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Requirements regarding participation by the public in planning and decision making functions of Metropolitan Planning Organizations have become more detailed over the past several decades by adding more groups and individuals to the list of those who should be included in agency planning efforts. This increased emphasis on public participation in MPOs makes the design and selection of particular participation mechanisms by MPO planning staff an important subject for study. The extant literature on public participation takes a view of the planner as one who is able to interpret the existing technical, social, and political requirements of a planning task and match them with the appropriate public participation mechanism. However, this view of the planner overlooks his or her own understanding of the role of the public in agency decision making. This dissertation employs Grid-Group Cultural Theory to explore how a planner's worldview impacts their selection of particular public participation mechanisms. Data were collected using an online survey instrument and analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. Findings indicate that those planners who held a hierarchist worldview were less likely than egalitarians and individualist planners to select mechanisms that are more intensive (in their requirements for communication). In addition, the research finds that factors internal to the MPO including the budget, project schedule, political priorities, the type of projects, safety issues and agency priorities also have an impact on the mechanisms for public participation selected by MPO planning staff. / Ph. D.

This study analyzes the wage and non-wage factors underlying non-metropolitan-to-metropolitan commuting decisions of households in five non-metropolitan counties in Northern Virginia. The potential fiscal and planning implications of these decisions are also discussed. Chapter one contains a description of the study area, problem statement and objectives. Chapter two reviews related literature on commuting, housing and job location, as well as rent and wage gradients. Chapter three provides a theoretical framework for analyzing household commuting decisions. Chapter four presents descriptive statistics, and introduces a switching regression system of equations to simultaneously estimate factors influencing commuting decisions and earnings in non-metropolitan and metropolitan labor markets. Chapter five reports the regression results, and simulates wage gaps and the distance of the metropolitan labor market draw for different groups of workers. Chapter six discusses potential fiscal implications of commuting and potential policies to manage growth in commuting. The empirical result shows that the major incentive for workers to commute is a large age gap between metropolitan and non-metropolitan labor market areas. Household responsibilities, housing preference and ability to find local jobs represent non-wage factors underlying commuting decisions. Two study findings suggest that the local fiscal implications of non-metropolitan-to-metropolitan commuting households may be limited. First, commuting households are found to have fewer school-aged children, and require less local expenditures on education. Second, commuting households are more likely to be homeowners, have more rooms in their homes, and provide a larger tax base. / Master of Science

The purpose of this research is to observe and analyze trends in Canada's metropolitan and non-metropolitan age structure by comparing census years 1971 and 1981. In an effort to identify salient temporal and spatial trends, two types of analyses will be conducted: the index of age diversity and the cluster analysis. These analyses will be applied to age data taken from the 1971 and 1981 censuses. Twenty-five metropolitan areas and ten non-metropolitan areas were used and aggregated provincially. The age structure was divided into seven age groups. The research shows that variations In conditions over space and time affect age composition to some extent. Although the degree of diversity may be similar, the internal age composition may be different. The research will also invalidate the claim that city size is correlated with their index of age diversity. factors such as fertility, changes in the role of women, increases in life expectancy, sex ratios, marital status, migration, and cultural practices are offered as determinants of age composition and change. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Due to the spread of urbanisation and increased environmental awareness, odour has become a major problem in communities surrounding landfills. The aim of this research was to investigate odour emissions from landfills and develop a management tool that operators could use to assist in minimising the impacts of odour. The management tool would be in the form of real-time predictions of odour concentrations in the vicinity of a source. The Bisasar Road landfill in Springfield, Durban was a case study site for the research. The methodologies used in this project can be divided into three broad categories. Firstly, flow visualisation experiments were conducted on the case study site to investigate the effects of complex terrain and the results compared to predictions from a dispersion model. Secondly, source characterisation was done on-site. Sources of odour were identified using a portable odour monitor (Electronic nose). Sources of odour were then sampled using sorbent tubes and analysis done using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry. Thirdly, numerical dispersion modelling was done. Five available dispersion models were assessed and compared against one another in order to select the most suitable model for this application. A software management tool or 'Odour Management System' (OMS), was designed and implemented on a computer at the Bisasar Road landfill. Qualitative results of the flow visualisation experiments show that terrain does have an effect on a dispersing plume path for short-range predictions. Comparisons between the flow experiments and model predictions are qualitatively consistent. Quantitative results were not obtained for the emission flow rate and emission concentration of landfill gas. The chemical composition of the fresh waste gas was determined. ADMSTM(Advanced Dispersion Modelling System) was found to be the most suitable dispersion model for this application. The OMS has been installed on-site to produce odour concentration graphics every ten minutes. A fence line odour control misting system has been installed along approximately 600 metres of the landfill border based on work done as part of this project. Weather conditions and information provided by the OMS, assist in running the odour control system economically. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal,Durban, 2002.

