Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / Resin composite is one of the most commonly used materials in restorative dentistry. However, it has undergone continuous developments like changes in the fillers and initiators. One such improvement is the new bulk-fill composites which are materials intended for bulk placement up to 4mm. However, an optimum polymerization to the full depth of the restoration i.e. complete depth of cure is of utmost importance in order to obtain proper mechanical and physical properties of resin composites. Aim: The aim of this study was to measure the surface hardness of the top and bottom surfaces of the composites and to determine the depth of cure of bulk-fill composites using two different types of light curing units. Material and methods: A total of 160 specimens were used in this study: four bulk-fill composite were used of which two were conventional viscosity bulk-fill composites namely, Tetric N Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent) and SureFil bulk-fill composite (Densply Caulk) and two were low viscosity flowable bulk-fill composites namely, SDR flowable (Densply Caulk) and Filtek bulk-fill flowable restorative (3M ESPE). Two different curing light were used namely, LED (Elipar Freelight, 3M ESPE) at 1500mW/cm2 and a Quartz Tungsten Halogen (QTH) curing unit (Megalux CS, Megadenta, Germany) at 600 mW/cm2. To evaluate micro-hardness, Vickers hardness at top and bottom of each sample was measured immediately after light curing and after 24 hours post curing using a Zwick micro-hardness machine load 300g/15 seconds. The mean hardness values obtained from the top and the bottom surface of each material were used to compare the micro-hardness of the various materials. The mean values obtained from the bottom surface were compared to the respective values of the top surface of each material (bottom/top ratio) and used to calculate the depth of cure. Results: The micro-hardness test showed a significant difference between the four materials (ANOVA, p<0.05) immediately after curing and after 24 hours post curing. The material with the greatest micro-hardness was SureFil followed by Tetric N Ceram, Filtek bulk-fill flowable and SDR flowable respectively. The material with the greatest depth of cure was Filtek bulk-fill flowable followed by SDR flowable, Tetric N Ceram and SureFil. When the curing lights were compared the Light Emitting Diode Curing Unit (LED) obtained significantly better depth of cure compared to Quartz Tungsten Halogen Light Curing Units. The LED curing light showed greater micro-hardness values than the QTH curing light except for Tetric N Ceram where the QTH curing showed more hardness values than the LED curing light. For all materials, the surface hardness and depth of cure values increased when tested 24hrs after light curing. Conclusion: There was a difference in the micro-hardness values between the four materials where the conventional viscosity materials showed greater surface hardness values than the low viscosity materials but the depth of cure compared to the bulk-fill flowable LED curing lights showed higher hardness values than QTH curing light except for Tetric N Ceram. Depth of cure ratios were found to be lower than 0.80 for all composite types, however the flowable bulk-fill materials showed higher depth of cure than the conventional viscosity bulk-fills. In general LED curing light produced better hardness and depth of cure values than QTH curing light. The low micro-hardness values for the bulk-fill flowable composites and the inadequate polymerization raises a concern regarding placing these materials in bulk. In such cases, the flowable bulk-fills should be protected with a conventional composite "covering or capping" especially in posterior teeth and in deeper cavities. Furthermore, bulk-fill composites should be used in layering incremental technique to ensure sufficient depth of cure.