No description available.

Gun violence has increased significantly in Sweden in the past years. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate whether the number of shootings has an impact on the residents' sense of perceived security in Sweden's metropolitan areas, with the control variables of the socio-demographic characteristics gender, age and education level. Previous research has investigated the relationship between perceived security and general crime, where the results show higher insecurity in relation to crime. In addition, individuals living in a socially vulnerable area characterized by low informal control experience higher insecurity than those who do not live in these areas. The study is based on the theories of social disorganization theory and the theory of ontological security. A multiple regression analysis was used where the data consisted of statistics on the number of shootings in Sweden and data from the Samhälle, Opinion and Media (SOM) survey from the year 2021. The result showed, in the full model, that there is an association between the number of shootings and perceived security, when shootings increase, so does insecurity. Regarding the geographical classification, residents in the metropolitan areas showed lower perceived insecurity in comparison to the rest of Sweden in relation to the number of shootings. Women and the low educated experienced higher insecurity than men and the highly educated respectively, while older age only had a small impact on the insecurity in relation to crime. A conclusion that can be drawn based on the study's results is that the number of shootings affects the perceived security negatively when several explanatory variables are examined together. Moreover, there are socio-demographic characteristics that affect the experience of security. Thus, future research should continue to investigate how the number of shootings can affect perceived security.

No description available.

Studies of African urban development have used the term “peri-urban" to refer to residential development at a city’s edge. No one, however, has developed a precise definition of peri-urban areas which guides this research. This study attempts to define peri-urban areas using an urban economic model and analyzes the African peri-urban literature in the context of this model. This review of the literature produces several hypotheses, which are then tested using data from a housing survey done in thirty-two Kenyan cities by the Kenyan government. The first set of hypotheses examined ways in which peri-urban areas differed from central city areas in their physical development. Houses in peri-urban areas were found to be newer, lower quality, built on land held informally, and with lower levels of urban services. The second set of hypotheses concerned the development of rental housing in peri-urban areas. Homeownership rates were higher in peri-urban areas than in central city areas, although a person renting a home in a peri-urban area was likely to have better accommodations than a peri-urban homeowner. Finally, the cities in the survey were grouped according to city size and growth rate, and the effects of these variables on the development of peri-urban areas were tested. The results of this section were somewhat inconclusive, as other factors, such as environment and politics, influence urban development. The conclusion of this research is that peri-urban areas are different from central city areas due primarily to the fact of their recent urban development on formerly agricultural land. This study was just a small step in understanding patterns of peri-urban development. The peri-urban zone can provide a valuable unit of analysis for studying the process of urban development, provided it is rigorously defined. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

Distributed Queuing Dual Bus (DQDB) is a media access control (MAC) technique, which is being considered by the IEEE 802.6 for the metropolitan area network (MAN). The DQDB medium access technique has many promising advantages over other access methods. However it has one drawback, which is its unfairness in terms of node-dependent medium access delay. In this paper a mathematic model is formulated to describe this detrimental behavior of DQDB. The access control method is first modeled as a M/G/1 queueing system with a single priority level, then it is remodeled as a non-preemptive priority system with three priority levels. By employing these models, the approximate medium access delay analysis of a DQDB network is investigated for a metropolitan area network containing 50 stations with a channel bandwidth of 150 Mbps. Numerical results are then presented to illustrate the network unfairness performance under various traffic intensities and under different priority levels. The results have been obtained for non-isochronous (asynchronous) traffic. / Master of Science

O presente trabalho apresenta uma reflexão a respeito da relação entre o planejamento (e construção) de redes de transporte rápido de massa e a produção do espaço urbano. Na busca por critérios de projeto de rede como instrumento de transformação do espaço, recorreu-se ao estudo histórico da formação das redes de Londres e Paris, dois casos notórios. A partir dessas experiências, puderam ser levantados alguns aspectos referentes à contraposição entre dois modelos de traçado presentes na atividade de planejamento de transporte para São Paulo ao longo dos últimos anos. Por fim, uma proposta de rede de transporte de massa para a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo foi ensaiada, a título de exercício, com o fim de complementar a reflexão esboçada e a síntese dos elementos apreendidos. / This research presents a reflection on the relationship between rapid transport network planning (as well as building) and the production of urban space. In the search for network planning criteria as a tool for space transformation, we explored the historical course of London and Paris network formation, two reputable cases. From those experiences, we selected some aspects related to the contrast between two types of layout present in São Paulo transport planning activity over the past years. Finally, as an exercise, we suggest a rapid transit network for the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo to supplement the outlined reflection and the element selection synthesis.

