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The purpose of this thesis was to examine the metropolitan regional planning programs of four case study areas in which one form or another of metropolitan governmental reorganization had occurred. The case studies selected are representative of four different types of areawide reorganization. Five federally funded planning programs, representing both physical and social planning, were selected as the basis upon which the case study planning programs would be evaluated. Within each of the four metropolitan regions the responsibility for each of the five planning programs was evaluated, along with the interrelationships between the various planning agencies. The compatibility of the case study organizations with the federal planning program criteria is the major determinant of the viability of the case study organizations as viable metropolitan regional planning bodies. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

Orientador: Shiguenoli Miyamoto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T16:18:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 YahnFilho_ArmandoGallo_D.pdf: 2358396 bytes, checksum: 5d2e29de2a73ab2e1c9473e3d56c3626 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O processo de globalização, que se intensificou nos anos 1990, mudou a dinâmica das relações internacionais. Apesar da importância que os Estados nacionais ainda têm no cenário internacional, outros atores também começaram a ganhar espaço, conformando uma rede de interdependência complexa que não reconhece as fronteiras nacionais. E, considerando que os fenômenos do mundo globalizado são percebidos, primeiramente, no âmbito local, os governos subnacionais passaram a assumir uma importância cada vez maior na busca de soluções para os problemas globais e de ampliação de suas vantagens competitivas. No entanto, nem a teoria localista, segundo a qual os governos subnacionais têm sua atuação de forma totalmente independente, em busca do seu desenvolvimento, nem a teoria globalista, de acordo com a qual os Estados tendem a desaparecer resultando numa sociedade global sem fronteiras, é capaz de explicar a inserção internacional das cidades e regiões. Ao considerarmos, de forma conjunta, a teoria do reescalonamento do Estado, de Neil Brenner com a teoria da governança multinível, podemos explicar de forma mais consistente a inserção internacional de uma cidade ou região. Afinal, não obstante a importância da atuação dos governos locais na busca de seu desenvolvimento, inclusive a partir de suas paradiplomacias, é imprescindível a participação de outras esferas de governo, especialmente a do governo federal, que identifica as ilhas de desenvolvimento econômico dentro de seu território, tonando-as new state spaces. Assim, tomaremos como estudo de caso a Região Metropolitana de Campinas, para demonstrar como a inserção internacional de uma região não se faz somente por uma paradiplomacia, mas também por meio de uma governança multinível, que extrapola os limites do território nacional, com a participação de atores públicos e privados, nacionais e estrangeiros. Nossa intenção é, também, apontar o papel que a Agência Metropolitana de Campinas e seu Conselho de Desenvolvimento podem ter nesta inserção internacional, uma vez que se tratam do ponto de interseção desta governança multinível / Abstract: The process of globalization which intensified during the 1990's has changed the dynamics of international relations. Despite the importance that national states still have in the international scenario, other actors began to gain ground, forming a network of complex interdependence that does not recognize national boundaries. And considering that the phenomena of a globalized world are perceived primarily at the local level, subnational governments began to assume an increasingly important role in seeking solutions to global issues and in expanding their competitive advantage. However, neither the localist theory, according to which subnational governments have their activities completely independently in pursuit their development, nor the globalist theory, according to which the states tend to disappear resulting in a global society without borders, is able to explain the international insertion of cities and regions. When we consider, jointly, the theory of rescaling of the state with the theory of multilevel governance, we can explain more consistently the international insertion of a city or region. After all, despite the importance of the role of local governments in pursuit of their development, including their paradiplomacy, it is essential the participation of other spheres of government, especially the federal government, which identifies the islands of development within its territory, making them the "new state spaces". Thus, we take as a case study the Metropolitan Region of Campinas to demonstrate how the international insertion of a region makes not only through a paradiplomacy, but also through a multilevel governance that goes beyond the limits of national territory, involving public and private, domestic and foreign actors. Our intention is also to point out the role that the Metropolitan Agency of Campinas and its Development Council may have in this international insertion, since they are the point of intersection of this multilevel governance / Doutorado / Relações Internacionais / Doutor em Ciência Política