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2009 / Department of Materials Science and Engineering Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-09-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:09:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ulhoa_mpm_me_bauru.pdf: 4701106 bytes, checksum: 92fca12bc8517cc3f9df59893cd0503c (MD5) / Secretaria de Educação do Estado de São Paulo / A Humanidade, ao buscar as melhoras nas suas condições de vida, vem desenvolvendo materiais capazes de reparar e melhorar imperfeições naturais e acidentais. Encontra nas resinas compostas, constantemente utilizadas por dentistas, uma maneira de reparar imperfeições e perdas de materiais dentários no ser humano. A escolha de resinas compostas em substituição aos antigos materiais de restauração, como o amálgama, se dá pelo fato de serem fáceis de preparar, apresentarem menor desgaste, serem praticamente imperceptíveis após sua aplicação devido à grande quantidade de cores fornecidas pelos fabricantes. Porém não apresentam desgaste semelhante ao do esmalte dentário, sendo necessária substituição com o passar do tempo, devido ao desgaste abrasivo. Dentre os vários fatores determinantes do processo de desgaste abrasivo, encontram-se, genericamente, as características da própria resina e do preparo cavitário, assim como da restauração confeccionada e das condições das agressões a que ela for submetida. Para fazer a medição da resistência ao desgaste abrasivo, utilizou-se o método do disco retificado aperfeiçoado para Odontologia (COELHO, 1991; BIANCHI et al., 2002). É utilizado um banco de ensaios onde um disco dinâmico revestido com porcelana desgasta um disco estático revetido com a resina polimerizada em um tempo pré-estabelecido... / Humanity, when searching for a better life conditions, is developing materials capable to repair and to improve natural and accidental imperfections. It finds in composite resins, constantly used for dentists, a way to repair imperfections and losses of human dental material. The composed resin choice in substituion to the old restoration materials, as the amalgamates, it is for the fact of being easy to prepare, to present less wear, to be practically invisible after its application due to great amount of colors supplied for the manufacturers. However they do not show similar wear as the dental enamel, being necessary the substitution after a while, due to the abrasive wear. Among some determinative factors of the process of abrasive wear, there are, generically, the characteristics of the resin and the cavitary preparation, as well as the confectioned restoration and the conditions of the aggressions that it is submitted. To make the measurement of the resistance to the abrasive wear, the method of the rectified circular surface improved for odontology was used (COELHO, 1991; BIANCHI et al., 2002). A Test bench is used where a dynamic circular surface covered with porcelain consumes a static circular surface covered with the polymerized resin in a pre-established time... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)

Orientador: Eduardo Carlos Bianchi / Banca: Cesar Antunes de Freitas / Banca: Paulo Noronha Lisboa Filho / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da Unesp / Resumo: A Humanidade, ao buscar as melhoras nas suas condições de vida, vem desenvolvendo materiais capazes de reparar e melhorar imperfeições naturais e acidentais. Encontra nas resinas compostas, constantemente utilizadas por dentistas, uma maneira de reparar imperfeições e perdas de materiais dentários no ser humano. A escolha de resinas compostas em substituição aos antigos materiais de restauração, como o amálgama, se dá pelo fato de serem fáceis de preparar, apresentarem menor desgaste, serem praticamente imperceptíveis após sua aplicação devido à grande quantidade de cores fornecidas pelos fabricantes. Porém não apresentam desgaste semelhante ao do esmalte dentário, sendo necessária substituição com o passar do tempo, devido ao desgaste abrasivo. Dentre os vários fatores determinantes do processo de desgaste abrasivo, encontram-se, genericamente, as características da própria resina e do preparo cavitário, assim como da restauração confeccionada e das condições das agressões a que ela for submetida. Para fazer a medição da resistência ao desgaste abrasivo, utilizou-se o método do disco retificado aperfeiçoado para Odontologia (COELHO, 1991; BIANCHI et al., 2002). É utilizado um banco de ensaios onde um disco dinâmico revestido com porcelana desgasta um disco estático revetido com a resina polimerizada em um tempo pré-estabelecido... