This thesis analyzes the inherent informal political relations embedded in urban planning process in the city of Ankara between 1985 and 2005. It has been argued that, urban planning process is -by nature- a political process and micro level political interactions in urban political sphere can be observed by looking at it. The urban planning process, as a political process interacts with existing political mobilization mechanisms and their spatial reflections. Such an interaction may cause emergence of informal political networks interested in derivation of urban land rent. The emergence, sustenance and persistence of these networks are related with the opportunities and legitimization potential of urban planning process. For the verification of hypothesis of the research the city of Ankara was taken as the subject of case study. A methodology consisting of a two phase research is devised to analyze the nature and the dynamics of these networks In the first phase a conventional statistical analysis the research universe consisting of all the all urban development plans and modifications realized in Ankara between 1985 and 2005 was realized. Then, in the second phase based on the patterns explored in the research universe, a specific example of urban planning process was chosen, which represents the patterns of the research universe. This example, &Ccedil / ayyolu 907 Parcel, then subjected to social network analysis. The results of the research has shown that, when the structure of the local political structure changes altogether as a result of for example local elections, the structure of existing informal political networks and the way they exploit urban land rent changes. In these periods the number of urban development plans and urban development plan modifications increase, while the size of the area covered by these plans tends to decrease and mostly confined to prospective areas in central business district and residential areas. Yet, by the time passes, new and diverse political relations are established congruent with the existing political mobilization mechanisms. This time, although the number of plans decreases, the size of the area covered by plans increase and mostly, vacant land in the fringe of the urban macro form become the target of these networks. Although these networks involve a hierarchy in it, extensive brokerage and patron client relations sustain them.

In the last decades, the spatial organization of services has become a key issue in the urban planning literature. The basic reasons for this significance are the difficulties not only in understanding this complex and context-dependent organization, but also in developing planning interventions for this organization. Moreover, author believes that the existing theoretical frameworks have some inabilities in interpreting the spatial organization at the intra-metropolitan scale. Therefore, this study basically aims to redefine the spatial organization of service activities in Ankara with a relational perspective, and consequently, to develop an information-base for new types of planning interventions. For this purpose, first, the concepts and the fields of concepts that are integral to the spatial organization of services are examined. These concepts are the spatial patterns of concentration and dispersion and the spatial cohesiveness. Thereafter, the analytical framework that is required to study these concepts empirically, is introduced by stating the advantages of using descriptive mathematical techniques, indicators and methodological procedures in relational perspective. In the case study, the spatial organization of services in Ankara is redefined basically with reference to the spatial patterns of concentration and dispersion and the spatial cohesiveness of services. This redefinition displays the monocentric structure of Ankara and the differentiated parts within the spatial organization of services according to the activity compositions. Afterwards, this redefinition is utilized as the starting point for the reformulation of a new planning approach and new regulations directed towards the differentiated parts of the spatial organization of services. Finally, the methodological and contentual contributions, and also the possible further studies are presented as concluding remarks.

