University, Diss., 2004--Hamburg.

Neste trabalho, estudaram-se a síntese, a caracterização e a atividade catalítica na polimerização do etileno dos compostos organolantanídeos contendo ou não os ligantes pirazol (HPz) ou trifenilfosfina (PPh3), visando contribuir para a aplicação de organolantanídeos como catalisadores na polimerização de olefinas. A síntese dos compostos organolantanídeos foi feita em etapas, partindo-se dos brometos ou cloretos de lantanídeos anidros. Na primeira etapa, os compostos organolantanídeos LnX2Cp, X = Cl- ou Br-, Cp = ciclopentadienil e Ln = Sm, Tb, foram obtidos pela reação de LnCl3 ou LnBr3 anidros com NaCp em tetrahidrofurano, com razão molar de 1:1 (Ln:NaCp). A segunda etapa envolveu a sintese de SmBr2Cp(HPz)2, TbBr2CpHPz, LnCl2CpHPz, Ln = Sm, Tb e LnX2CpPPh3, X = Cl-, Br- e Ln = Sm, Tb, pela reação de LnX2Cp com os ligantes HPz ou PPh3 em tolueno, com razão molar apropriada. A análise elementar, a termogravirnetria, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho e a ressonância magnética nuclear de 1H foram as técnicas utilizadas para caracterizar os compostos. Estas classes de compostos organolantanídeos apresentaram atividade catalítica da ordem de 4,0 gPE mmolLn-1h-1bar-1, a polimerização do etileno (3 bar, 70°C) com a relação Al/Ln de 2000, usando como co-catalisador o polimetilaluminoxano. O polietileno obtido apresentou grau de cristalinidade de 39%. / In attempt to contribute to the application of organolanthanides as catalysts for olefin polymerization, we report the synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity in ethylene polymerization ofthe organolanthanide compounds containing or not the ligands triphenylphosphine (PPh3) and pyrazole (HPz). The synthesis of the organolanthanide compounds was performed in steps, from lanthanide chlorides or bromides. In the first step the organolanthanide compounds LnX2Cp, X = Cl- or Br-, Cp = cyclopentadienyl and Ln = Sm, Tb, were prepared by the reaction of anhydrous LnCl3 or LnBr3 with NaCp in tetrahydrofuran, with molar ratio of 1:1 (Ln:NaCp). The second step involved the synthesis of SmBr2Cp(HPz) 2, TbBr2CpHPz, LnCl2CpHPz, Ln = Sm, Tb and LnX2CpPPh3, X = Cl-, Br- and Ln = Sm, Tb, by the reaction of LnX2Cp with the HPz or PPh3 ligands in toluene, with appropriate molar ratios. Elemental analysis, thermogravimetry, infrared spectroscopy and 1H NMR were the techniques used to charcterize the compounds. These classes of organolanthanide compounds showed catalytic activity ca. 4.0 gPE mmolLn-1h-1bar-1, in ethylene polymerization (3 bar, 70°C) with Al/Ln ratio of 2000, using polymethylaluminoxane as cocatalyst. the resulting polyethylene presented crystallinity of 39%.

