This diploma thesis deals with the import operation of Mexican avocados into the Czech Republic. It is divided into three chapters. The first chapter defines the trade with agricultural crops and depicts its specifics as well as the global avocado market production and export with its key players. A special attention is focused on Mexico, which has primacy in both categories. The second chapter analyzes the avocado market in the Czech Republic, it studies the consumption trends, import history and our key business partners. It also contains a survey that explores the consumption habits of the Czech population. The third chapter is devoted to the actual import operation of organic avocados from Mexico and all its requirements from vendor selection, business documents, logistics and pricing.

This work is centered in the analysis of characters in the novel The Savage Detevcives written by Roberto Bolaño. The thesis has no purpose in the biografic analysis of its authors life. It represents a detailed research and identification of characters that were (and still are) attached to our delimited context which is centered in the years of the development of the plot (1975-1976) and the years after while the movement infrarrealsim lasts. Its purpose is the analysis of each selected character. In order to fulfill it I have created the concept of the "infra-grafía". An infra-grafía is some kind of curriculum of each character that helps to respond the question that this work arises: which characters are fictional and which are infra-real? Because real is none of them.

Heart and Minds concept is one of the most overlooked approaches of the counterinsurgency. This is surprising especially because the classic coercive strategies are struggling with producing sufficient outcomes. In fact it is quite the opposite in practice and they fail to supress the insurgency ultimately. Hearts and Minds strategy is based on assumption that if the government is able to gain public support the insurgents will lose vital resource for their fight and they will collapse eventually. In this thesis I am going to explore the potential the Hearts and Minds strategy has and demonstrate its strengths and weaknesses. There are five cases of insurgency to be examined in which the Hearts and Minds has been used successfully or unsuccessfully. The first case is the Emergency in British Malaya. Gerard Templer is considered as an author of the Hearts and Minds phrase, therefore his administration of Malaya should be examined I believe. Second case is the FARC insurgency in Colombia. Third case is the Zapatistas movement in Mexico. Fourth case is the US invasion into Iraq in 2003. Last case is the 2012 Tuaregs uprising in Mali and subsequent development. It is clear from the findings that Hearts and minds has its place among the COIN approaches. Even though it is not best suited for all...

Language management of Nahuatl in Mexico This thesis describes the current status of Nahuatl language, and disccus its functioning and position within the institutional structures of Mexican society, as well as language community in the municipality of Chicontepec in northeastern Mexico. Nahuatl is one of the best-known indigenous languages with wider distribution across the Mexico and according to the latest census, there are one and half million speakers of the language. The aim of this paper is to present the key moments of the relationship between Spanish and Nahuatl. The paper analyzes how to manage the problems associated with the language problems associated with Nahuatl and other indigenous languages from the second half of the twenty century to the present. On the basis of empirical data describes in detail the use of Nahuatl and the transmission within the selected families and communities in the bilingual Chicontepec. In four communities discussed the linguistic behavior of the population with emphasis on intergenerational language transmission. The Nahua community have experienced over the past 30 years, the linguistic dynamic changes that result in different language skills in different generations, genders and social groups. One of the main conclusions is that the administration of Nahuatl...

Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte zum Ziel, das Vorkommen subklinischer und klinischer Eutergesundheitsstörungen in 33 Milchviehherden in Jalisco, Mexiko, aufzuzeigen. Von 2937 mittels CMT untersuchten Eutervierteln zeigten 1996 (66,9%) eine positive und hiervon 1087 (37%) eine deutlich bis stark positive Reaktion. Im Abgleich mit den bakteriologischen Untersuchungen ergab sich eine Prävalenz an subklinischen Mastitiden in Höhe von 43,7%. Klinische Mastitiden ließen sich zu 2,5% nachweisen. 53,8% der untersuchten Milchproben zeigten bakteriologisch keinen Keimgehalt. Aus den übrigen Proben konnten zu 15,6% KNS, 14,0% Corynebacterium spp. 6,7% S. agalactiae, 5,9% S. aureus, 4,1% coliforme Keime, 3,7% Streptococcus spp. und 1,7% sonstige Keime (Bacillus spp., Nocardia spp., Candida spp.) isoliert werden. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass neben den kontagösen Mastitiserregern wie S. aureus und S. agalactiae minorpathogene Erreger zu einem hohen Anteil am Mastitisgeschehen in Jalisco beteiligt sind. Mit Hilfe der Pulsfeldgelelektrophorese konnte gezeigt werden, dass in jedem der Betriebe, in denen S. aureus isoliert werden konnte, überwiegend ein einzelner Genotyp für das Mastitisgeschehen verantwortlich war. Die betriebsspezifischen Genotypen zeigten überwiegend eine enge Verwandtschaft zu den Genotypen aus anderen Betrieben. Hierdurch konnte der kontagiöse Charakter dieses Mastitiserregers und ein dominierendes Vorkommen bestimmter S. aureus-Klone belegt werden. Durch die Besichtigung der Betriebe und Befragung der Betriebsleiter konnten Defizite in der Haltungs- und Melkhygiene aufgezeigt werden. Sie korrelierten statistisch signifikant mit erhöhter Mastitisprävalenz und mit erhöhten Nachweisraten von kontagiösen Mastitiserregern. Vorbeugende, kontrollierende und korrigierende Maßnahmen wurden vorgeschlagen und erörtert. Durch die genannten Programme zur Vorbeuge und Kontrolle der Mastitis könnte die Milchproduktion in Jalisco und Mexiko um bis zu 20% gesteigert und somit das starke Defizit des mexikanischen Milchsektors sowie die hohen Milchpulverimportmengen minimiert werden. Da die verminderte bakteriologische Qualität der Milch von an subklinischer Mastitis erkrankten Kühen außerdem, insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund des hohen Rohmilchkonsums, ein mögliches gesundheitliches Risiko für den Verbraucher darstellt, wurden 17 der aus den Betrieben isolierten S. aureus-Isolate auf ihr Toxinbildungsvermögen und ihre Toxin-Genmuster hin untersucht. Nur bei einem Stamm konnte ein Amplifikat für das SEI Gen nachgewiesen werden. Keiner der untersuchten Stämme beherbergte Gene für die SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE, SEG, SEJ und das TSST-1. Trotz dieser geringen Nachweisrate sollte in Mexiko durch Einführung eines konsequent durchgeführten Mastitiskontrollprogramms Milch mit einer höheren hygienischen Wertigkeit produziert und somit das vom Lebensmittel Milch für den Verbraucher ausgehende gesundheitliche Risiko reduziert werden. / Aim of the present work was to prove the occurrence of subclinic and clinic disturbances of udder health in 33 herds of dairy cattle in Jalisco, Mexico. 1996 (66.9 %) out of 2937 udder quarters examined by means of CMT showed a positive reaction, 1087 (37%) out of these reactions were from clearly up to significantly positive reactions. Compared to the bacteriological examinations the prevalence for subclinic mastitides came up to 43.7%. On the other hand clinical mastitides could be proved in 2.5%. In 53.8% of the examined quarter milk samples there was no bacteriological pathogen content. From the rest of the samples we could isolate CNS (15.4%), Corynebacterium spp. (13.9%) S. agalactiae (6.6%), S. aureus (5.8%), coliform pathogens (3.6%) and others (Bacillus spp., Nocardia spp., Candida spp.) (1.7%). These results demonstrate a significant share of minor pathogens beside contagious mastitis pathogens as S. aureus and S. agalactiae in masititis incidents in Jalisco. By means of the pulsed-field-gel-electrophoresis we proved that in each of those farms where S. aureus had been isolated, only one genotype was responsible for mastitis incidents. The farm specific genotypes mostly showed a close relationship to the genotypes of other farms. Therefore the contagious character of mastitis pathogens and the dominating occurrence of certain S. aureus clones could be proved. By inspecting the farms and questioning work managers deficits in hygienic keeping and milking could be demonstrated. Statistically they correlate significantly with an increased mastitis prevalence and increased proving rates of contagious mastitis pathogens. Prophylactic, controlling and correcting measurements were supposed and discussed. Those prophylactic and controlling programmes for mastitis could elevate milk production in Jalisco and Mexico by up to 20% and therefore reduce the large deficit in the Mexican milk sector as well as the large amount of import of powdered milk. The decreased bacteriological quality of milk of cows with subclinical mastitis means a possible health risk for the consumer, especially considering the consumption of raw milk. Therefore 17 S. aureus isolates of those farms were examined according to their toxigenic ability and their toxin gene pattern. Only in one strain an amplification for the SEI gene could be proved. None of the examined strains contained genes for SEA, SEB, SEC, SED SEE, SEG, SEJ and TSST-1. In spite of this low proving rate milk of a higher hygienic value should be produced in Mexico by introducing a mastitis controlling programme carried out consequently and thereby reducing the health risk of milk as a comestible for the consumer.