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Humanity, when searching for a better life conditions, is developing materials capable to repair and to improve natural and accidental imperfections. It finds in composite resins, constantly used for dentists, a way to repair imperfections and losses of human dental material. The composed resin choice in substituion to the old restoration materials, as the amalgamates, it is for the fact of being easy to prepare, to present less wear, to be practically invisible after its application due to great amount of colors supplied for the manufacturers. However they do not show similar wear as the dental enamel, being necessary the substitution after a while, due to the abrasive wear. Among some determinative factors of the process of abrasive wear, there are, generically, the characteristics of the resin and the cavitary preparation, as well as the confectioned restoration and the conditions of the aggressions that it is submitted. To make the measurement of the resistance to the abrasive wear, the method of the rectified circular surface improved for odontology was used (COELHO, 1991; BIANCHI et al., 2002). A Test bench is used where a dynamic circular surface covered with porcelain consumes a static circular surface covered with the polymerized resin in a pre-established time... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below) / Mestre

Since resin composites were first presented to dentistry more than half a century ago, the composition of resin composites has developed significantly. One major change was that the reinforcing filler particles were reduced in size to generate materials of a given filler content that display better physical and mechanical properties. Resin composites may absorb water and chemicals from the surrounding environment but at the same time, composites may release constituents to their surroundings. The physical/mechanical properties of a restorative material provide an indication of how the material will function under stress in the oral environment. The aims of this research were to examine the effects of water at 37°C on the physical and mechanical properties, and the effect of food-simulating solvents of a variety of experimental and contemporary resin composites, on the surface properties. Eight representative resin composites were selected (Exp. VT, BL, NCB, TEC, GSO, XB, VDF and CXD). Due to the recent development of bulk fill materials on the market during the course of this research, the post-cure depth of cure of new bulk fill materials was also investigated. Five representative resin composites were selected: TBF, XB, FBF, VBF and SF. Water sorption and solubility were investigated at 37°C for 150 days. Sorption and solubility are affected by the degree of hydrophilicity of the resin matrix. The bulk fill materials examined showed the lowest water sorption and solubility. Laser scan micrometer (LSM) was used to investigate hygroscopic expansion. The extent of the hygroscopic expansion positively correlated with the amount of water sorption. The effect of water on fracture toughness was also examined. A self-adhesive hydrophilic resin matrix decreased in fracture toughness after 7 days of storage at 37°C. By contrast, the least water absorbed bulk fill material increased in fracture toughness over time. The effect of food-simulating solvents (distilled water, 75% ethanol/water and MEK) on surface micro-hardness, colour stability and gloss retention were investigated. The MEK solvent resulted in the lowest micro-hardness and the greatest colour change (ΔE) for most of the examined composites, while the 75% ethanol/water solution caused the greatest loss in gloss for most of the examined composites. A highly filled nano-composite showed the best result over time, regardless of the condition of storage. Surface micro-hardness profiles were used as an indirect method to assess the depth of cure of bulk fill resin composites. The examined bulk fill resin composites can be cured to an acceptable depth (4 mm).

No description available.

The objective of this study was to compare time dependent micro-hardness of several bioactive cement compositions as compared to that of non-bioactive cement, a conventional glass ionomer. Materials & Methods: Three bioactive materials Ceramir Crown & Bridge Cement (CCB), Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA), Biodentine (BD)], and a glass ionomer cement, Fuji I luting cement (F1), were utilized in this study. Samples of the materials were prepared in a standard cylindrical mold 1.5 mm in height and 12.0 mm in diameter and stored in Phosphate-Buffered-Saline (PBS) at 37 degrees C. prior to testing to determine Vickers micro-hardness in a CSM micro-indentation testing device. Micro-hardness values were collected via 2 x 2 micro-indentation matrices