Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GilmaraLRA_DISSERT.pdf: 1784124 bytes, checksum: 3fa88890e9688357a4f14429c6d94ab0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work presents the analysis of an antenna of fractal microstrip of Koch with dielectric multilayers and inclinations in the ground plane, whose values of the angles are zero degree (without inclinations), three, seven and twelve degrees. This antenna consists of three dielectric layers arranged vertically on each other, using feeding microstrip line in patch 1, of the first layer, which will feed the remaining patches of the upper layers by electromagnetic coupling. The objective of this work is to analyze the effects caused by increase of the angle of inclination of the ground plane in some antenna parameters such as return loss, resonant frequency, bandwidth and radiation pattern. The presented results demonstrate that with the increase of the inclination angle it is possible to get antennas with characteristics multiband, with bigger bandwidth, and improving the impedance matching for each case analyzed, especially the larger angle / Este trabalho apresenta a an?lise de uma antena de microfita fractal de Koch com multicamadas diel?tricas e inclina??es no plano de terra, cujos valores dos ?ngulos s?o zero grau (sem inclina??es), tr?s, sete e doze graus. Esta antena ? constitu?da por tr?s camadas diel?tricas dispostas verticalmente umas sobre as outras, utilizando alimenta??o por linha de microfita no patch 1, da primeira camada, que ir? alimentar os demais patches das camadas superiores por acoplamento eletromagn?tico. O objetivo deste trabalho ? analisar os efeitos causados pelo aumento do ?ngulo de inclina??o do plano de terra em alguns par?metros da antena, tais como perda de retorno, frequ?ncia de resson?ncia, largura de banda e diagrama de radia??o. Os resultados apresentados demonstram que com o aumento do ?ngulo de inclina??o ? poss?vel obter antenas com caracter?sticas multibanda, com maiores larguras de banda, al?m de melhoramento do casamento de imped?ncias para cada caso analisado, sobretudo os de maior ?ngulo de inclina??o