The present thesis compares geografical education in Argentina, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico and Spain. The main subject is the concept of the geografical education of level ISCED 2, presented in binding curriculum of the foremntioned countries. Content analysis of the curriculum aims to find out whether general geographical education is being unified or not. This thesis seeks to verify or falsify the hypothesis of bases of the elementary general geographical education being consistent in globalised world. This hypothesis is justified by the fact that educational potential of geography (certain basis of maternal discipline) is very similar across the world, as are main educational needs of today's society. Undoubtedly, the needs determine the goals, topics and content structure of geographical education. The structure of the thesis is congruent with the forementioned goals. The first part gives broader background of the subject. The second part is the research, its methodology and results. The concept of geographical education in curriculum was assessed through quantitaive and qualitative content analysis. Quantitative analysis focused on the frequency of key words (indicators of content unification) in educational goals and main topics. If the given indicator had been found to be present in at least...

In den letzten Jahren finden die prägendsten Stadtentwicklungsprozesse in Mexiko-Stadt ausschließlich in der Peripherie statt. Heutzutage leben hier 90% der Gesamtbevölkerung (Sobrino 2004). Seit dem Ende des letzten Jahrtausends ist in der Metropole eine polyzentrische Entwicklung zu beobachten, was sich in einer Bevölkerungsabnahme im Stadtzentrum ausdrückt, ohne dass das Bevölkerungswachstum insgesamt innehält. Damit bestätigt sich hier das hochaktuelle Modell einer Stadt-Region, welches sich durch eine ungleichmäßige Ausdehnung und diffuse Urbanisation (Delgado 2008) charakterisieren lässt. Diese schließt auch weiter außerhalb gelegene Regionen mit ein, die gleichzeitig ländlichen und städtisch Merkmalen aufweisen. Es ist eine noch nicht gelöste Aufgabe, den Bedarf nach städtischen Wohnungen zu decken. Dazu wurde der Immobilienmarkt den privaten Finanzmärkten überlassen, und gleichzeitig beendete der Staat die öffentlichen Wohnungsbaumaßnahmen und erleichterte den Zugang zu privaten Krediten, was den Weg zur Immobilienspekulation öffnete. Die Möglichkeit Sozialwohnungen als Wohneigentum zu erwerben ist, wie alle sozialen Garantien der Vergangenheit, im Strudel neoliberaler Politik verschwunden, die ganz Mexiko ergriffen hat. Ixtapaluca liegt in der östlichen Peripherie Mexiko-Stadts und ist eine der am meisten von der Immobilienspekulation betroffenem Regionen, die Ende der neunziger Jahre begonnenen hat. Seither wurden hier mehrere Megawohnungsbauprojekte umgesetzt, die somit in der weitentferntesten Peripherie von Mexiko-Stadt liegen. Bei der hier stattfindende “Massenproduktion” von Wohnraum für die untere Mittelklasse ergeben sich wesentliche Vorteile für die dahinterstehenden privaten Bauunternehmen: die Lage der Baugrundstücke in suburbanen ländlichen Gebieten verringert den Bodenpreis; da es keine staatliche Regelungen gibt, kann minderwertiges Baumaterial verwendet werden, weshalb diese Bauprojekte sichere Gewinne garantieren - wenn auch nicht für die Käufer der Wohnungen. Für die angesprochene Bevölkerungsschicht stellen die “Unidades Habitacionales” die einzige Möglichkeit dar, eigenes Wohneigentum für die Familie zu erwerben. Die dahinterstehende Verkaufsstrategie profitiert von einer Illusion: dem Mythos des Eigenheims mit tiefgründiger Bedeutung in der mexikanischen Kultur. Die Konsequenzen dieses Urbanisierungsmodels sind vielschichtig. Sie reichen von der Ebene der Metropole über die lokale Ebene bis hin zum Privaten. Über Interviews mit Betroffenen nähert sich diese Arbeit den Personen an, die bereits Wohneigentum in den “Unidades Habitacionales“ in Ixtapaluca und Umgebung