published_or_final_version / Geography / Master / Master of Philosophy

This thesis examine the problems in the transformation process of Kaziki&ccedil / i Bostanlari, which was planned as a &ldquo / central development area&rdquo / after 1970&rsquo / s, in terms of the Ankara city center problematic. For Kaziki&ccedil / i Bostanlari, which shows the transition zone character, decisions were taken by three Master Plans to be new Central Business District and for the application a Development plan was prepared. But starting from the 1970&rsquo / s the area has been going on its development according to its inner dynamics. In this thesis, first, theories about CBD are analyzed. Then, general characteristics of Ankara city center and Kaziki&ccedil / i Bostanlari and interventions to Kaziki&ccedil / i Bostanlari in respect to the CBD transformations are discussed. Finally, Kaziki&ccedil / i Bostanlari and its current situation in terms of transition zone characteristics, and threats and opportunities concerning the CBD transformation are evaluated.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:53:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlexBFMN_DISSERT.pdf: 2231149 bytes, checksum: c09ca7ac40bf0bd19e07f774c2033225 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / With the disorganized decentralization occurred in Brazil after the 1988 Constitution, municipalities have risen to the level of federal entities. This phenomenon became known as "municipalism" also brought some negative effects such as low capacity financial, economic and political of these entities. In the face of this reality , the municipalities sought in models of collaborative features to address public policy issues ultrarregionais, one of these models are the Public Consortia. Characterized as the organization of all federal entities that aim to solve public policy implementation alone that they could not, or spend great resources for such. This reality of the municipalities have an aggravating factor when looking at the situation in Metropolitan Regions (MRs). This is because the RMs has a historical process of formation that does not encourage cooperation, since that were created top-down during the military regime. Furthermore, the metropolitan municipalities have significant power asymmetries, localist vision, rigidity earmarked revenues, different scenarios conurbation, difficulty standardization of concepts and others that contribute to the vision of low cooperation of these metropolitan areas. Thus, the problem of this work is in the presence of collaborative arrangements, such as the Public Consortia in metropolitan areas, which are seen as areas of low cooperation. To elucidate this research was used for analysis the cases of CONDIAM/PB and Cons?rcio Grande Recife/PE, because they are apparently antagonistic, but with some points of similarity. The cases has as foundation the Theory of Common Resources, which provides the possibility of collective action through the initiative of individuals. This theory has as its methodology for analyzing the picture IAD Framework, which proposes its analysis based on three axes: external variables, the arena of action and results. The nature of the method of this research was classified as exploratory and descriptive. For the stage of date analysis, was used the method of document analysis and content, Further than of separation of the cases according to theur especificities. At the end of the study, noted that the CONDIAM/PB was a strategy of municipal government of Joao Pessoa to attract funds from the Federal Government for the purpose of to build a landfill, and over the years the ideology of cooperation was left aside, the prevailing view localist municipalities. In the case of Cons?rcio Grande Recife/PE, members act with some degree of cooperation, especially the collaborative aspect of the region, however, still prevails with greater strength the power of the state of Pernambuco in the decisions and paths of the consortium. Thus, was conclude that the Public Consortia analyzed are an experience of collaborative arrangement, from the initiative of members, as the theory of common resources says, but has not actually signed as a practice of collective action to overcome the dilemmas faced by metropolitan areas / Com a descentraliza??o ocorrida no Brasil ap?s a Constitui??o de 1988, os munic?pios se elevaram ao patamar de entes federados. Esse fen?meno, que ficou conhecido por municipalismo , tamb?m trouxe alguns efeitos perversos como a baixa capacidade financeira, econ?mica e pol?tica desses entes. Diante dessa realidade os munic?pios buscaram em modelos de car?ter colaborativo para solucionar problemas de pol?ticas p?blicas ultrarregionais, um desses modelos s?o os Cons?rcios P?blicos. Caracterizados como a organiza??o entre entes federados que visem ? solu??o implementa??o de pol?ticas