on the exposed surfaces of the specimens. All materials were tested at 24 hours and 2 months and 11 + 1 month's incubation time. The bioactive materials displayed significant differences in Vickers hardness as a function of storage time as compared the Vickers hardness values over the similar timeframe for the control material, the glass ionomer material Fuji 1. The control glass ionomer cement did not displayed significant changes in Vickers hardness after prolonged liquid storage. The experimental bioactive materials both demonstrated long-term trends with significant increases (CCB) and decreases (Biodentine) in Vickers hardness after storage in the simulated body fluid (PBS). The mean Vickers hardness of the calcium aluminate/glass ionomer (CCB) material was significantly greater than the mean Vickers hardness values for the other three materials tested at all time-points evaluated. The conclusions of this study were as follows: Unlike conventional glass ionomer cement, both the calcium silicate and calcium aluminate/glass ionomer cement displayed significant changes in surface micro-hardness after prolonged storage in a simulated body fluid (PBS) that has been demonstrated to induce the formation of a surface bioactive layer. The calcium silicate cement had a significant reduction in surface micro-hardness over a period up to year; while the calcium aluminate/glass ionomer cement displayed a significant increase in surface micro-hardness over that same time period. The formation of and changes in the bioactive surface layers formed on these materials may account for changes in the micro-hardness of these bioactive materials. / Oral Biology

A aplicação de aços de alta resistência está fortemente difundida na indústria mecânica, principalmente em aplicações onde a redução de peso é importante, como por exemplo, a indústria de implementos rodoviários e maquinários agrícolas. Esta dissertação visa analisar a influência de diferentes aportes térmicos no comportamento microestrutural e mecânico de juntas soldadas através do processo MAG de modo a obter juntas com propriedades otimizadas. Para este estudo foram utilizadas chapas metálicas com espessura de 3 mm do aço de alta resistência e baixa liga USI LNE700. Os parâmetros nominais de energia de soldagem foram variados de acordo com os valores descritos pelo fornecedor SSAB. O processo de soldagem foi realizado com o auxílio de um sistema robotizado para manter a homogeneidade ao longo da junta, distância e posicionamento correto no comprimento total da junta soldada. Os ensaios para verificação do comportamento microestrutural e mecânico foram realizados com auxílio de microscopia ótica, perfis de microdureza e ensaios de tração. Buscaram-se utilizar aportes térmicos reduzidos para minimizar os efeitos de revenimento da martensita presente no metal de base, um dos principais responsáveis pela redução das propriedades mecânicas da junta soldada. Os resultados não mostraram significativa variações na microestrutura e propriedades de tração do material, porém o preenchimento da junta soldada formada apresenta um comportamento diretamente proporcional à energia de soldagem. / The application of high strength steels is strongly diffused in the engineering industry, especially in applications where weight reduction is important, such as the industry of agricultural machines and trailers industry. This investigation aims to analyze the influence of different heat inputs on microstructural and mechanical behavior of joint welded by GMAW in order to obtain joints with optimized properties. Sheet metal with a thickness of 3 mm high strength low alloy steel LNE700 (supplier Usiminas) were used. The welding energy was varied around the nominal value informed by the steel supplier SSAB for this study. The welding process was made using robotic system to maintain homogeneity along the joint, right distance and position during the total weld joint length. The microstructural and mechanical behaviors were performed with the optical microscope, microhardness profile and traction test. We attempted to use lower heat inputs to minimize the effects of tempering of martensite present in the base metal, a major contributor to the reduction of the mechanical properties of the welded joint. The results did not show significant microestructural and tensile properties variation, however, when the welding energy is increased, the welded joint penetration formed was increased as well.