erworben haben. Darüber soll eine Reflexion des Lebens in den Familien nach dem Immobilienkauf stattfinden. Mittels detaillierter Aufschlüsselung der täglichen Routinen war es möglich, Schemata für das Zeitbudget der Betroffenen herauszuarbeiten und diejenigen Aktivitäten zu erkennen, die das Familienleben in der neuen Wohnumgebung prägen. Resultierend aus der Wohnlage wird das nun notwendige Pendeln zum Arbeitsplatz zur zeitfressendsten Aktivität. So wird der Traum vom Wohneigentum zum Albtraum, da der tägliche Weg zum Arbeitsplatz angesichts der extrem schlechten Verkehrs-Infrastruktur immer komplizierter wird. Dafür müssen täglich bis zu drei bis fünf Stunden aufgewendet werden, die für andere wichtige “Aktivitäten” wie das Familienleben, Essenspausen oder Ruhephasen fehlen. / It has been Mexico City’s periphery, currently home to more than 90% of the city’s total population (Sobrino, 2004), which has played the leading role in the urban processes of the past years. Since the end of the last millenium the city has become polycentric and sustained a loss of inhabitants in central areas. However, it has continued to grow and the present model would suggest the formation of a City-Region (Región Centro de México), whose excentric expansion and diffuse urbanization (Delgado, 2008) integrates outlying territories of an ambiguous nature, displaying rural as well as urban characteristics. While providing urban housing continues to be an unsolved problem and with a real estate market that has been surrendered to private capital, the State has cancelled its housing policy and facilitated access to loans, which has paved the way for real estate speculation. Like all the social guarantees of the past, access to housing has been reduced to a neoliberal model, which now prevails throughout the state of Mexico. Ixtapaluca, situated on Mexico City’s eastern periphery, is one of the municipalities in the metropolitan area most affected by such real estate speculation, which started in the late 1990s. Since then, several large-scale housing projects have been constructed in areas most removed from the center: in the municipalities on the conurbation’s outer periphery. Such a model of mass production for the working classes presents several advantages for private construction companies: the fact that the housing complexes are situated in periurban agricultural areas means prices for land are low; at the same time, the total lack of state regulation make it possible to use building materials of inferior quality. Most importantly, such projects are a guaranteed investment, but not for the people who buy the houses. For them, these housing projects are the only option to have a place of their own, of acquiring a family home and family fortune. The marketing strategies used to sell them disguise an illusion: the myth of the privately owned house a theme of great cultural relevance in Mexico, the perfect trap. There are various consequences of this model are played out on several levels: from the metropolitan to the local to the individual. Basing this study on personal interviews made it possible to get as close as possible to the inhabitants and to map the impact on their family life of purchasing a home in one of the Housing Projects of the region (Ixtapaluca, Chalco). By means of a detailed list of daily routine activities, it was possible to schematize and visualize the families’ time-budget as well as to identify those activities for which people use most of their time after moving into the new house. As these new settlements are situated on the periphery, commuting to and from work becomes one of the most time-consuming activities. Because of this, the dream of the family home turns into a nightmare: getting to the workplace becomes more complicated (inadequate public transport) and takes up between three and five hours every day, which means that there is less time for other fundamental activities like resting, meals and family life.

