Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1969. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1965. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bbibliography: leaves 147-151.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Texas at El Paso, 2008. / Title from title screen. Vita. CD-ROM. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

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Orientador: Waldir Jose de Quadros / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T08:28:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Falvo_JosianeFachini_D.pdf: 3063784 bytes, checksum: e076b25a338552f4379e6a1820924dea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O estudo analisa a evolução, no período de 1981 a 2008, da desigualdade social nas metrópoles nordestinas de Salvador, Recife e Fortaleza. Inicialmente são discutidos os principais determinantes estruturais das disparidades sociais no Brasil: a concentração fundiária, a estrutura do mercado de trabalho e a natureza das políticas sociais e regionais. O panorama nacional dá suporte à apresentação dos desequilíbrios e das potencialidades da macrorregião nordestina, assim como as especificidades de suas metrópoles, localidades detentoras de relativo atraso no desempenho econômico e grande dívida social, em simultâneo à presença de modernos polos de dinamismo. As políticas de fomento das décadas de 1960 e de 1970 estimularam o desenvolvimento do setor industrial metropolitano; e a partir de 2004, a maior cobertura dos programas sociais, a valorização real do salário mínimo e a maior formalização do mercado de trabalho contribuíram para o desenvolvimento social. A proposta é iniciar uma nova fase de desenvolvimento distributivo, que consista na promoção planejada de desenvolvimento econômico e social. O comportamento da desigualdade social no Nordeste metropolitano é identificado por meio da análise da estrutura sócio-ocupacional, a qual regrediu com a desaceleração econômica da década de 1990 e a partir de 2004 apresentou expressiva redução do contingente de pessoas miseráveis em decorrência da maior incidência de programas governamentais. Entretanto, não foram consolidados canais efetivos de mobilidade ascendente e a maioria da população permaneceu na base social. Para que haja maior equalização social no Nordeste metropolitano, com a predominância de condições de vida equivalentes às dos segmentos medianos, é necessária a implantação de um padrão de desenvolvimento que proporcione impacto estruturante / Abstract: This paper analyzes the evolution, between 1981 and 2008, of social inequality in metropolitan areas of Salvador, Recife and Fortaleza. First of all, the main structural causes of social inequality in Brazil are discussed: the land property concentration, the structure of labor market, social policies and regional question. The national overview supports the presentation of imbalances and potentialities of Northeastern macro area, as well as metropolitan specific that are places that has a relative backward on economic performance and a huge social debt, but they have, at the same time, modern and dynamic poles. Foment policies in 60's and 70's stimulate the development of metropolitan industrial sector and, since 2004, a great cover of social programs, the real increase in the national minimum wage and the growth of regular labor relationship contribute to social development. The proposal is start a new age of distributive development that is the promotion of a planified social and economic development. The performance of social inequality in Northeast is identified by the study of social and occupational structure, that withdraw with the economic stagnation on 90's and, since 2004, results in a great reduction of poverty people because the increase in governmental programs. Nevertheless, there are not effective mechanism to promote the social mobility. It is necessary the implementation of a development model able to promote a structure impact that results a reduction of social inequality / Doutorado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

This thesis is aimed at solving two common problems in local municipal planning agencies in metropolitan areas: first, the problem of proceeding with making long-range plans in the face of current, daily responsibilities, and second, the problem of making realistic plans in the context of the forces and pressures of metropolitan life. The hypothesis is formulated that advance planning services can be supplied more efficiently to municipalities in a metropolitan area by a common agency than by municipal planning agencies. It is assumed that the common planning agency is a department of a federated type of metropolitan government, and that it is required to produce a metropolitan general plan for official adoption. In this investigation, which is intended to provide material for use in Canadian metropolitan areas with populations of 400,000 and over, two basic research techniques are used: a review of literature and a case study examination. A framework is developed for testing the efficiency, in a wide sense of the word, of advance planning agencies. In the review of literature, the concept of division of labour as a basic component of bureaucratic organization, is described, and then a survey is made of situations in which planning is carried out by a department of a metropolitan government, using the official plan technique. The instances are the metropolitan areas of Toronto, Winnipeg and Dade County, Florida. It is observed that difficulties can arise when there is a question of local communities surrendering some of the rights to control development within their boundaries. Alternative means of carrying out metropolitan planning are described, as well, principally with reference to the United States. The area selected for the case study is the metropolitan area of Vancouver in British Columbia. A questionnaire is developed to test the capacity of local planning agencies to make soundly-based plans, which interlock with the plans of neighbouring communities, and which harmonize with the goals and values of their own communities. The questionnaire is applied to a sample of local planning agencies, and, for comparison, the