No description available.

The simulation and design of advanced materials for fatigue resistance requires an understanding of the response of their hierarchical microstructure attributes to imposed load, temperature, and environment over time. For Ni-base superalloy components used in aircraft jet turbine engines, different competing mechanisms (ex. surface vs. subsurface, crystallographic vs. inclusion crack formation, transgranular vs. intergranular propagation) are present depending on applied load, temperature, and environment. Typically, the life-limiting features causing failure in Ni-base superalloy components are near surface inclusions. Compressive surface residual stresses are often introduced in Ni-base superalloy components to help retard fatigue crack initiation and early growth at near surface inclusions and shift the fatigue crack initiation sites from surface to sub-surface locations, thereby increasing fatigue life. To model the effects of residual stresses, inclusions, and microstructure heterogeneity on fatigue crack driving force and fatigue scatter, a computational crystal plasticity framework is presented that imposes quasi-thermal eigenstrain to induce near surface residual stresses in polycrystalline Ni-base superalloy IN100 smooth specimens with and without nonmetallic inclusions. In addition, the effect of near surface inclusions in notched Ni-base superalloy components on MSC growth and fatigue life scatter was investigated in this work. A fatigue indicator parameter (FIP)-based microstructurally small crack (MSC) growth model incorporating crack tip/grain boundary effects was introduced and fit to experiments (in both laboratory air and vacuum) for the case of 1D crack growth and then computationally applied to 3D crack growth starting (1) from a focused ion beam (FIB) notch in a smooth specimen, (2) from a debonded inclusion located at different depths within notched components containing different notch root radii, and (3) from inclusions located at different depths relative to the surface in smooth specimens containing simulated shot peened induced residual stresses. Computational predictions in MSC growth rate scatter and distribution of fatigue life were in general accordance with experiments. The general approach presented in this Dissertation can be used to advance integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) by predicting variation of fatigue resistance and minimum life as a function of heat treatment/microstructure and surface treatments for a given alloy system and providing support for design of materials for enhanced fatigue resistance. In addition, this framework can reduce the number of experiments required to support modification of material to enhance fatigue resistance, which can lead to accelerated insertion (from design conception to production parts) of new or improved materials for specific design applications. Elements of the framework being advanced in this research can be applied to any engineering alloy.

It is well-known that concrete permeability is a good indicator of its expected durability until it remains uncracked. However, in various stages of its service life, different types of cracking in concrete can be developed due to exposure to different deterioration processes such as early plastic shrinkage or chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion. Although these cracks may not endanger concrete’s structural performance from the mechanical point of view, they create a pathway for aggressive ions that can initiate degradation processes, lead to increase in concrete permeability and thus reduce its durability. Cracking in concrete might not be preventable, but its capability to naturally seal small cracks, named autogenous self-healing (SH), provides an additional feature to manufacture more durable concrete structures. However, natural self-healing capability of concrete is limited and therefore it is typically omitted in the design of concrete structures. Hence, more attention has been recently paid to Engineered Self-healing Concrete (EShC) which is associated with artificially triggered healing mechanisms into the cementitious matrix by incorporating various substances such as crystalline products. EShC helps in reducing concrete permeability; thus, increasing its service-life and durability. Due to formation of needle-shaped pore-blocking crystals, Crystalline Admixtures (CA), as a candidate from the Permeability-Reducing Admixtures (PRA) category, can be implemented into concrete mixtures to fabricate EShC concretes. Crystalline waterproofing technology is not new, but still is unknown to many researchers, engineers, and construction industry professionals. The lack of knowledge of its microstructure and self-healing properties limits CA’s proper usage in the construction industry. The techniques to assess the self-healing capability of mortar and concrete are not well-standardized yet. No research work has been done to address certain durability characteristics of this material (i.e. electrical resistivity (ER) or chloride diffusivity) especially when combined with Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) and Portland Limestone Cement (PLC). Since the resistance of concrete against ions’ penetration is a function of its permeability, it might be a straightforward and reliable parameter to rapidly evaluate concrete’s durability during its intended service life. Hence, electrical resistivity measurement is considered as an indirect and alternative tool for other time-consuming permeability testing techniques to examine the CA’s efficiency as it modifies the concrete’s microstructure by crystals’ deposition; thus, leads to permeability improvement. In comparison to previous studies, on a larger scale, this thesis aims to systematically study the effects of CA on the microstructural features, self-healing properties and long-term durability and resistivity of cement-based materials and in addition, draw some comprehensive conclusions on the use of CA in new and repair applications. This study is divided into three major phases to propose all-inclusive work on using CA in construction industry. To satisfy the goals of each individual phase, a test matrix consisting of a series of four mixes with variables such as use of PLC or presence of CA in powder form is considered. In order to address to the lack of research and industry knowledge discussed above, this PhD thesis includes the following phases: Phase (I) In this phase, the main focus is on the microstructural properties and the changes in the pore structure and chemical compositions of the cement phase of mortar mixes when treated with CA. These microstructural features are studied using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Scanning Transmission Electron Holography Microscope (STEHM). Moreover, physical and chemical characteristics of the hydration products are determined using image analysis and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Spectroscopy, respectively. Phase (II) This phase is allocated to macro-level investigation of durability characteristics such as chloride/water permeability and electrical resistivity of concrete structures containing CA and PLC cement. To non-destructively measure the chloride ion concentration in the field conditions, both changes in corrosion potential of rebars and concrete electrical resistivity in treated circular hollow-section steel reinforced columns exposed to simulated marine environment is monitored and compared over a 2-year period with control samples. In addition, laboratory-size concrete samples are studied to investigate the effects of CA presence on long-term resistivity, rapid chloride permeability, water permeability and chloride diffusivity of concrete. Later, a resistivity-based model is developed to predict long-term performance of concretes incorporating slag or metakaolin, studied in various environmental conditions. The long-term goal of this phase is to develop a standard design guideline and durability-based model. Phase (III) Using an innovative self-healing testing method [1], quantitative analysis of crack closure ability and self-healing potential of CA treated and control concretes with OPC or PLC cement is accomplished during this phase. The obtained results from first phase showed that hydrated CA particle revealed fine, compact, homogenous morphology examined by STEHM and its diffraction pattern after water-activation indicated nearly amorphous structure, however, diffuse rings, an evidence for short-range structural order and sub-crystalline region, were observed which requires further investigation. The SEM micrographs taken from specimen’s fractured surface showed formation of pore-blocking crystals for all treated mixes while similar spots in un-treated sections were left uncovered. Although needle-shaped crystals were observed in the treated mortar specimens, but not all of them had shapes and chemical compositions other than ettringite (well-known to form needle-like crystals). Using backscatter SEM images and EDX spectrums, examination of polished mortar sections with and without CA also showed typical hydration phases, forming in the control system. Results from phase II showed that concretes treated with CA had almost 50% lower water penetration depth and thus smaller permeability coefficient when compared with the virgin OPC or PLC concretes. According to salt ponding test results, the use of CA helped in enhancing the resistance to chloride penetration compared to control concrete. This improvement increases with increasing in concrete age. Strong linear relationship between Surface Resistivity (SR) and Bulk Resistivity (BR) data was observed which indicates that these test methods can be used interchangeably. The presence of SCM in concrete indicated considerable increase in both SR and BR compared to control concrete. Concretes incorporating slag or metakaolin have tendency to react more slowly (or rapidly in MK case), consume calcium hydroxide over time, form more Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H) gel, densify internal matrix, and also reduce OH- in the pores’ solution; thus, increase concrete electrical resistivity. For laboratory specimens, environmental conditions such as temperature variation and degree of water saturation indicated considerable effects on electrical resistivity measurements. As temperature or water content of concrete decreases, its electrical resistivity greatly increases by more than 2-3 times from reference environmental condition. This is mostly because of variation or accessibility in electron mobility. Experimental results from field investigation showed that electrical resistivity readings were highly influenced by the presence of rebar and concrete moisture conditions. In addition, concrete cover thickness and CA addition into cementitious matrix had a negligible effect on its resistivity. In the last phase, an optical microscope was used to measure the average crack width. OPC samples had an average measured crack width of 0.244 mm as compared to 0.245 mm for OPC-CA, 0.251 mm for PLC, and 0.247 mm for PLC-CA. Self-healing test results also showed 90% self-healing ratio for CA modified mix within few days after starting experiment. Addition of CA into the mix led to higher rates of healing and full crack closure (width up to 250 µm) when compared to reference concrete. An empirical equation that relates water initial flow rate to the crack width (Q∝〖CW〗^3) was also proposed in this phase. Presence of PLC and CA in the mixture resulted in positive improvement in crack-closing capability and self-healing ratio. / Graduate / 2019-09-11

Depuis que leur particularité a été mise en évidence, lesmatériaux non-linéaires mésoscopiques tels que le béton,les roches, les composites, les tissus biologiques, etc.suscitent un intérêt de plus en plus croissant. L’étude ducomportement dynamique de ces matériaux à l’aide de lathéorie classique de Landau s’est révélée incapabled’expliquer les différentes observations expérimentaleseffectuées sur cette “nouvelle classe“ de matériaux. Eneffet, ces derniers présentent des singularités(microfissures, contacts, joins de grains, dislocations, etc.)distribuées de manière hétérogène à l’échellemésoscopique. Par conséquent, différents mécanismesphysiques associés au comportement desdites singularitéspeuvent être à l’origine des non-linéarités observées.Ce travail de thèse s’intéresse à la réponse macroscopiquede différents matériaux mésoscopiques et ce dans le butd’extraire des indicateurs non-linéaires y dont ladépendance en fonction de l’amplitude d’excitation x estune loi de puissance y = axb indépendamment de laméthode expérimentale adoptée. En général, l’exposant bconnu pour être lié au mécanisme physique responsablede la non-linéarité varie de 1 à 3. Dans un premier temps,le lien existant entre les propriétés de la microstructure dechacun des matériaux étudiés et la valeur de l’exposant bnous a permis de définir différentes classes de matériaux.Par ailleurs, ce travail de thèse est également destiné àétudier la relation entre la valeur mesurée de l’exposent bet les mécanismes physiques microscopiques générés parla perturbation acoustique. A cet effet, le formalisme dePreisach-Mayergoyz a été généralisé pour définir desmodèles multi-états. Cela s’est effectué en discrétisant lesdifférentes équations continues qui décrivent différentsmécanismes physiques microscopiques tels que l’adhésionou le clapping entre les deux surfaces d’une microfissure,les forces capillaires dues à la présence de fluides ou lemouvement des dislocations au sein d’un polycristal. Danschaque modèle, on définit un ensemble statistiqued’éléments microscopiques où chaque élément estcaractérisé par ses constantes élastiques décrivant sonétat mécanique et ses paramètres de transition inter-états.La prise en compte de tous les éléments microscopiquespermet de décrire le comportement global mésoscopique.Moyennant cette démarche, il nous a ainsi été possible deremonter aux résultats expérimentaux par simplerésolution de l’équation de propagation dans un milieucomposé de plusieurs éléments mésoscopiques.L’un des résultats importants de cette thèse est que lavaleur de l’exposant b peut être théoriquement préditeconnaissant le nombre de paramètres de transition dans lemodèle, les contraintes géométriques ainsi que leurdistribution statistique. De plus, l’application de cetteétude dans le cas du béton de génie civil graduellementmicrofissuré a permis de montrer que la prise en compted’un seul mécanisme de non-linéarité n’était passuffisante pour expliquer les observations expérimentales.En effet, l’étude théorique a montré que l’évolution de lamicrofissuration entraine celle des mécanismesnon-linéaires mis en jeu où la combinaison“hystérésis-clapping“, par exemple, a permis d’expliquerl’évolution du comportement non-linéaire du béton degénie civil à l’échelle microscopique. / Nonlinear mesoscopic elastic (NME) materials present ananomalous nonlinear elastic behavior, which could not beexplained