Strukturella reformer har förvandlat Latinamerikas ekonomier från att vara stängda och statsdominerade till att bli mer marknadsorienterade och öppna för resten utav världen. Grundat på den politiska utvecklingen och den ekonomiska tillväxten blir marknaden mer stabil och utgör stora möjligheter för företag som vill satsa utomlands. Men med inträdet på en främmande marknad kommer kulturella utmaningar som kan ställa till problem om man inte ger dem tillräcklig uppmärksamhet. Studiens syfte är att undersöka och beskriva de kulturella skillnaderna som kommer till uttryck när svenska företag är verksamma på den latinamerikanska marknaden och hur de hanterar dessa. De teorier som ligger till grund för analysen handlar om kulturdimensioner, psykisk distans, internationaliseringsprocessen och kulturell träning. Studien är genomförd med en kvalitativ ansats. Det utfördes 11 semistrukturerade intervjuer med representanter från företag som är verksamma på den mexikanska marknaden, och det är individens erfarenheter på denna som ligger till grund för studiens analys och slutsatser. Studien finner att de största kulturella skillnaderna som svenska företag upplever på den mexikanska marknaden är att det finns en större maktdistans och en striktare hierarki. Den mexikanska affärskulturen är relationsbaserad, något som kan vara en hög barriär för svenska företag vid ett inträde på marknaden. Tidsuppfattningen är en kulturell skillnad som kan göra att svenska representanter kan känna en frustration, då man i Mexiko har en långsiktig orientering och inte använder tid som mått som man i Sverige gör. Den mexikanska affärskulturen har en maskulin orientering vilket innebär att arbete och pengar prioriteras framför familj och fritid. Svenska företag hanterar de kulturella skillnaderna bland annat med att etablera ett lokalt bolag eller att anlita en agent för att ta hand om verksamheten åt dem. / Due to structural reforms, the economies of Latin America have changed: From being restricted to their own countries, meaning that other countries have not had much possibility to do business with them and addition to this being dominated by the state, the economies of Latin America are now more open and market-oriented. Based on the political development and economic growth the market is now becoming more stable. The Latin American market represents great possibilities for companies that want to expand their business abroad, but together with the entry on an unknown, foreign market come cultural challenges that may cause problems if they are not given enough attention.This study's purpose is to examine and to describe the cultural differences that appear when Swedish companies operate on the Latin American market, and how they handle them. The theories that form the basis for the analysis are theories about cultural dimensions, psychic distance, the process of internationalization and cultural training.The study is conducted by eleven semi-structured interviews with representatives from companies that are active on the Mexican market, and it is their individual experiences of the market that form the basis for the study’s analysis and conclusions.The conclusion of the study is that the biggest cultural differences that appear when Swedish companies operate on the Mexican market are the higher level of power distance and the more rigid hierarchy on the Mexican market. The business in Mexico is relationship based, something which can create a barrier for the Swedish companies when they enter the market. The Mexican perception of time can lead to frustration as the Mexican business culture has a long-term- orientation, and time is usually not being used as a measurement in the same way as in Sweden. The Mexican business culture also has a masculine orientation which involves that work and money are given a priority above spare time and family. The companies handle the cultural differences, for instance, by establishing a local subsidiary or by turning to an agent who can take charge of their business on the market.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, Progresa, on school attendance in Mexican rural and urban areas. Within recent years, conditional cash transfer programs have become one of the most accepted remedies for poverty alleviation in many countries. Progresa was developed as an economic experi-ment, with randomized selection process, treatment groups and control croups. For this reason, the impact of Progresa is ideal for economic analysis. There are clear evidence of disparities between urban and rural school attendance rates in Mexico, hence the pro-gram’s effect on school attendance rates have been studied in the two regions. There are several reasons why one would expect different outcomes of the program on school at-tendance in rural and urban areas. Expected returns to education and the opportunity cost of investment in schooling in different regions are thought to affect the household’s optimization problem differently. The impact of Progresa on school attendance rates is estimated by a logit regression model analyzing household data within the household optimization framework. Mainly, Progresa has a positive impact on children’s school at-tendance. However, it may be concluded that Progresa has no significant effect for older children in rural areas. This result is assumed to be explained by the different conditions poor families face in different regions. If rural households’ optimization problem indeed looks different; this might suggest that the design of conditional cash transfer programs such as Progresa is crucially important depending on the region of implementation. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera det villkora välfärdsprogrammet Progresa och dess effekt på skolnärvaro i mexikanska rurala och urbana områden. Under senare år har villkora välfärdsprogram kommit att vara en av de mest accepterade formerna av bistånd för att minska fattigdom i de flesta länder. Progresa utvecklades utifrån ett ekonomiskt experiment, med en slumpmässig urvalsprocess samt en experiment- och kontrollgrupp. Med anledning av detta är Progresa ett utmärkt program att studera för ekonomisk analys. Skolnärvaron i mexikanska rurala och urbana områden varierar stort och av denna anledning har effekten av Progresa studerats i de båda regionerna. Det finns många anledningar till varför vi bör förvänta oss avvikande utfall. En förklaring kan vara att utbildningens förväntade avkastning och alternativkostnad påverkar hushållens optimeringsproblem olika. Effekten av Progresa på skolnärvaro är beräknad med en logit regressionsmodell där hushållsdata analyseras inom ramen för hushållets optimeringsproblem. Huvudsakligen har Progresa en positiv effekt på barns skolnärvaro. Dock, och vad som bör noteras, är det faktum att Progresa inte har en signifikant påverkan på äldre rurala barns skolnärvaro. Detta resultat antas förklaras av fattiga familjers olika förutsättningar i rurala och urbana områden. I det fall rurala familjers optimeringsproblem skiljer sig från urbana familjers optimeringsproblem, torde detta innebära att strukturen av ett villkorligt biståndsprogram, så som Progresa, är av största vikt och bör anpassas ändamålsenligt.

<p>The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, Progresa, on school attendance in Mexican rural and urban areas. Within recent years, conditional cash transfer programs have become one of the most accepted remedies for poverty alleviation in many countries. Progresa was developed as an economic experi-ment, with randomized selection process, treatment groups and control croups. For this reason, the impact of Progresa is ideal for economic analysis. There are clear evidence of disparities between urban and rural school attendance rates in Mexico, hence the pro-gram’s effect on school attendance rates have been studied in the two regions. There are several reasons why one would expect different outcomes of the program on school at-tendance in rural and urban areas. Expected returns to education and the opportunity cost of investment in schooling in different regions are thought to affect the household’s optimization problem differently. The impact of Progresa on school attendance rates is estimated by a logit regression model analyzing household data within the household optimization framework. Mainly, Progresa has a positive impact on children’s school at-tendance. However, it may be concluded that Progresa has no significant effect for older children in rural areas. This result is assumed to be explained by the different conditions poor families face in different regions. If rural households’ optimization problem indeed looks different; this might suggest that the design of conditional cash transfer programs such as Progresa is crucially important depending on the region of implementation.</p> / <p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera det villkora välfärdsprogrammet Progresa och dess effekt på skolnärvaro i mexikanska rurala och urbana områden. Under senare år har villkora välfärdsprogram kommit att vara en av de mest accepterade formerna av bistånd för att minska fattigdom i de flesta länder. Progresa utvecklades utifrån ett ekonomiskt experiment, med en slumpmässig urvalsprocess samt en experiment- och kontrollgrupp. Med anledning av detta är Progresa ett utmärkt program att studera för ekonomisk analys. Skolnärvaron i mexikanska rurala och urbana områden varierar stort och av denna anledning har effekten av Progresa studerats i de båda regionerna. Det finns många anledningar till varför vi bör förvänta oss avvikande utfall. En förklaring kan vara att utbildningens förväntade avkastning och alternativkostnad påverkar hushållens optimeringsproblem olika. Effekten av Progresa på skolnärvaro är beräknad med en logit regressionsmodell där hushållsdata analyseras inom ramen för hushållets optimeringsproblem. Huvudsakligen har Progresa en positiv effekt på barns skolnärvaro. Dock, och vad som bör noteras, är det faktum att Progresa inte har en signifikant påverkan på äldre rurala barns skolnärvaro. Detta resultat antas förklaras av fattiga familjers olika förutsättningar i rurala och urbana områden. I det fall rurala familjers optimeringsproblem skiljer sig från urbana familjers optimeringsproblem, torde detta innebära att strukturen av ett villkorligt biståndsprogram, så som Progresa, är av största vikt och bör anpassas ändamålsenligt.</p>