p?blicas que sozinhos eles n?o conseguiriam, ou despenderiam grandes recursos para tal. Essa realidade dos munic?pios tem um agravante quando se observa a situa??o nas Regi?es Metropolitanas (RMs). Isso porque as RMs possuem um hist?rico processo de forma??o que n?o incentiva a coopera??o, j? que foram criadas de cima para baixo durante o regime militar. Al?m disso, os munic?pios metropolitanos t?m significativas assimetrias de poder, vis?o localista, rigidez de receitas vinculadas, diferentes cen?rios de conurba??o, dificuldade de padroniza??o dos conceitos, dentre outros que contribuem para a vis?o de baixa coopera??o dessas ?reas metropolitanas. Assim, a problem?tica desse trabalho est? na presen?a de arranjos colaborativos, como os Cons?rcios P?blicos, em Regi?es Metropolitanas, que s?o vistas como ?reas de baixa coopera??o. Para elucidar essa pesquisa, utilizou-se para an?lises os casos do CONDIAM/PB e Cons?rcio Grande Recife/PE, por serem aparentemente antag?nicos, mas com alguns pontos de semelhan?a. Os casos t?m como fundamenta??o a Teoria dos Recursos Comuns, que estabelece a possibilidade de a??o coletiva atrav?s da iniciativa dos indiv?duos. Essa teoria tem como metodologia de an?lise o quadro IAD Framework, que prop?e sua an?lise a partir de tr?s eixos: vari?veis externas, arena de a??o e resultados alcan?ados. A natureza do m?todo dessa pesquisa foi classificada como explorat?ria e descritiva. Para a etapa de an?lise dos dados, utilizou-se o m?todo de an?lise documental e de conte?do, al?m da separa??o dos casos de acordo com suas especificidades. Ao fim da pesquisa, observou-se que o CONDIAM/PB foi uma estrat?gia do Governo Municipal de Jo?o Pessoa para atrair recursos junto ao Governo Federal com o prop?sito de construir um aterro sanit?rio, e com o passar dos anos a ideologia de coopera??o foi deixada de lado, prevalecendo a vis?o localista dos munic?pios. No caso do Cons?rcio Grande Recife/PE, os membros atuam com certo grau de coopera??o, sobretudo pelo aspecto colaborativo da regi?o, entretanto, ainda prevalece com maior for?a o poder do Estado de Pernambuco nas decis?es e nos caminhos do cons?rcio. Assim, conclui-se que, os Cons?rcios P?blicos analisados s?o uma experi?ncia de arranjo colaborativo, a partir da iniciativa dos membros, como diz a teoria dos recursos comuns, mas ainda n?o se firmaram efetivamente como uma pr?tica de a??o coletiva que supere os dilemas enfrentados pelas Regi?es Metropolitanas

O que, em uma grande metrópole, possui força suficiente para se tornar uma experiência poética para aqueles que nela constroem sua biografia ou, ao menos, vivenciam-na por algum intervalo de tempo? Tal questionamento segue presente em toda esta dissertação, que se propôs a investigar o que é a poética urbana, e como ela se apresenta para algumas pessoas em São Paulo. Contudo, um campo mais específico foi delimitado: as discussões buscaram a poética urbana da Avenida Paulista eleita como símbolo da cidade a partir do olhar dos artistas que nela trabalham. Para a discussão, parte-se das considerações sobre a urbanidade moderna e caótica, do progresso desenfreado, que impõe à força, diariamente, experiências de violência e desrespeito aos seus habitantes; contudo, em seguida, convida-se à reflexão acerca da cidade como objeto do afeto de seus cidadãos. O que se propõe é a poética urbana como uma das mediações possíveis entre duas vivências que, inicialmente, parecem tão diferentes. Na elaboração do conceito da poética urbana buscou-se uma reflexão sobre como a subjetividade de uma experiência poética relacionada ao homem que conhece a si e aos demais entes a partir de sua presença no mundo e sua relação intencional com aquilo que o circunscreve se vincula às limitadoras imposições da cultura, dificultando as ações imaginativas e práticas do homem criativo. Para se compreender em profundidade o campo, o histórico da via foi discutido, desde sua fundação até os dias contemporâneos; assim como a sua relação com o trabalho informal, no qual os artistas se inserem. Com tais temas propostos, a partir de incursões etnográficas em campo, sete artistas foram convidados a narrarem suas experiências pessoais, compartilhando-as com o pesquisador. As discussões sobre as narrativas seguem o caminho em busca de ver como a Avenida é vivida no cotidiano, e também como representações simbólicas são construídas e destruídas a partir de tal prática. O trabalho culmina na discussão sobre aquilo que foi apresentado como poética urbana da Avenida Paulista as pessoas que a frequentam buscando compreender como a força poética se relaciona com a liberdade da imaginação e com os discursos hegemônicos de nossa cultura urbana. / What does have enough strength, in a great metropolis, to become a poetic experience for those who build in there your biography or, at least, experience it for an interval of time? This question is present throughout