This work deals with the method for analysis of one-port microstrip circuits which is called as contour-integral method. The general procedure for evaluating of important parameters concerning the analysis of microstrip antennas is given. Next, the geometrical parameters necessary for the calculation of elements in U and H matrices are numerically solved. With the help of these matrices, the input impedance or the reflection coefficient can be easily found.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SinaraRM_DISSERT.pdf: 1037040 bytes, checksum: 9dd71f16b45358e60b8b82862adaafc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-15 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This paper presents an evaluative study about the effects of using a machine learning technique on the main features of a self-organizing and multiobjective genetic algorithm (GA). A typical GA can be seen as a search technique which is usually applied in problems involving no polynomial complexity. Originally, these algorithms were designed to create methods that seek acceptable solutions to problems where the global optimum is inaccessible or difficult to obtain. At first, the GAs considered only one evaluation function and a single objective optimization. Today, however, implementations that consider several optimization objectives simultaneously (multiobjective algorithms) are common, besides allowing the change of many components of the algorithm dynamically (self-organizing algorithms). At the same time, they are also common combinations of GAs with machine learning techniques to improve some of its characteristics of performance and use. In this work, a GA with a machine learning technique was analyzed and applied in a antenna design. We used a variant of bicubic interpolation technique, called 2D Spline, as machine learning technique to estimate the behavior of a dynamic fitness function, based on the knowledge obtained from a set of laboratory experiments. This fitness function is also called evaluation function and, it is responsible for determining the fitness degree of a candidate solution (individual), in relation to others in the same population. The algorithm can be applied in many areas, including in the field of telecommunications, as projects of antennas and frequency selective surfaces. In this particular work, the presented algorithm was developed to optimize the design of a microstrip antenna, usually used in wireless communication systems for application in Ultra-Wideband (UWB). The algorithm allowed the optimization of two variables of geometry antenna - the length (Ls) and width (Ws) a slit in the ground plane with respect to three objectives: radiated signal bandwidth, return loss and central frequency deviation. These two dimensions (Ws and Ls) are used as variables in three different interpolation functions, one Spline for each optimization objective, to compose a multiobjective and aggregate fitness function. The final result proposed by the algorithm was compared with the simulation program result and the measured result of a physical prototype of the antenna built in the laboratory. In the present study, the algorithm was analyzed with respect to their success degree in relation to four important characteristics of a self-organizing multiobjective GA: performance, flexibility, scalability and accuracy. At the end of the study, it was observed a time increase in algorithm execution in comparison to a common GA, due to the time required for the machine learning process. On the plus side, we notice a sensitive gain with respect to flexibility and accuracy of results, and a prosperous path that indicates directions to the algorithm to allow the optimization problems with "η" variables / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo avaliativo dos efeitos da utiliza??o de uma t?cnica de aprendizado de m?quina nas caracter?sticas principais de um algoritmo gen?tico (GA) multiobjetivo e auto-organiz?vel. Um GA t?pico pode ser visto como uma t?cnica de busca que ? normalmente aplicada em problemas que envolvem complexidade n?o polinomial. Originalmente, estes algoritmos foram idealizados para criar m?todos que buscam solu??es aceit?veis para problemas em que os ?timos globais s?o inacess?veis ou s?o de dif?cil obten??o. A princ?pio, os GAs consideravam apenas uma fun??o de avalia??o e um ?nico objetivo de otimiza??o. Hoje, entretanto, s?o comuns as implementa??es que consideram diversos objetivos de otimiza??o simultaneamente (algoritmos multiobjetivos), al?m de permitir a altera??o de diversos componentes do algoritmo dinamicamente (algoritmos autoorganiz?veis). Ao mesmo tempo, s?o comuns tamb?m as combina??es dos GAs com t?cnicas de aprendizado de m?quina para melhorar algumas de suas caracter?sticas de desempenho e utiliza??o. Neste trabalho, um GA com recursos de aprendizado de m?quina foi analisado e aplicado em um projeto de antena. Utilizou-se uma t?cnica variante de interpola??o bic?bica, denominada Spline 2D, como t?cnica de aprendizado de m?quina para estimar o comportamento de uma fun??o de fitness din?mica, a partir do conhecimento obtido de um conjunto de experimentos realizados em laborat?rio. Esta fun??o de fitness ? tamb?m denominada de fun??o de avalia??o e ? respons?vel pela determina??o do grau de aptid?o de uma solu??o candidata (indiv?duo) em rela??o ?s demais de uma mesma popula??o. O algoritmo pode ser aplicado em diversas ?reas, inclusive no dom?nio das telecomunica??es, como nos projetos de antenas e de superf?cies seletivas de frequ?ncia. Neste trabalho em particular, o algoritmo apresentado foi desenvolvido para otimizar o projeto de uma antena de microfita, comumente utilizada em sistemas de comunica??o sem fio e projetada para aplica??o em sistemas de banda ultra larga (Ultra-Wideband - UWB). O algoritmo permitiu a otimiza??o de duas vari?veis da geometria da antena - o Comprimento (Ls) e a Largura (Ws) de uma fenda no plano de terra com rela??o a tr?s objetivos: largura de banda do sinal irradiado, perda de retorno e desvio da frequ?ncia central. As duas dimens?es (Ls e Ws) s?o usadas como vari?veis em tr?s distintas fun??es de interpola??o, sendo uma Spline para cada objetivo da otimiza??o, para compor uma fun??o de fitness agregada e multiobjetiva. O resultado final proposto pelo algoritmo foi comparado com o resultado obtido de um programa simulador e com o resultado medido de um prot?tipo f?sico da antena constru?da em laborat?rio. No estudo apresentado, o algoritmo foi analisado com rela??o ao seu grau de sucesso, no que diz respeito a quatro caracter?sticas importantes de um GA multiobjetivo auto-organiz?vel: desempenho, flexibilidade, escalabilidade e exatid?o. Ao final do estudo, observou-se na compila??o do algoritmo um aumento no tempo de execu??o em compara??o a um GA comum, por conta do tempo necess?rio para o processo de aprendizagem. Como ponto positivo, notou-te um ganho sens?vel com rela??o a flexibilidade e a exatid?o dos resultados apresentados, al?m de um caminho pr?spero que indica dire??es para permitir com que o algoritmo permita a otimiza??o de problemas com η vari?veis

In this research we attempted several modifications to microstrip ring/loop antennas to design multi-frequency antennas through systematic approaches. Such multi-frequency antennas can be useful while building compact terminals to operate at multiple wireless standards. One of the primary contributions was the use of a capacitive feed arrangement that enables simultaneous excitation of multiple concentric rings from an underlying transmission line. The combined antenna operates in the same resonant bands as the individual rings and avoids some of the bands at harmonic frequencies. A similar feeding arrangement is used to obtain dual band characteristics from just one ring, with improved bandwidth. This is made possible by widening two adjacent sides of a square ring antenna symmetrically, and attaching an open stub to the inner edge of the side opposite to the feed line. Use of fractal segments replacing the side with the stub also results in a similar performance. Use of fractal geometries has been widely associated with multi-functional antennas. It has been observed from the parametric studies that, the ratio of the resonant frequencies can range from 1.5 to 2.0. This shows some flexibility in systematically designing dual-band antennas with a desired pair of resonant frequencies. An analysis technique based on multi-port network modeling (MNM) has been proposed to accurately predict the input characteristics of these antennas. This approach can make use of the ordered nature of fractal geometries to simplify computations. Several prototype antennas have been fabricated and tested successfully to validate simulation and analytical results.