DISCOURSE submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE in Development Planning at the UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND / This discourse investigates nature and the needs of global city development. It does this, through both theoretical and empirical research into this phenomenon, peculiar to the late twentieth century. The first part of the work explores the theoretical underpinnings of 'global city thesis'. and its host dominant critique, the 'dual city thesis'. Following this, an empirical assessment of the concept's relevance to Southern Africa's development is performed. For this purpose, the most dominant locality in the region, Central Gauteng, is analysed in terms of its potential for, and the problems involved with global city development in a middle-income country. It is found that global city development here would be desirable for both Central Gauteng and the greater SADC. By establishing Central Gauteng as a global city, the region would be empowered to take greater control over its economic destiny. The path this development would, by necessity take, is the promotion of the locality as the 'Gateway to Africa'. Based on this orientation several development planning proposals are presented. / Andrew Chakane 2019

A partir do final do século XIX, começa a se estruturar, em São Paulo, o modo capitalista de produção. A esta nova ordem, corresponde um novo e extraordinário produto de cidade: a metrópole paulista. O potencial de acumulação se apóia então na diversidade de formas de produção habitacional: é a complementaridade entre formas modernas e aparentemente atrasadas que viabiliza e amplia a acumulação em contexto de subdesenvolvimento. Isto vale tanto para a acumulação geral, através do peso da habitação na definição dos custos de reprodução da força de trabalho, como para a rentabilidade do setor da construção civil. A diversidade de formas de produção do espaço construído, esta característica associada à condição de subdesenvolvimento, fundamenta a estruturação rádioconcêntrica de São Paulo durante o século XX. Entretanto, a complexidade da produção e da estrutura da cidade ultrapassa a dicotomia centro x periferia. De forma incipiente na década de 1970, e especialmente a partir da década de 1980, o esgotamento do modelo de acumulação implica numa reestruturação da cidade sem, entretanto, alterar a lógica que rege a sua produção. A ocupação se pulveriza; a viabilização da acumulação assume bases menos concretas em função do desenvolvimento do sistema financeiro. Surgem modificações nas dinâmicas de valorização da terra e da distribuição dos grupos sócioeconômicos no espaço. A metrópole, entretanto, permanece através da busca constante da acumulação e da diversidade de formas de produção habitacional. Sua história pode ser dividida em duas fases essenciais: a metrópole produtiva (18501985), onde se destacam a organização rádioconcêntrica, a macrosegregação e a viabilização da acumulação através do processo produtivo do espaço (ocorra ela essencialmente na escala do empreendimento ou na escala da cidade); e a metrópole financeira (a partir de 1985), onde identificamos a formação de uma nova estrutura e onde aumenta a importância da microsegregação e da associação entre construção civil e sistema financeiro. Uma única lógica de produção gera, portanto, cidades diferentes ao longo do tempo, em função de características inerentes ao modo capitalista de produção. Mas é importante destacar que esta mesma lógica engendra espaços simultâneos, complementares e fundamentalmente diferentes que pertencem, todavia, a uma única e mesma cidade. O estudo da estruturação da metrópole revela a sobreposição de diversos processos e de diversas dimensões da acumulação de capital. Tal sobreposição dificulta a identificação das variáveis agindo sobre a produção do espaço, dificultando também a elaboração de soluções eficazes para os atuais problemas metropolitanos. Se ainda é difícil apreendermos a nova estrutura e as minúcias da produção espacial atual em São Paulo, é certo, entretanto, que enquanto a acumulação permanecer como chave da produção da cidade, as soluções efetivas para os principais problemas desta última deverão passar, obrigatoriamente, pela contenção dos desequilíbrios, das desigualdades e da degradação que acompanham o modo capitalista de produção do espaço. Sem isto, é inviável qualquer perspectiva de desenvolvimento verdadeiro e sustentável. / The capitalist mode of production starts to structure itself in São Paulo in the end of the 19th century. This new situation corresponds to a new and extraordinary city product: the São Paulo Metropolis. The accumulation potential has then its basis in the diverse forms of housing production: its the union of modern and apparently late forms that makes accumulation viable and bigger in an underdevelopment context. This is true for both, accumulation in general, through the importance of housing in the cost definition of the workforce and for the profit generated by the construction segment. The diversity of built area construction forms, which is a characteristic that is associated to underdevelopment, explains the radius concentric structure of São Paulo in the 20th century. The complexity of production and city structure goes beyond the downtown area x suburban area dichotomy, though. In an incipient way in the 70s and especially from the 80s on, the decline of this accumulation process implies in the restructuring of the city, but that doesnt change the logistics that rule its mode of production. Occupation spreads all over while accumulation viability assumes less concrete basis because of the development of the financial system. The cost of land and the distribution of socioeconomical groups in the city suffer dynamic modifications. In this process, the metropolis remains in constant search for accumulation and different ways of housing production, though. Its history can be divided in two basic phases: the productive metropolis (18501895), in which a radio concentric structure, macrosegregation, and accumulation in the process of space production (both in the scale of the building and the city) play a key role; and the financial metropolis (since 1985), in which we can identify the formation of a new structure with microsegregation playing a more important role and with the association of construction and the financial system. This way, a single production logistics system has generated different cities along time due to core characteristics of the capitalist mode of production. But it is important to emphasize