by classical theories. New physical mechanismsshould be individuated to explain NMEs response.Dislocations in damaged metals, fluids in rocks andadhesion (in composites) could be plausible. In this thesisI have searched for differences in the macroscopic elasticresponse of materials which could be ascribed to differentphysical processes. I have found that the nonlinearindicators follow a power law behavior as a function of theexcitation energy, with exponent ranging from 1 to 3 (thisis not completely new). This allowed to classify materialsinto well-defined classes, each characterized by a value ofthe exponent and specific microstructural properties. Tolink the measured power law exponent to plausiblephysical mechanisms, I have extended thePreisach-Mayergoyz formalism for hysteresis to multi-statemodels. Specific multi-state discrete models have beenderived from continuous microscopic physical processes,such as adhesion-clapping, adhesion-capillary forces,dislocations motion and hysteresis. In each model, themicroscopic behavior is described by a multistate equationof state, with parameters which are statisticallydistributed. Averaging over many microscopic elements theso-called mesoscopic equation of state is derived and, fromwave propagation simulations in a sample composed bymany mesoscopic elements, the experimental results couldbe reproduced. In the work of the thesis, I have shownthat model predictions of the exponent b ( the exponent bhas not been introduced before) are linked in a ‘a priori’predictable way to the number of states and the propertiesof the statistical distribution adopted. We have classifiedmodels into classes defined by a different exponent b andcomparing with experimental results we have suggestedplausible mechanisms for the nonlinearity generation.

Les modifications induites par les cellules tumorales sur leur environnement ont pour but de permettre leur développement en remodelant le tissu la soutenant et en créant un nouveau réseau vasculaire (angiogenèse). Plusieurs thérapies anti-angiogéniques inhibant le développement du réseau vasculaire tumoral ont obtenu l’autorisation de mise sur le marché et sont actuellement utilisées en clinique. Ces thérapies induisent de fortes modifications fonctionnelles au sein de la tumeur mais le simple suivi de l’évolution du volume tumoral n’est pas suffisant pour rendre compte de ces modifications. L’objectif principal de la thèse a consisté à utiliser différentes modalités d’imagerie ultrasonore afin d’évaluer leur sensibilité aux modifications générées dans des tumeurs murine (carcinome colorectal et pulmonaire) au cours de plusieurs types de thérapie (chimique : cytotoxique, anti-angiogénique / physique : plasma froid, sono-sensibilisation). Les modifications de la distribution spatiale des micro-vaisseaux et leur fonctionnalité ont été caractérisées à l’aide de l’imagerie de contraste ultrasonore (CEUS), l’altération de la microstructure de la tumeur a été évaluée grâce à l’analyse spectrale des signaux radiofréquences, connu comme « quantitative ultrasound » (QUS) et enfin les variations des propriétés mécaniques des tissus tumoraux ont été mesurées en élastographie à l’aide de la technique « Shear Wave Elastography » (SWE). Afin de comprendre l’origine des modifications observées in vivo, des paramètres standard comme les niveaux de fibrose ou de nécrose ont été caractérisés ex vivo dans le tissu tumoral, grâce à l’immunohistochimie, une technique de référence. / Tumor development is complex process made possible thanks to the microenvironment surrounding tumor cell. Modifications induced by tumor cells on their environment enable their own development by remodeling tissues sustaining them and by creating a new vascular network (angiogenesis). The use of several antiangiogenic therapies, inhibiting the sprout of a new vascular network, has been authorized in clinic. These therapies induce strong modifications in tumors at the functional level and following tumor size changes are is not sufficient to fully characterize tumor modifications. The main goal of this thesis was to use different ultrasound-based imaging modalities in order to assess their sensitivity to modifications induced in murine tumor model (colorectal and lung carcinomas) during different type of therapy (chemical: cytotoxic, antiangiogenic / physical: cold plasma, sonosensitization). Modifications of the spatial distribution of microvessels and their functionality were characterized using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), alteration of tumor microstructure was assessed using spectral analysis of radiofrequency signal, known as quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and finally variations of mechanical properties in tumor tissues were measured in shear wave elastography (SWE). In order to better understand the origin of the modifications observed in vivo, standard parameters such as level of fibrosis and necrosis were characterize ex vivo in tumor tissue using immunochemistry as gold standard.