Nesse trabalho partimos da hipótese de que associado à recuperação econômica da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro em meados da década de 1990 estaria ocorrendo um processo de reestruturação espacial, marcado pela ocorrência da dispersão metropolitana e da reconfiguração da centralidade metropolitana. A dispersão metropolitana e a reconfiguração da centralidade metropolitana são vistas como facetas de um mesmo processo de reestruturação espacial que se desenvolve com ritmos diferenciados em diferentes regiões metropolitanas. A dispersão metropolitana significa o esgarçamento do tecido metropolitano, com a ampliação dos vazios entre as áreas efetivamente ocupadas e entre os extremos da região metropolitana, o que se dá a partir da produção de áreas urbanizadas descontínuas que conjugam enclaves e outras formas de urbanização como loteamentos populares e conjuntos habitacionais. A reconfiguração da centralidade metropolitana representa a transição de uma estrutura monocêntrica para uma estrutura policêntrica de centros, que se dá à medida que alguns municípios metropolitanos ampliam o grau de concentração de funções centrais além de passar a concentrar algumas funções anteriormente somente encontradas na metrópole. Ambas as facetas da reestruturação espacial na atualidade apontam para uma forma de produção do espaço mais dispersa, fragmentada e articulada em escala regional. Na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, região essa marcada por uma extrema concentração de população e atividades econômicas na metrópole, a reestruturação espacial se evidencia a partir de um ponto de ruptura nas tendências seculares de concentração econômica e populacional na metrópole. / In this work, we start from the hypothesis that associated with the economic recovery in the mid-1990s was occurring a restructuring process, marked by the occurrence of metropolitan dispersion and reconfiguration of metropolitan centrality. The metropolitan dispersion and reconfiguration of metropolitan centrality are seen as facets of the same spatial restructuring process that develops at different paces in different metropolitan regions. The metropolitan dispersion means the fraying of the metropolitan urban area, with the expansion of the voids between the effectively occupied areas and between the extremes of the metropolitan region, what happens from the production of discontinuous urban areas that combine enclaves and another form of urbanization like popular allotments and housing states. The reconfiguration of metropolitan centrality represents the transition from a monocentric structure to a policentric structure of centers, thats happen according as some metropolitan municipalities extend the degree of concentration of central functions besides passing to concentrate some central functions previously only found in the metropolis. Both facets of present spatial restructuring point to a form of production of space more dispersed, fragmented and articulated on a regional scale. In the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, region marked by an extreme concentration of population and economic activities in the metropolis, the spatial restructuring is evidenced from of a breaking point in the secular trends of economic and population concentration in the metropolis.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 68-73. / by Maryann McCall-Taylor. / M.C.P.

Thesis. 1978. M.Arch.A.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: p. 72. / M.Arch.A.S.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH / Bibliography: leaves 61-63. / by Ralph Michael Nicosia-Rusin. / M.C.P.