that this same logistics creates simultaneous, complementary and essentially different areas that belong to a single city. The study of the process of structuring the metropolis reveals the coexistence of diverse processes and capital accumulation processes. This superposition makes it difficult to identify the various dimensions of capital accumulation. It complicates the identification of the factors that work on spatial production, which also makes it difficult to elaborate efficient solutions to the present metropolitan problems. Even though its still difficult for us to understand the new structure and the details of todays spatial production in São Paulo, we can surely say that as long as accumulation keeps its key role in the city production, effective solutions for the main city problems will necessarily have to deal with the constraint of unbalance, inequality and degradation which always go together with the capitalist mode of production of space. Without this, any real and sustainable development perspective is not viable.

Embora a produção habitacional do Governo do Estado de São Paulo na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) tenha adquirido expressão, do ponto de vista quantitativo, a partir dos anos 90, a história da Política Estadual de Habitação ainda se ressente da falta de uma análise detalhada dos produtos efetivados e de sua relação com o porte e a complexidade dos problemas habitacionais metropolitanos. Esta tese busca contribuir para elucidar essa questão ao resgatar os dados da produção dessa Política Estadual de Habitação, alinhando-os a denominadores comuns que se consubstanciam na identificação dos diferentes produtos dessa política, tarefa que demandou a adoção de metodologia específica para alcançar os objetivos traçados. Busca também estabelecer um quadro de referência para a compreensão dos principais períodos da Política Estadual de Habitação, apoiado nos marcos relativos aos aspectos institucionais, financeiros e programáticos, além dos marcos específicos que delinearam a história da ação do setor habitacional do Governo do Estado na RMSP. O período analisado tem seu marco inicial na criação do primeiro órgão estadual responsável pela execução dessa política, em 1949, ainda que o primeiro registro da produção tenha ocorrido apenas em 1967. Entretanto, foi somente a partir do fim da década de 80 que a produção associada a essa política passou a ser mais significativa, em função da utilização de recursos orçamentários do Estado, acrescidos a partir de 1989 pelo aporte de recursos de origem fiscal, alterando o porte e a característica da atuação da Política Estadual de Habitação, especialmente na RMSP. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa confirma a hipótese de que a Política Estadual de Habitação reproduz no período analisado a prática de promover conjuntos habitacionais localizados em setores periféricos de forma isolada de outras questões que circunscrevem os problemas habitacionais. Esse procedimento ocorreu mesmo quando visava atender famílias afetadas por obras de outras políticas setoriais que exigiam a erradicação ou a urbanização de assentamentos habitacionais precários. Com base na questão habitacional da metrópole paulistana e nos deveres e recortes para a atuação do Governo do Estado para seu equacionamento, esta tese pontua aspectos que se consideram essenciais para a estruturação de uma política habitacional metropolitana. / Although the housing production developed by the State Government of São Paulo in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region gained expressive momentum, in quantitative terms, in the 1990s, the history of the São Paulo State Housing Policy is still to be enriched by a thorough analysis of the outcomes achieved and of its relation with the scale and complexity of metropolitan housing challenges. The purpose of present study was to aid in clarifying this issue by recovering data on the outcomes of this State Housing Policy and analyzing them in the light of shared criteria so as to allow for the identification of the range of products derived from this policyan effort that demanded the adoption of specific methodology. The study also sought to delineate a reference framework for proper understanding of decisive periods that have marked the State Housing Policy, based on key features related to institutional, financial, and programmatic aspects, as well as specific features that have configured the evolution of actions conducted in the housing sector by the State Government in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region. The earliest milestone in the period analyzed was the creation, in 1949, of the first state agency responsible for implementing this policy, although the earliest record of any given outcome dates from 1967. It was not before the late 1980s, however, that the production associated with this policy became more significant, in response to funding from State sources, to which tax-derived resources were added from 1989 onwards, thus changing the scale and profile of the State Housing Policy, particularly in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region. The investigation corroborates the assumption that in the period investigated this State Housing Policy reproduced the practice of fostering the implementation of housing projects located in peripheral areas without attempting to reach integration with other aspects related to housing challenges. Such partial focus operated even when the target public was constituted of families affected by the consequences of other sectorial policies that led to eradication or urbanization of deficient housing settlements. By focusing on the housing issues that affect the São Paulo Metropolitan Region and on the obligations of the State Government and the array of frameworks and approaches available to it for addressing these issues, the present study highlights aspects regarded as central for structuring a housing policy of metropolitan scope.