Resumo: O presente trabalho estudou a influência da energia do pulso de soldagem, no caso processo laser de Nd:YAG operando no modo pulsado, na soldagem de duas lâminas finas com 100 μm de Hastelloy C-276, utilizado no revestimento de sensores que trabalham em ambiente corrosivo da indústria sucroalcooleira, química petroquímica e alimentícia. Utilizou-se energia de pulso de 1,0 Joule a 2,25 Joules, com incremento de 0,25 Joules com a velocidade de soldagem de (ν) taxa de repetição (Rr) fixas de 525mm/min e 39Hz respectivamente e largura temporal de 4 ms. As soldas foram realizadas com proteção gasosa de argônio. Foram realizadas análises macrográficas e micrográficas das juntas soldadas, através de secções transversais das mesmas e ensaios de microdureza Vickers e ensaio de tração. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o controle da energia do pulso, em processo de soldagem por laser de lâminas finas é de fundamental importância para a geração de juntas soldadas livres de descontinuidades. Os parâmetros geométricos da junta soldada, tais como largura do cordão, largura de união e profundidade do cordão, aumentaram em função do aumento da energia do pulso. O processo mostrou-se muito sensível à formação de porosidade e à presença de gap entre as lâminas / Abstract: This work measured experimental investigations were carried out using a pulsed neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser welding to examine the influence of the pulse energy in two thin foil welding with 100 μm thickness, employed to cover sensors that work in corrosive environment of the sugar and alcohol industry,chemical petrochemistry and nourishing. The pulse energy was varied from 1,0 to 2,25 J at an increment of 0.25 J and an increment of 0.25 Joules with a welding speed and(ν) repetition rate (Rr) fixed 525mm/min and 39Hz respectively and 4 ms pulse duration. The specimens were laser-welded in an argon atmosphere. The welds were analyzed by macroscopic and microscopic observations using optical microscopy and micro hardness and tensile test. The results indicated that pulse energy control, in laser welding of thin foils, is of considerable importance for weld quality since it can generate discontinuities free weld joints. The geometric parameters of the welded joints like bead width, connection width and bead depth increased with the pulse energy increasing. The process showed very sensitive to porosity formation and gap between couple / Orientador: Ruis Camargo Tokimatsu / Coorientador: Vicente Afonso Ventrella / Banca: Alessandro Roger Rodrigues / Banca: Ricardo Cury Ibrahim / Mestre

A aplicação de aços de alta resistência está fortemente difundida na indústria mecânica, principalmente em aplicações onde a redução de peso é importante, como por exemplo, a indústria de implementos rodoviários e maquinários agrícolas. Esta dissertação visa analisar a influência de diferentes aportes térmicos no comportamento microestrutural e mecânico de juntas soldadas através do processo MAG de modo a obter juntas com propriedades otimizadas. Para este estudo foram utilizadas chapas metálicas com espessura de 3 mm do aço de alta resistência e baixa liga USI LNE700. Os parâmetros nominais de energia de soldagem foram variados de acordo com os valores descritos pelo fornecedor SSAB. O processo de soldagem foi realizado com o auxílio de um sistema robotizado para manter a homogeneidade ao longo da junta, distância e posicionamento correto no comprimento total da junta soldada. Os ensaios para verificação do comportamento microestrutural e mecânico foram realizados com auxílio de microscopia ótica, perfis de microdureza e ensaios de tração. Buscaram-se utilizar aportes térmicos reduzidos para minimizar os efeitos de revenimento da martensita presente no metal de base, um dos principais responsáveis pela redução das propriedades mecânicas da junta soldada. Os resultados não mostraram significativa variações na microestrutura e propriedades de tração do material, porém o preenchimento da junta soldada formada apresenta um comportamento diretamente proporcional à energia de soldagem. / The application of high strength steels is strongly diffused in the engineering industry, especially in applications where weight reduction is important, such as the industry of agricultural machines and trailers industry. This investigation aims to analyze the influence of different heat inputs on microstructural and mechanical behavior of joint welded by GMAW in order to obtain joints with optimized properties. Sheet metal with a thickness of 3 mm high strength low alloy steel LNE700 (supplier Usiminas) were used. The welding energy was varied around the nominal value informed by the steel supplier SSAB for this study. The welding process was made using robotic system to maintain homogeneity along the joint, right distance and position during the total weld joint length. The microstructural and mechanical behaviors were performed with the optical microscope, microhardness profile and traction test. We attempted to use lower heat inputs to minimize the effects of tempering of martensite present in the base metal, a major contributor to the reduction of the mechanical properties of the welded joint. The results did not show significant microestructural and tensile properties variation, however, when the welding energy is increased, the welded joint penetration formed was increased as well.