ellipsometry, where the adsorption of the different layers of the coating on a planar silica surface and the enzyme-triggered degradation was recorded. The adsorbed amount of DOTAP/DOPC was 4,22 ± 0,11 mg/m2 and amylopectin 1,82 ± 0,94. The effects of different pH where performed, simulating the coated particle going through the gastro-intestinal system. Two enzymes alpha-amylase and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) where used for degradation of the coating. The knowledge from ellipsometry was applied to coating mesoporous silica particles and it was confirmed that the two layers had formed with zeta- potential measurement.