Neste trabalho, estudaram-se a síntese, a caracterização e a atividade catalítica na polimerização do etileno dos compostos organolantanídeos contendo ou não os ligantes pirazol (HPz) ou trifenilfosfina (PPh3), visando contribuir para a aplicação de organolantanídeos como catalisadores na polimerização de olefinas. A síntese dos compostos organolantanídeos foi feita em etapas, partindo-se dos brometos ou cloretos de lantanídeos anidros. Na primeira etapa, os compostos organolantanídeos LnX2Cp, X = Cl- ou Br-, Cp = ciclopentadienil e Ln = Sm, Tb, foram obtidos pela reação de LnCl3 ou LnBr3 anidros com NaCp em tetrahidrofurano, com razão molar de 1:1 (Ln:NaCp). A segunda etapa envolveu a sintese de SmBr2Cp(HPz)2, TbBr2CpHPz, LnCl2CpHPz, Ln = Sm, Tb e LnX2CpPPh3, X = Cl-, Br- e Ln = Sm, Tb, pela reação de LnX2Cp com os ligantes HPz ou PPh3 em tolueno, com razão molar apropriada. A análise elementar, a termogravirnetria, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho e a ressonância magnética nuclear de 1H foram as técnicas utilizadas para caracterizar os compostos. Estas classes de compostos organolantanídeos apresentaram atividade catalítica da ordem de 4,0 gPE mmolLn-1h-1bar-1, a polimerização do etileno (3 bar, 70°C) com a relação Al/Ln de 2000, usando como co-catalisador o polimetilaluminoxano. O polietileno obtido apresentou grau de cristalinidade de 39%. / In attempt to contribute to the application of organolanthanides as catalysts for olefin polymerization, we report the synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity in ethylene polymerization ofthe organolanthanide compounds containing or not the ligands triphenylphosphine (PPh3) and pyrazole (HPz). The synthesis of the organolanthanide compounds was performed in steps, from lanthanide chlorides or bromides. In the first step the organolanthanide compounds LnX2Cp, X = Cl- or Br-, Cp = cyclopentadienyl and Ln = Sm, Tb, were prepared by the reaction of anhydrous LnCl3 or LnBr3 with NaCp in tetrahydrofuran, with molar ratio of 1:1 (Ln:NaCp). The second step involved the synthesis of SmBr2Cp(HPz) 2, TbBr2CpHPz, LnCl2CpHPz, Ln = Sm, Tb and LnX2CpPPh3, X = Cl-, Br- and Ln = Sm, Tb, by the reaction of LnX2Cp with the HPz or PPh3 ligands in toluene, with appropriate molar ratios. Elemental analysis, thermogravimetry, infrared spectroscopy and 1H NMR were the techniques used to charcterize the compounds. These classes of organolanthanide compounds showed catalytic activity ca. 4.0 gPE mmolLn-1h-1bar-1, in ethylene polymerization (3 bar, 70°C) with Al/Ln ratio of 2000, using polymethylaluminoxane as cocatalyst. the resulting polyethylene presented crystallinity of 39%.

The main object of this study is to explore the possibility of using metallocene catalyst and reagent toe preparation syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) framework connected with different polymer segments. Despite its enhanced thermal stability, the stereo-regular sPS generally has poor miscibility with other conventional polymers, which substantially limits its use in commerce. Therefore, chemical modifications on sPS were attempted in this study to hopefully introduce polar chain segments into the olefinic sPS chains and to possibly vary its properties and so, its miscibility with other polymers. Here, a novel metallocene catalyst prepared from (

Nas últimas décadas, o interesse nas propriedades específcas dos organolantanídeos está aumentando muito, principalmente no uso como catalisadores em diversas reações orgânicas. Com o objetivo de contribuir para a aplicação de compostos organolantanídeos como catalisadores nessas reações, avaliou-se o desempenho de sistemas catalíticos a base de compostos organolantanídeos do tipo LnBrCp2(THF)2 e LnBrCp*2THF (Cp = ciclopentadienil , Cp* = pentametilciclopentadienil Ln = Pr e Yb) utilizando metilaluminoxano (MAO) como cocatalisador em reações de polimerização de etileno, propileno, metil metacrilato e estireno. Os compostos foram sintetizados pela reação entre os brometos de lantanídeos anidros e NaCp ou NaCp* em THF, na proporção molar 1:2,2 (Ln:Cp,Cp*) e caracterizados pela %Ln e %Br, termogravimetria, espectroscopia vibracional no infravermelho e RMN de 1H. Os sistemas estudados não foram ativos nas reações de polimerização de etileno, propileno ou metil metacrilato, mas produziram poliestireno com rendimento de até 8,0 % em 1,5 h na presença de tolueno e até 26,0 % em 1,5 h com PrBrCp*2THF/MAO a 90º C na ausência de solvente. Os polímeros formados são atáticos, indicando que a polimerização não é estereoespecífica, e possuem baixas massas molares. / In the last decades, the specific properties of organolanthanide compounds have attracted attention, specially in applications as catalysts in organic reactions. In an attempt to contribute to the application of these compounds in olefin polymerization reactions, we studied the catalytic systems based on LnBrCp2(THF)2 and LnBrCp*2THF (Cp = cyclopentadienyl , Cp* = pentamethylciclopentadienyl, Ln = Pr, Yb) and methylaluminoxane (MAO) as cocatalyst in polymerization of ethylene, propylene, methyl methacrylate and styrene. The organolanthanide compounds were obtained by the reaction of anydrous lanthanide tribromides and NaCp or NaCp* in THF, in the molar proportion of 1:2,2 (Ln:Cp, Cp*) and were characterized by %Ln, %Br, thermogravimetry, vibrational spectroscopy in the infrared region and 1H NMR. The catalytic systems were not active in ethylene, propylene, methyl methacrylate polymerizations, but were able to form polystyrene with yields up to 8.0 % in 1.5 h in toluene and 26% in 1.5 h in absence of solvent, using PrBrCp*2THF/MAO at 90º C. The polymers obtained are atactic, indicating no stereospecificity of the catalytic system, and have low molar masses.