Transportation is a large and growing part of the world’s energy consumption. This drives a need for reduced weight of rail vehicles, just as it does for road vehicles. In spite of weight reductions, the vehicle still has to provide the same level of acoustic comfort for the passengers. Porous materials, with more than 90% air, are often included in multi-layer vehicle panels, contributing to acoustic performance without adding much weight. Here the acoustic performance of open cell porous materials, with focus on flow resistivity, is evaluated based on simplified micro-structure models to investigate the effect of anisotropy on the performance In order to evaluate how the redistribution of material affects the flow resistivity, the porosity of the material is kept constant. Two micro-geometries are analysed and compared: the hexahedral model and the tetrakaidecahedron (Kelvin cell). For flow resistivity calculations the solid frame is assumed to be rigid. The models are elongated in one direction to study the influence of micro-structural anisotropy on the macro level flow resistivity. To keep porosity constant, two different approaches are investigated. The first approach is to let strut thickness be uniform and adjust the volume of the cell to a constant ratio compared to the isotropic case. The second approach is to let the strut volume, and cell volume, be constant. For an anisotropic hexahedral cell with uniform strut thickness, the flow resistivity increases substantially with increasing height to width ratio for the hexahedral model, while the flow resistivity for the tetrakaidecahedron model with uniform strut thickness decreases with increasing height to width ratio. For both geometries and constant strut volume, the average flow resistivity is close to the same constant value. For uniform strut thickness the relative volume of anisotropic to isotropic volume is very important. / <p>The work has been carried out within the Centre for ECO² Vehicle Design.</p><p></p><p>QC 20160523</p>

No description available.

Cette recherche porte sur les fils multi-filamentaires de verre utilisés pour renforcer les matériaux à base de ciment. Elle est focalisée sur les interactions mécaniques de ce type de fils, constitués d'un assemblage de milliers de filaments micrométriques, avec un micro- béton et sur le rôle spécifique de l'imprégnation du fil par cette matrice cimentaire. Trois pré- conditionnements des fils ont été employés lors de la fabrication des éprouvettes afin de moduler les conditions d'imprégnation par la matrice cimentaire. L'imprégnation de 5 fils multi-filamentaires par la matrice cimentaire a été caractérisée et les paramètres d'imprégnation ont été définis en s'appuyant sur des observations MEB, ainsi que des essais de porosimétrie au mercure et des essais spécifiques d'écoulement le long du fil enrobé. Des essais classiques d'arrachement de type pull-out ont été utilisés pour la caractérisation mécanique. L'analyse des liens entre les propriétés mécaniques et les paramètres d'imprégnation ont permis de mieux comprendre les micro-mécanismes d'interaction filaments / matrice cimentaire et d'expliquer le comportement macroscopique à l'arrachement.

The aim of the work presented in this thesis is to contribute to a fundamental understanding of polarizing phenomena in some scarab beetles. The aim is also to study the beetle structures as inspiration in fabrication of artificially sculptured films. The three investigated species Cetonia aurata, Potosia cuprea and Liocola marmorata are of the family Scarabaediae and subfamily Cetoniianae (Guldbaggar). They were all collected at Swedish locations and are the only species of Cetoniinae scarabs in Sweden. This work reports on their optical properties represented by Mueller matrix elements, degree of polarization data and trace curves in the Cartesian complex plane representation of polarized light. From these results we verifyan earlier structural model for the Cetonia aurata and make way for similar models of the other two species. The ellipsometer used in this work is of dual rotating compensator type from which the complete Mueller-matrix for the medium examined can be obtained. The ellipsometric measurements were conducted on the scutellum for four different angles of incidence, 45°, 55°, 65° and 75° over a wave-length range of 245-1000 nm. Common for all examined species is that left polarization is observed in the wavelength range of 400 800 nm. For most of these species the polarization state is close to circular at some wavelengths especially at smaller angles of incidence. In general the degree of polarization is high (above 50%) when the polarization is near-circular. The degree of polarization also shows a clear dependence on the angle of incidence. The earlier model for Cetonia aurata shows a good agreement with the experimental data of this work. The model is also found as a good basis to work from to create models for the other two species.