O porte alcançado pela urbanização dispersa e fragmentada permite considerar esse fenômeno tão ou até mesmo mais importante para o urbanismo quanto as questões relacionadas à cidade compacta. Embora seja um fato em regiões metropolitanas do mundo inteiro, esse tipo de urbanização se apresenta como tema ainda não abordado de modo abrangente no país. As abordagens propositivas a respeito dele usualmente consistem na aplicação de soluções consagradas para a cidade compacta, cujos efeitos em suas especificidades são questionáveis. Nesse contexto, presente nas franjas das regiões metropolitanas das grandes capitais, observa-se uma relação contraditória e de particular interesse para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho: o processo de dispersão e fragmentação urbanas permitiu, de modo não intencional, a conservação de uma quantidade expressiva de espaços livres com potencial para qualificações e articulações para fins de preservação, conservação, recreação e convívio. Como objeto de estudo é adotado o processo de produção formal de áreas urbanizadas dispersas e fragmentadas na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), no qual figuras urbanas como os loteamentos fechados e condomínios horizontais desempenham papel relevante. Como recorte específico, foi adotado o Vetor Oeste da RMSP, composto pelos municípios de Barueri, Carapicuíba, Cotia, Embu das Artes, Itapecerica da Serra, Itapevi, Jandira, Santana de Parnaíba e Vargem Grande Paulista. Em comum, além de apresentarem de modo expressivo e simultaneamente dinâmicas de dispersão e fragmentação em seus territórios, todos esses municípios possuem suas manchas urbanizadas conectadas direta ou indiretamente à cidade de São Paulo. A partir da compreensão do local, das ações existentes e da definição dos parâmetros de qualidade projetual, são elencadas possíveis soluções para o estabelecimento de relações menos conflituosas entre dinâmicas naturais e urbanas no vetor por meio da qualificação do seu sistema de espaços livres / The proportions urban sprawl and urban fragmentation reach allow us to consider it a phenomenon as important (or even more so) to urbanism as matters related to the compact city. Even though it is a fact for metropolitan areas all over the world, this urbanization type regards a theme not yet widely discussed in Brazil. The propositional approaches on this matter usually consist of implementing established solutions for the compact city, bringing questionable effects to its specificities. In this context, one can observe a conflicting relation of particular interest to the evolution of this thesis in the outskirts of the capital cities metropolitan areas: the urban sprawl and the urban fragmentation have unintentionally allowed the conservation of a significant amount of open spaces potentially qualifying and articulate for preservation, protection, recreation and socializing. As subject of study, a formal production process of urban sprawl and urban fragmentation in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (RMSP) was adopted, in which urban structures, such as gated communities and low3rise residential condominiums, play an important role. The western portion of the RMSP is chosen as a specific scope. Thanks to the metropolitan extent these phenomena exhibit, the scope comprehends the municipalities of Barueri, Carapicuíba, Cotia, Embu das Artes, Itapecerica da Serra, Itapevi, Jandira, Santana de Parnaíba and Vargem Grande Paulista. As common denominator, besides exhibiting significantly and simultaneously sprawl and fragmentation dynamics within their territories, these municipalities also present urban fabrics interconnected directly or indirectly to the city of São Paulo. The choosing of this portion also refers to the high amount of new urbanized areas the portion in comparison with the RMSP, bringing different pressure levels to its current open spaces. As instrument for analysis, project quality parameters and criteria considered appropriate for the landscape urban proposals drafting are identified in the fragmented and sprawl urbanization areas. Further, a scanning of the urban morphology and the understanding of the current open spaces system is presented to identify existing conflicts and potentials, focused on the relations between natural and urban dynamics. Next, an analysis of the actions undertaken by several social actors and legal mechanisms involved in the portion is performed, aiming to understand the existing deficiencies and identify practices that reached any success or that are subject to improvement. Ultimately, based on the understanding of the location, the existing actions and the project quality parameters defined, possible solutions for the establishment of less conflicting relations between natural and urban dynamics in the portion are evidenced by the qualification of its open spaces system.