Durante muito tempo, os membros das câmaras de vereadores brasileiras tiveram suas atuações políticas limitadas à circunscrição territorial dos seus respectivos municípios. Isso se deve muito à forma de organização e à outorga de competências conferidas aosentes federativos. O modelo de federação criado no Brasil apresenta peculiaridades em relação a outros modelos existentes no mundo. Uma das mais evidentes é o reconhecimento constitucional dos municípios como ente integrante de sua estrutura, dotando-os de autonomia em relação aos Estados-membros e à União, bem como conferidas atribuições políticas e administrativas próprias. Esse status transformou consideravelmente o papel das municipalidades brasileiras após o advento da Constituição de 1988. Mas, infelizmente, a forma de distribuição dos recursos públicos do país concentra grande parte das receitas nos entes federativos de maior dimensão, em especial da União. Essa desproporcionalidade impede que as municipalidades exerçam, de forma plena, todas as missões que lhes foram outorgadas. Em consequência,eles sentem o peso das várias incumbências a serem desenvolvidas, sem que possuam as verbas suficientes para isso. Uma das soluções para minimizar essa situação está na iniciativa dese integrarem a outros entes para que, de forma conjunta, concretizem as políticas públicas necessárias à população. Atualmente, verifica-se que muitos problemas existentes nos municípios são comuns a todos que estejam situados em determinada região. Esse fenômeno ocorre principalmente quando a expansão urbana gerou as conurbações, interligando os municípios de uma forma tal que acabam compartilhando, os anseios e mazelas. Prevendo essa situação, o constituinte brasileiro de 1988 outorgouaos Estados-membros a prerrogativa de instituir as regiões metropolitanas e outras formas de unidade territorial urbana.Possibilitou, comoisso, a criação de uma organização administrativa que pudesse desenvolverações estatais de dimensão regional, conjugando os esforços dos entes federativos envolvidos para a consecução do bem comum. Aproveitando a existência dessas regionalidades administrativas, surgiunas câmaras de vereadores o anseio de ampliar seu campo de atuação para levar à discussão regional os temas inerentes a todos os municípios que as integram.Assim, criaram-se em algumas partes do país, os parlamentos metropolitanos.Consistem em um fórum de discussão e atuação integrada das edilidades municipais inseridas nessas unidades territoriais urbanas. A presente pesquisa tem como objeto central analisar a formação e atuação desses parlamentos, bem como os resultados já alcançados por alguns, além de sugerir propostas que venham fortalecer o seu papel. Essas instituições podem contribuir consideravelmente para o aperfeiçoamento da denominada governança interfederativa das regiões metropolitanas, nos termos que são propostos pelo Estatuto das Metrópoles (Lei Federal n. 13.089/15). Trata-sede um vetor de colaboração e associação entre os entes e órgãos de poder integrantes da região metropolitana, em busca de concretizar as funções públicas de interesse comumem prol da população nela inserida. / For a long time, members of the Brazilian assembly of councilors had had their political actions limited to the territorial circumscription of the respective municipalities. this is due much to the bestow of conferred competences to federal entities. The federation model created in Brazil shows peculiarities in relation to other existing models in the world. One of the most evident is the constitutional recognition of municipalities as integrant entity to its structure, providing them with autonomy in relation to the Member States and the Union as well as attributions conferred the own political and administrative duties. This status has transformed considerably the role of the Brazilian municipality after the advent of the Constitution of 1988. But unfortunately, the way of distribution of public resources of the country focus its great part of the revenues in the larger dimension federal entities, particularly of the Union. This disproportionality prevents that the municipality exerts, fully, all the missions that were bestowed to them. As a result, they feel the weight of the various tasks to be developed without having sufficient funds for it. One of the solutions to minimize this situation is the initiative to join the other entities ones so that, jointly, they can concretize the public policies necessary to the population. Currently, check itself that existing problems in the cities are common to all who are located in a given region. This phenomenon occurs, principally when urban sprawl generated the conurbations, linking municipalities in such a way that end up sharing the anxieties and ills. Anticipating this situation, the Brazilian constituent 1988 has bestowed to the Member States the prerogative to institute the metropolitan areas and other urban land unit. Allowed, therewith, the creation of an administrative organization that could develop state actions with a regional dimension, conjugating the efforts of the federal entities involved in an attainment the common good. Taking advantage of the existence of these administrative regionalities arose in the councilors chambers the desire to enlarge their actuation field to take the regional debate the issues inherent to all municipalities that comprise it. Thereby, were created in some parts of the country, metropolitan parliaments. They consist of a discussion forum and integrated performance of the inserted town council these urban units. This research has as its central object to analyze the formation and actuation of these parliaments and the results already achieved by some, besides suggesting proposals that will strengthen its role. These institutions can contribute substantially to the improvement of the so called interfederativa governance of metropolitan areas, in the terms that are proposed by the Statute of the Metropolis (Federal Law n. 13.089/15). Its about a collaborative vector and association among entities and organs of integrated power of the metropolitan area, seeking concretizing the public functions of common interest on behalf of the population.