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 1717974 bytes, checksum: 31f2d282456943075549d7644dcb046d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The amount of pathologies in young reinforced concrete structures inserted in the urban surroundings have been of some relevance because they are reducing the structures‟ life, causing great troubles and financial losses for users and builders. Concrete pathologies may have different origins and its diagnosis may be quite complex, with the possibility of a simultaneous occurrence, leading difficult the adequate therapy in each case. This research presents a study of a case in which the pathologies have appeared in a building‟s foundation blocks, despite the criteria of ABNT- NBR 6118/2004 being followed in relation to durability. The blocks have shown generalized cracking whose aspect is similar to the alkali-aggregate reaction (RAA) phenomenon. This phenomenon is considered to be a deterioration mechanism caused by chemical actions. Taking this into consideration, the main goal of the present research is to verify if the alkali-aggregate reaction was occurring in the concrete foundation blocks of an building in the city of João Pessoa, presenting, analyzing and discussing the pathological problem. For this, concrete micro-structural tests were carried out through the use of some material characterization analytical techniques such as mineralogical analysis by x-ray diffractions (DRX), microscopic analysis by optical microscopy and by sweeping electronic microscopy (MEV) and thermal analysis by thermogravimetry. Despite the similarity with the RAA, the results of the micro-structural analysis indicated that there was not the presence of the alkali-aggregate reaction nor the one of delayed ettringite as there was no formation of material of a different composition (contrast of gray) inside any cracks nor in the contour of the aggregate, which is typical of a chemical reaction. The outcomes suggest that the cracks in these blocks do not seem to have been generated by expansive mechanisms of a chemical origin. This is due to the fact that no mineral responsible for expansive pathologies such as alkali-silica, ettringite or gypsium has been found (Calcium Sulfate). The cracks that propagate through the cement matrix and contour the aggregate are possibly induced by tensions of a thermal origin. / O crescimento dos casos de patologias precoces em estruturas de concreto armado, inseridas no ambiente urbano, tem gerado grande interesse porque estão reduzindo a vida útil das estruturas, causando muitos transtornos e prejuízos financeiros para os seus usuários e construtores. As patologias do concreto armado podem ter diversas origens e o seu diagnóstico ser bastante complexo, inclusive podendo ocorrer simultaneamente, dificultando a aplicação da terapia adequada a cada caso. Neste trabalho apresenta-se um estudo de caso em que patologias estão se manifestando em blocos de fundação de um prédio, malgrado tenham sido obedecidos os critérios da ABNT- NBR 6118/2004, quanto à questão da durabilidade. Os blocos apresentam fissuração generalizada, cujo aspecto é semelhante ao do fenômeno da reação álcali-agregado. Este fenômeno é considerado um mecanismo de deterioração cuja causa é originada por ações químicas. Face ao exposto, objetivo deste trabalho é verificar se estava ocorrendo ou não a reação álcali-agregado no concreto dos blocos de fundação de um edifício residencial em construção na cidade de João Pessoa, apresentando, analisando, e discutindo o problema patológico neles ocorrido. Para isto, foram realizadas análises microestruturais do concreto, através da utilização de algumas técnicas analíticas de caracterização dos materiais, como análise mineralógica por difração de raios x (DRX), análise microscópica por microscopia óptica e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e análise térmica por termogravimetria. Apesar da semelhança com a RAA, os resultados da análise microestrutural do concreto estudados, indicou que não houve a presença da reação álcali-agregado, nem de formação de etringita retardada, pois não houve formação de material de diferente composição (contraste de cinza) dentro de nenhuma fissura, nem no contorno dos agregados, típica de reação química. Os resultados sugerem que as fissuras nestes blocos não aparentam terem sido geradas por mecanismos expansivos de origem química. Isto porque não foi detectada a presença de nenhum mineral responsável por patologias expansivas tais como gel de álcali-sílica, etringita, nem gypsum (sulfato de cálcio). As fissuras se propagam através da matriz de cimento e contornam o agregado, são possivelmente induzidas por tensões de origem térmica.