this dissertation, which set out to investigate what is the urban poetic, and how it presents itself to some people in São Paulo. Although, a more specific field was limited: the discussions sought the urban poetic of Avenida Paulista (Paulista Avenue) elected as a symbol of the city through the eyes of the artists who work there. This discussion starts considering the chaotic modern urbanity and the unbridled progress, which throws to their inhabitants daily experiences of violence and disrespect. However, the reader is also invited to reflect about the city as an object of affection of their citizens. What is proposed is the urban poetic as a possible mediation between the two experiences that initially seems so different. To develop the concept of urban poetic, was aimed a reflection about how the subjectivity of a poetic experience related to the mankind who knows themselves and the others from their presence in the world and their intentional relations is associated to the limiting constraints of culture, that hinder the imaginative actions and practices of creative man. To understand in depth the field, the history of the Avenue was discussed, since its founding days until the present, as well as its relation with the informal work, in which the artists interviewed are included. With these proposed themes, from ethnographic field studies, seven artists were invited to narrate their personals experiences, sharing them with the researcher. The discussions about these narratives seek to see how the Avenue is daily lived, as well as how symbolic representations are built and destroyed from this practice. This work culminates in the discussion about what was presented as urban poetic in Avenida Paulista the people in there aiming to understand how the poetic strength relates to the freedom of the imagination and to the hegemonic discourses of our urban culture.

O campo dessa pesquisa é a relação fotografia / metrópole / percepção, tendo por objetivo pensar a potência crítica da fotografia orientada para a metrópole contemporânea. O entendimento desta potência crítica no presente e como termo atuante na relação entre estes três elementos, torna necessário o exame desta relação na metrópole moderna, tendo em vista ali terem-se criado seus fundamentos, referências e contrapontos, os quais, direta ou indiretamente, participam da produção contemporânea. Tais influências de uma temporalidade a outra, observam-se, por exemplo, na dinâmica perceptivo-corpórea que se altera drasticamente com as metrópoles, nas mediações técnicas que passam a constituir a cognição do habitante da cidade moderna, no caráter espetaculoso e mercantil definidores de uma ocupação e hierarquização do espaço urbano. A explicitação desta relação triádica é balizada pelas reflexões de Walter Benjamin acerca das metrópoles modernas, tendo como elemento orientador a noção de imagem dialética. Esta noção de imagem dialética foi retrabalhada por George Didi-Huberman em sua concepção de imagem crítica, a qual identifica aspectos convergentes entre a imagem dialética e a fenomenologia do ver. Assim, nesta tese, no que se refere a metrópole contemporânea, opera-se com esta concepção de imagem crítica como meio de reflexão e análise sobre a relação fotografia / metrópole / percepção, tendo como núcleo um conjunto de fotografias de Andreas Gurski e Michael Wesely. / The field of this study is the photographic / city / perception relationship, with the objective of considering the critical power of photography oriented toward the contemporary city. \"Critical power\" at the present time is understood as the active term in the relations between these three elements, requiring examination of this relationship in the modern city, keeping in view its foundations, references and counterpoints created there which, directly or indirectly, are involved in contemporary production. Such influences from one time to another are considered, for example, in the perceptual-embodiment dynamic that has been drastically altered in cities, in the technical mediations that have come to constitute the cognition of the modern city\'s inhabitants, in the spectacle and the mercantile character defined by occupations, and by the hierarchization of the urban space. Reflections of Walter Benjamin concerning modern cities underlay explanation of this triadic relation, as a component oriented toward the idea of the dialectical image. The idea of dialectical image was reworked by George Didi-Huberman in his conception of the critical image, which identifies converging aspects between the dialectical image and the phenomenology of seeing. Thus this conception of the critical image is worked in this thesis, in reference to the contemporary city using the photographs of Andreas Gursky and Michael Wesely as the basis for reflection about and analysis of the photography / city / perception relationship.