O presente trabalho apresenta uma reflexão a respeito da relação entre o planejamento (e construção) de redes de transporte rápido de massa e a produção do espaço urbano. Na busca por critérios de projeto de rede como instrumento de transformação do espaço, recorreu-se ao estudo histórico da formação das redes de Londres e Paris, dois casos notórios. A partir dessas experiências, puderam ser levantados alguns aspectos referentes à contraposição entre dois modelos de traçado presentes na atividade de planejamento de transporte para São Paulo ao longo dos últimos anos. Por fim, uma proposta de rede de transporte de massa para a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo foi ensaiada, a título de exercício, com o fim de complementar a reflexão esboçada e a síntese dos elementos apreendidos. / This research presents a reflection on the relationship between rapid transport network planning (as well as building) and the production of urban space. In the search for network planning criteria as a tool for space transformation, we explored the historical course of London and Paris network formation, two reputable cases. From those experiences, we selected some aspects related to the contrast between two types of layout present in São Paulo transport planning activity over the past years. Finally, as an exercise, we suggest a rapid transit network for the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo to supplement the outlined reflection and the element selection synthesis.

A Research Report submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree in Master of Science in Town and Regional Planning, University of the Witwatersrand, 2016 / Public open spaces such as parks provide vibrancy to the ordinary city by means of providing spaces for the community for recreational, health and leisure activities. A sustainable public open space provides an opportunity for a city to become more sustainable where a public open space is more than a space for the community. This research aims at developing a set of principles that may be adopted by the Johannesburg Metropolitan Open Space System (JMOSS) in order to create sustainable public open spaces. The objectives of the research report include unpacking various debates regarding the use, users and definition of public open spaces, identifying what the existing principles are for open spaces as used by JMOSS, identifying where the parks and vacant parcels of land are in the Sandton and surrounding area, identifying what makes a public open space coherent, contextual and co-existent, identifying the shortfalls of the public open spaces in Sandton in terms of their coherency, co-existence, contextuality and sustainability, and identifying local and international precedents of Sustainable Public Open Spaces. The nature of this research report will include qualitative research where in depth interviews, photographs, mapping and case studies will be used in order to develop the principles for sustainable public open spaces. Two main concepts will be drawn on to develop the principles for sustainable public open spaces. Firstly, the concept of sustainable public open spaces by Reiter (2004) whereby the three principles of coherence, co-existence and contextuality are used. Secondly, the concept of sustainability as discussed by Gedikli (n.d.) where sustainable urban development incorporates social justice, sustainable economies, and environmental sustainability. Therefore, the concept of sustainability is the focus of how public open spaces can become more resilient, adaptable, efficient and effective spaces within the city for the public to use, by developing a set of principles for sustainable public open spaces. This research report culminates in the development of a set of principles for sustainable public open spaces, entitled “The Three Cs for Sustainable Public Open Spaces”. These principles can be applied on a generic scale but require guidelines in the context in which they are applied. Therefore, these principles are derived alongside guidelines for the context of the public open spaces within and around the Sandton CBD. / MT2017

O campo dessa pesquisa é a relação fotografia / metrópole / percepção, tendo por objetivo pensar a potência crítica da fotografia orientada para a metrópole contemporânea. O entendimento desta potência crítica no presente e como termo atuante na relação entre estes três elementos, torna necessário o exame desta relação na metrópole moderna, tendo em vista ali terem-se criado seus fundamentos, referências e contrapontos, os quais, direta ou indiretamente, participam da produção contemporânea. Tais influências de uma temporalidade a outra, observam-se, por exemplo, na dinâmica perceptivo-corpórea que se altera drasticamente com as metrópoles, nas mediações técnicas que passam a constituir a cognição do habitante da cidade moderna, no caráter espetaculoso e mercantil definidores de uma ocupação e hierarquização do espaço urbano. A explicitação desta relação triádica é balizada pelas reflexões de Walter Benjamin acerca das metrópoles modernas, tendo como elemento orientador a noção de imagem dialética. Esta noção de imagem dialética foi retrabalhada por George Didi-Huberman em sua concepção de imagem crítica, a qual identifica aspectos convergentes entre a imagem dialética e a fenomenologia do ver. Assim, nesta tese, no que se refere a metrópole contemporânea, opera-se com esta concepção de imagem crítica como meio de reflexão e análise sobre a relação fotografia / metrópole / percepção, tendo como núcleo um conjunto de fotografias de Andreas Gurski e Michael Wesely. / The field of this study is the photographic / city / perception relationship, with the objective of considering the critical power of photography oriented toward the contemporary city. \"Critical power\" at the present time is understood as the active term in the relations between these three elements, requiring examination of this relationship in the modern city, keeping in view its foundations, references and counterpoints created there which, directly or indirectly, are involved in contemporary production. Such influences from one time to another are considered, for example, in the perceptual-embodiment dynamic that has been drastically altered in cities, in the technical mediations that have come to constitute the cognition of the modern city\'s inhabitants, in the spectacle and the mercantile character defined by occupations, and by the hierarchization of the urban space. Reflections of Walter Benjamin concerning modern cities underlay explanation of this triadic relation, as a component oriented toward the idea of the dialectical image. The idea of dialectical image was reworked by George Didi-Huberman in his conception of the critical image, which identifies converging aspects between the dialectical image and the phenomenology of seeing. Thus this conception of the critical image is worked in this thesis, in reference to the contemporary city using the photographs of Andreas Gursky and Michael Wesely as the basis for reflection about and analysis of the photography / city / perception relationship.