agency responsible for planning, the Lower Mainland Region, of which the Vancouver Metropolitan Area, constitutes a part. A second questionnaire is used to discover the attitudes of selected mayors and reeves towards metropolitan government and metropolitan planning in the Area. It is concluded from the case study that a metropolitan planning agency can carry out basic analyses better than local agencies can, and that a metropolitan general plan would reduce points of friction between municipalities relating to land use. It is also noted that the reeves and mayors are far from unanimous about the advantages of metropolitan government and metropolitan planning. Proposals are made for improving long-range planning of local municipalities, through the establishment of a system of metropolitan planning in the Vancouver metropolitan region. It is concluded that, while in general, it is advantageous for a metropolitan area to have some form of planning agency at the metropolitan level, it is impractical to assign all advance planning to such an agency, since long range planning is required at the micro-scale as well as at the macro-scale. It is therefore apparent that while the administrative system proposed in the hypothesis can assist the production of meaningful local plans in the metropolitan context, it can only partially reduce the pressure of work on local planning agencies. It is noted that there is widespread reluctance to assign decisive planning powers to metropolitan governments. An alternative hypothesis is evolved for further testing. It is suggested that investigation be carried out into the influence of geography on attitudes toward metropolitan co-operation; and it is recommended that consideration be givencto using the universities to conduct basic metropolitan studies. The influence of senior government decisions on metropolitan development is noted, and a recommendation is advanced to facilitate more comprehensive urban and metropolitan planning. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The purpose of this study is to analyze the patterns and magnitudes of per capita expenditures and revenue collections in selected metropolitan areas in an attempt to explain variations in expenditures between metropolitan areas.

Almost 30 years has passed since the concept of EMR first appeared. It is well acknowledged that globalization has been one of the major driving forces in the less-developed countries (LDCs) including China. The 2008 Global "Financial Tsunami" has recently ushered in a new economic dynamic in China, i.e. it has forced the Chinese government to take domestic demand as an important national development strategy and this will change its global economic relations as well as lead to changes in its domestic spatial dynamics. In that regard, new EMRs in Inland China, e.g. the Changzhutan (CZT) EMR in Hunan province, the Wuhan EMR in Hubei province, and the Zhongyuan EMR in Henan province, have been designated by the central government to support the domestic demand. Apart from the Coastal EMRs, i.e. the Pearl River Delta (PRD) EMR, this new phenomenon has also extended EMRs to Inland China. Would EMRs formed in Inland China share the same characteristics, mechanisms and spatial structure as those in the coastal areas? How will the new global economy, the demand for development of a low carbon economy and the domestic market impact on the growth of the interior EMRs in China? What can we learn from this new EMR experience in China, theoretically and practically for future policies and planning? Using provincial demographic data by municipality and county in 1990-2010 and supplemented by field surveys, we have tested our hypotheses after a literature review on the development of urban regions in the LDCs. Using the CZT as a case, temporal analyses based on municipal level demographic, economic and land-use data have been conducted to verify the hypothetical driving forces. Through the method of Fixed-effects (FE) model, it brings understanding on a possible new urbanization trend in China, which would likely be embedded in local forces against the nation's new development strategy of emphasizing domestic demand in the ii context of the country's transition towards a major global economy. Through the GIS mapping based county-level data of the CZT, spatial analyses are then conducted to examine the spatial structure of these EMRs in Inland China that are hypothesized as driven by the combination of domestic and global forces. The results have revealed that interior EMRs show a similar pattern to traditional Coastal EMRs in spatial pattern development, i.e. the co-existence of regional concentration of growth dynamics with the intra-EMR dispersion tendency of economic activities from its core to its peripheral "rural areas", although the nature of these forces might be different. For instance, its industrial activities that play a significant role in region-based concentration have shown a tendency toward "low-carbon" in line with the EMRs designation as the Experimental Zone of the "Two-oriented" (resource conserving and environmental-friendly)1 Society. Institutional perspectives have also been used to test the planning and management formation mechanisms of the EMR. It is found that the government role has been very significant and proactive in the formation of this region. Finally, a delimitation method is introduced to delimit the CZT into three rings to further demonstrate the spatial characteristics of region-based urbanization and its dynamics from domestic and global forces regulated by the government.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / The purpose of this study is to investigate determinants of land tenure, agricultural activities involvement, and the use of agricultural products and stock keeping among small-scale farmers across all nine provinces of South Africa. Little is known regarding tenure status that households typically use to access land across nine provinces of South Africa. The characteristics of household heads in small-scale farming still under-researched; and socio-demographic characteristics for household subsistence still scanty in the literature. GHS between 2015 and 2018 from StatsSA was employed.