Economic growth might both increase and decrease income inequality, depending on the circumstances. The nature of this relationship matters at the city level as well. This paper examines the income-inequality relationship within U.S. metropolitan areas using cross-section and panel regression techniques over the 1980—2016 period. It finds that this relationship changes over time. A higher per capita income level was associated with a lower within-MSA inequality level in earlier years, but this association vanished later. For the 1980—2000 panel, per capita income increases are accordingly associated with decreases in inequality. In contrast, an increase in per capita income is associated with an increase in inequality in the 2006—2016 panel. The obtained results hint at polarization resulting from technological change substituting middle-skill routine tasks, but further research is still required to solve this puzzle.

This descriptive study examines the gender pay gap across the income distribution in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas in the United States in two periods in the 2000’s. In metro areas, the raw gender pay gapgrows larger in the top of the income distribution. In non-metro areas however, the raw gender pay gap isrelatively even in the upper tail of the distribution and does not show this accelerating pattern. Moreover,the study takes a quantile regression approach to measure the adjusted gender pay gaps conditional onhuman capital variables. Comparisons show that the raw gender pay gap has decreased over time, while thecorresponding adjusted gender pay gap has increased over time. This seems to be explained mainly by theincrease in women’s educational attainment, but also convergence of men’s and women’s work experience.In non-metro areas, this generates an adjusted gap that is substantially bigger in the top quantiles in thelatter period. In metro areas, the pattern of a successively widening gap in the top of the distribution persists.

Les dynamiques urbaines consécutives à la baisse sur le temps long des coûts de transport conduisent à l'émergence de régions métropolitaines à l'urbanisation étalée, diffuse, polycentrique. Les enjeux actuels du développement soutenable soulèvent des questionnements sur l'aménagement des métropoles européennes, qui mêlent de multiples objectifs environnementaux, économiques et sociaux, à différentes échelles géographiques. Au travers de la construction d'indicateurs quantifiant les formes d'usage du sol, à plusieurs niveaux (communes françaises, bassins d'emplois, aires fonctionnelles, régions métropolitaines), des liens complexes sont mis en évidence entre types d'urbanisation, pratiques de mobilité quotidienne, et attributs de soutenabilité, co-produits sur le temps long par des choix de multiples acteurs urbains. Plusieurs bases de données sont mobilisées à cet effet : UITP, Audit Urbain, données nationales et régionales de France et d'Allemagne, ainsi qu'une base de données de densité de population, à une échelle géographique fine pour l'ensemble du continent européen (Agence Européenne de l'Environnement). En particulier, l'analyse des liens entre polycentrisme et consommation d'énergie due aux transport, en Ile-de-France et dans la région Rhin-Ruhr, conduit à des résultats nuancés, dans lesquels le coût de transport et la mutualisation des ressources énergétiques via des infrastructures de transport collectif performantes jouent un rôle important, au cœur des liens entre échelles spatiales de fonctionnement. L'aménagement de métropoles européennes soutenables passe sans doute par la compréhension des spécificités historiques de chaque territoire, et des multiples équilibres possibles entre villes, transport et environnement / The long-term decrease in transport costs made possible the emergence of sprawled, non-continuous and polycentric metropolitan urban regions. Sustainable development raises the question of smart planning of European metropolitan regions, with multiple environmental, economical and social objectives, at various geographical scales. Complex relationships are found between urban form, daily mobility patterns and sustainable aspects, through a quantification of several dimensions of urban form at various levels –local communities, employment catching areas, functional urban regions and metropolitan areas. International and national databases are used : UITP, Urban Audit, French and German statistical offices, as well as a pan European land use database (European Environment Agency). Links between polycentricity and energy consumed in daily mobility for Paris and Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan regions demonstrates shaded results, in which transport costs and effective public transport infrastructures play great role, interfacing several scales of functioning. Planning of European sustainable metropolitan regions would certainly benefit from a better knowledge of the long-term specificities of each area, as well as the multiple equilibriums which may arise between cities, transport and environment