O que, em uma grande metrópole, possui força suficiente para se tornar uma experiência poética para aqueles que nela constroem sua biografia ou, ao menos, vivenciam-na por algum intervalo de tempo? Tal questionamento segue presente em toda esta dissertação, que se propôs a investigar o que é a poética urbana, e como ela se apresenta para algumas pessoas em São Paulo. Contudo, um campo mais específico foi delimitado: as discussões buscaram a poética urbana da Avenida Paulista eleita como símbolo da cidade a partir do olhar dos artistas que nela trabalham. Para a discussão, parte-se das considerações sobre a urbanidade moderna e caótica, do progresso desenfreado, que impõe à força, diariamente, experiências de violência e desrespeito aos seus habitantes; contudo, em seguida, convida-se à reflexão acerca da cidade como objeto do afeto de seus cidadãos. O que se propõe é a poética urbana como uma das mediações possíveis entre duas vivências que, inicialmente, parecem tão diferentes. Na elaboração do conceito da poética urbana buscou-se uma reflexão sobre como a subjetividade de uma experiência poética relacionada ao homem que conhece a si e aos demais entes a partir de sua presença no mundo e sua relação intencional com aquilo que o circunscreve se vincula às limitadoras imposições da cultura, dificultando as ações imaginativas e práticas do homem criativo. Para se compreender em profundidade o campo, o histórico da via foi discutido, desde sua fundação até os dias contemporâneos; assim como a sua relação com o trabalho informal, no qual os artistas se inserem. Com tais temas propostos, a partir de incursões etnográficas em campo, sete artistas foram convidados a narrarem suas experiências pessoais, compartilhando-as com o pesquisador. As discussões sobre as narrativas seguem o caminho em busca de ver como a Avenida é vivida no cotidiano, e também como representações simbólicas são construídas e destruídas a partir de tal prática. O trabalho culmina na discussão sobre aquilo que foi apresentado como poética urbana da Avenida Paulista as pessoas que a frequentam buscando compreender como a força poética se relaciona com a liberdade da imaginação e com os discursos hegemônicos de nossa cultura urbana. / What does have enough strength, in a great metropolis, to become a poetic experience for those who build in there your biography or, at least, experience it for an interval of time? This question is present throughout this dissertation, which set out to investigate what is the urban poetic, and how it presents itself to some people in São Paulo. Although, a more specific field was limited: the discussions sought the urban poetic of Avenida Paulista (Paulista Avenue) elected as a symbol of the city through the eyes of the artists who work there. This discussion starts considering the chaotic modern urbanity and the unbridled progress, which throws to their inhabitants daily experiences of violence and disrespect. However, the reader is also invited to reflect about the city as an object of affection of their citizens. What is proposed is the urban poetic as a possible mediation between the two experiences that initially seems so different. To develop the concept of urban poetic, was aimed a reflection about how the subjectivity of a poetic experience related to the mankind who knows themselves and the others from their presence in the world and their intentional relations is associated to the limiting constraints of culture, that hinder the imaginative actions and practices of creative man. To understand in depth the field, the history of the Avenue was discussed, since its founding days until the present, as well as its relation with the informal work, in which the artists interviewed are included. With these proposed themes, from ethnographic field studies, seven artists were invited to narrate their personals experiences, sharing them with the researcher. The discussions about these narratives seek to see how the Avenue is daily lived, as well as how symbolic representations are built and destroyed from this practice. This work culminates in the discussion about what was presented as urban poetic in Avenida Paulista the people in there aiming to understand how the poetic strength relates to the freedom of the imagination and to the hegemonic discourses of our urban culture.