Nas últimas décadas, o interesse nas propriedades específcas dos organolantanídeos está aumentando muito, principalmente no uso como catalisadores em diversas reações orgânicas. Com o objetivo de contribuir para a aplicação de compostos organolantanídeos como catalisadores nessas reações, avaliou-se o desempenho de sistemas catalíticos a base de compostos organolantanídeos do tipo LnBrCp2(THF)2 e LnBrCp*2THF (Cp = ciclopentadienil , Cp* = pentametilciclopentadienil Ln = Pr e Yb) utilizando metilaluminoxano (MAO) como cocatalisador em reações de polimerização de etileno, propileno, metil metacrilato e estireno. Os compostos foram sintetizados pela reação entre os brometos de lantanídeos anidros e NaCp ou NaCp* em THF, na proporção molar 1:2,2 (Ln:Cp,Cp*) e caracterizados pela %Ln e %Br, termogravimetria, espectroscopia vibracional no infravermelho e RMN de 1H. Os sistemas estudados não foram ativos nas reações de polimerização de etileno, propileno ou metil metacrilato, mas produziram poliestireno com rendimento de até 8,0 % em 1,5 h na presença de tolueno e até 26,0 % em 1,5 h com PrBrCp*2THF/MAO a 90º C na ausência de solvente. Os polímeros formados são atáticos, indicando que a polimerização não é estereoespecífica, e possuem baixas massas molares. / In the last decades, the specific properties of organolanthanide compounds have attracted attention, specially in applications as catalysts in organic reactions. In an attempt to contribute to the application of these compounds in olefin polymerization reactions, we studied the catalytic systems based on LnBrCp2(THF)2 and LnBrCp*2THF (Cp = cyclopentadienyl , Cp* = pentamethylciclopentadienyl, Ln = Pr, Yb) and methylaluminoxane (MAO) as cocatalyst in polymerization of ethylene, propylene, methyl methacrylate and styrene. The organolanthanide compounds were obtained by the reaction of anydrous lanthanide tribromides and NaCp or NaCp* in THF, in the molar proportion of 1:2,2 (Ln:Cp, Cp*) and were characterized by %Ln, %Br, thermogravimetry, vibrational spectroscopy in the infrared region and 1H NMR. The catalytic systems were not active in ethylene, propylene, methyl methacrylate polymerizations, but were able to form polystyrene with yields up to 8.0 % in 1.5 h in toluene and 26% in 1.5 h in absence of solvent, using PrBrCp*2THF/MAO at 90º C. The polymers obtained are atactic, indicating no stereospecificity of the catalytic system, and have low molar masses.

Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2001--Aachen.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--Düsseldorf.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--Düsseldorf.

There is an increasing trend towards advancing the understanding and development of ethylene oligomerization catalysts, both in academia and industry. The metal of choice in this chemistry is invariably chromium, which has shown great versatility in selective trimerization/tetramerization, non-selective oligomerization and polymerization of ethylene. While much success has been achieved in ethylene trimerization, the same con not be said about tetramerization catalysis. Aminophosphine based ligands have demonstrated their ability towards selective 1-octene production, however, the popular PNP catalyst is able to achieve only 70% selectivity. In order to explore the possibility of developing and enhancing the selectivity of chromium based ethylene tetramerization catalyst, this thesis work was undertaken. The ligand systems we chose for our work were bidentate aminophosphine based (PN(CH2)nNP), which has yielded interesting selective oligomerization. Subtle modifications were found to result in drastic changes in selectivity, from tetramerization (PN(CH2)3NP) to trimerization (PN(CH2)2NP). We managed to successfully develop the first truly selective (over 90%) 1-octene catalyst with polymer-free behavior. Further modifications on the ligand framework, where one atom of Si was used to link the two NP units, resulted in non-selective oligomerization, in which case we determined that the oxidation-state of chromium is a key player. We explored other modifications on our selective ligands in which one of the arms on the bidentate ligand was replaced with a base-donor amine, phosphine or pyridine, and resulted in interesting selectivity changes. The final modification that we tested was a novel N(CH2)2P ligand and found it to be a highly active, non-selective oligomerization catalyst.