By recontextualizing spatiality, it is arguable that the meaning of &lsquo / space&rsquo / as a term varies from the most local to the global geographies. &lsquo / Space&rsquo / as a term for this thesis does not only mean the architectural spaces, but also the social spaces. This thesis aims to define and investigate the dynamics of &lsquo / Thirdspace&rsquo / as a key term and to locate it in the specifities of urban within the area of resistance and transgression. &lsquo / Thirdspace&rsquo / is illustrated as a wider sphere of participation forpolitical resistance. As a space, it is the new meeting places for diverse oppositional practices, for multiple communities of resistance. It is a space that is both center and the margin, which enables the radical social action everywhere in the world, from local to the global. The theoretical framework for understanding the tools of our critical approach will be provided by a comprehensive literature about &lsquo / identity politics,&rsquo / which can be defined as the theoretical base of the concept of &lsquo / Thirdspace.&rsquo / After an extensive analysis about the dynamics of &lsquo / Thirdspace&rsquo / for political resistance, it is concerned to locate the concept of &lsquo / Thirdspace&rsquo / within the material world as a case study. The case study aims to exemplify firstly the &lsquo / Istiklal Street&rsquo / as &lsquo / Thirdspace&rsquo / , secondly political position of &lsquo / Saturday&rsquo / s Mothers&rsquo / as &lsquo / thirdspace of political choice&rsquo / , and lastly to demonstrate the reciprocal relations between them within the framework of the relationship between space and politics.

In the last couple of decades, there has been increasing evidence of changes in global climate. With urban areas identified as the primary contributors to the climate change, there is an impetus for initiatives to persuade major contributors of greenhouse gases to undertake policy measures for climate change mitigation. The support for such initiatives at the international level has been mixed with many nations, including the United States, not accepting the Kyoto protocol. In view of the evident disagreement at the international level, initiatives promoting local communities to adopt self regulating policies for climate change mitigation have gained importance. One such initiative is the Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) supported by the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives. This research explores the differences in the socio-economic and civic characteristics of metropolitan areas in the contiguous United States that have committed to CCP (as a policy measure for climate change mitigation) to those that have not. The data in this study has been primarily collected from the census documents and government publications. The indicators are grouped into risk, stress and civic variables. The differences amongst the metropolitan areas with CCP committed jurisdictions and those with non-committed jurisdictions have been analyzed through statistical t-tests and use of geographical information system (GIS). The research reveals that metropolitan areas with a higher degree of risk are more likely to commit to climate change mitigation policies whereas those with higher stress index are less likely to commit. The metropolitan areas with higher civic index were also found more likely to commit to policy measures for climate change mitigation. The results of the study are significant as they reveal that communities that are at risk are not necessarily adding to the climate stress and those contributing the most to the climatic stress are not committed to climate change mitigation. The results of the study support the need to discontinue the closed box approach and instead adopt an approach with vertical integration. Cooperation and coordination amongst the hierarchical aggregate levels of communities, from a place to a region, are imperative for effective implementation of climate mitigation initiatives.

Today, the world is in a continuous process of change, which is conceptualized as globalization. Although the concept is generally related to economy, it affects aspects of human life / i.e. social, cultural, political and so on. The impact of globalization on urban areas requires a special emphasis. Economic development has played a significant role in restructuring the city. Particularly following the 1970s, with the changes in the international economic system, the world has started to transform into a global market and the capital has gained liquidity in this system. Along with the changing system after the industrial restructuring, capital accumulation in developed countries has started to accumulate towards new places. In order to attract capital, the roles of cities are reshaped in the globalization perspective. Globalization led to the formation of the new land uses in order to adapt to the competitive global system, which caused a transformation period of spatial structure. However, these competitive conditions led to unplanned spatial development, especially in the cities of developing countries. This study aims to identify the spatial changes caused by changes in economic conditions, under the impact of globalization and the development process of Maslak, which has been taking place along with the globalization process, and the role of planning system throughout this process in the global city of Istanbul constitute.