The theme of high-technology economic base and regional development, around which this research is based, has been receiving increased attention from policy-makers and researchers in recent years. This partly reflects the reappraisal of the emerging structural changes which have been stimulated by the negative effects of the economic recessions of the past decade. It also reflects the rapid growth and expansion of high-technology firms in centers like the well-publicized Silicon Valley in California, Route 128 in Massachusetts, and the Research Triangle in North Carolina. Promoting a high-technology economic base thus has been widely adopted as a regional development policy for the 1980s. The objective of this research is to examine and analyze those attributes of the regional economy that contribute to the start-up and expansion of high-technology activity. It is hypothesized that the forces determining where new firms will locate are different from those determining whether existing firms expand, contract, or move. This study utilizes the product life cycle model as the conceptual framework, and seeks to identify factors and conditions which are critical in determining the growth and locational patterns of high technology firms. To address the suggested hypotheses, this study involves an analysis of the 100 largest U.S. metropolitan areas covering the period from 1976 to 1984. High-technology firms were selected as those Standard Industrial Classifications (SICs) with a proportion of technology-oriented workers equal to or greater than the average for all manufacturing industries, and whose ratios of R&D expenditures to sales were close to or above average for all industries. Data on birth rates, closure rates, expansion rates, contraction rates, and net change in number of firms were used as dependent variables in the analysis. Independent variables were various measures of high-technology employment, total employment, venture capital, research and development, average housing price, state corporate tax rate, tax effort, average manufacturing wage, industrial incentive, transportation access, climate index, effective property tax rate, unitary tax, and U.S. regions. A descriptive analysis of the geographic variations in dependent variables, and tests of significance to determine if there are differences in values among U.S. census regions, is reported. The result showed that high-technology firms growth rate is not distributed evenly across the regions. The regional differences in high-tech growth rates are largely due to differences in birth rates. The West South Central, Pacific, and South Atlantic regions have the highest birth rates of high-technology firms; while New England States and Northeast regions have the lowest birth rates of high-tech firms. Expansion and closure rates parallel the same pattern as birth rates, while contraction rates are relatively consistent in all regions. Multiple regression analysis was employed to test the relationships between dependent and independent variables. Results showed that high levels of high-technology employment were not positively associated with the growth rate of high-technology firms. The high-tech employment variable, however, did not distinguish between the proportion of low and high-tech occupations among high-tech industry grouping and, therefore, may not represent the availability of highly skilled labor. The wage rate variable, which reflects skill levels, indicates a positive relationship with birth and closure rates. This result is an indication that a high level of wage is positively associated with high-tech birth as well as closure, suggesting that the causal relationship may be operating in the opposite direction. That is, high-technology activity drives up wage rates thereby reflecting probable skill levels. Moreover, it appears that high-technology firms are less sensitive to wage rates. Housing price is both positively related and statistically significant to expansion rates. This did not, however imply that the cost of housing may be a cause for expansion, but rather may represent a growth pressure on the housing supply due to job location. Furthermore, from the results presented in this study, factors such as venture capital, industrial incentives, amenities, and transportation accessibility were found to have very low or negligible association with the growth rate of high-technology firms. Other location factors, such as taxes, were negatively related. The research findings of this study tended not to support the product cycle model. On the basis of these findings, the present research suggests caution in using the product cycle model for interpreting and explaining the development of high-technology complexes. This study concludes that there may be a need to incorporate market, time and place oriented concept to future study that will contribute more to the understanding of high technology development so that communities seeking to attract high-technology firms can understand the stages of a company's growth, the products it makes, the type of work force it employs, and the attributes of the area.