In this thesis, I introduce two types of circularly polarized rectangular microstrip antennas at 2.44 GHz. First type has direct fed and the second has two inputs for fed. In first case is used a stub to make the frequency with minimum return loss and equal to the frequency with minimum axial ratio. In second case is use the power splitter to divide the wave in to two lines with phase shift 90° for feeding the patch. In this thesis is described, how to get the best results of Axial Ratio.

Planar antennas are used in several technical applications. The family of planar antennas contains microstrip antennas, which are very popular due to the low weight, low profile, simple manufacturing and easy mass production. Lower gain and excitation of surface waves are disadvantages of microstrip antennas. The propagation of surface waves can be efficiently suppressed if the conventional substrate is replaced by an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) substrate. Microstrip antennas on EBG substrates have been presented in an open literature for several years. Nevertheless, no published work is devoted to the design of EBG substrates, which can suppress surface waves at several frequencies those cannot be covered by a single bandgap. In order to reach optimum parameters of designed antennas, selected global optimization methods are applied (genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization).

Radio Frequency (RF) energy transfer is getting increasingly importance in new generations of wireless sensor networks and this trend is tremendously supported by the modern trends to Internet of things (IoT). This promising technology enables proactive energy replenishment for wireless devices. With RF energy, transmission long distances between the energy source and the receiver can be overbridged. The main challenge thereby is the power conversion efficiency from a low level RF input power to a Direct Current (DC) voltage which is able to supply the mobile system. For this purpose, a novel approach for RF DC conversion is proposed. It consists of a modified voltage multiplier RF DC converter circuit by incorporating an inductor at the input of the circuit, which generates an induced voltage able to boost the output circuit and improve the conversion efficiency. Analytical analysis of the novel approach has been carried out to determine the optimal value of the inductor to maximize the output power. The experimental investigations show that the proposed solution is able to improve significantly both the output voltage and the power conversion efficiency, compared to the state of the art, and this especially at low input power ranges, which are often the case. At -10 dBm input power, the modified voltage multiplier RF DC converter circuit can reach 1.71 V output voltage and 49.21 % power conversion efficiency for, respectively, 500 kΩ and 10 kΩ resistive loads. In order to validate the new proposal for the RF transfer system experimentally, microstrip meander line antennas and microstrip patch antenna arrays are designed for different ISM bands, where relevant requirements for RF energy transfer are respected. For each antenna a modified voltage multiplier RF DC converter circuit has been applied and the system is tuned to the corresponding resonant frequency to avoid mismatching. In this investigation several scenarios have been addressed, such as RF transmission energy, RF energy harvesting in Global System for Mobile (GSM) bands and Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) band are developed. Field test results show high performances of experimental results in comparison to the state of the art.:1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 3 State of the Art of RF Energy Transfer 4 Novel Approach for a RF DC Converter Circuit 5 Antennas Design 6 Experimental Verification at Specific Scenarios 7 Conclusion / Die RF-Energieübertragung (RF) gewinnt in neuen Generationen von drahtlosen Sensornetzen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Dieser Trend wird durch das Internet der Dinge (IoT) weiter unterstützt. Diese vielversprechende Technologie ermöglicht eine proaktive Energieversorgung für drahtlose Geräte. Mit RF-Energie können große Entfernungen zwischen der Energiequelle und dem Empfänger überbrückt werden. Die größte Herausforderung dabei ist der Wirkungsgrad, mit dem von einer niedrigen HF-Eingangsleistung in eine Gleichspannung (DC), mit welcher das mobile System versorgt wird, gewandelt wird. Zu diesem Zweck wird ein neuer Ansatz für einen RF-DC-Wandler vorgeschlagen. Er besteht aus einer modifizierten Spannungsvervielfacher-RF-DC-Wandlerschaltung, die eine Spule am Eingang der Schaltung integriert. Diese erzeugt eine induzierte Spannung, die in der Lage ist die Ausgangsschaltung zu verstärken und den Umwandlungswirkungsgrad zu verbessern. Analytische Untersuchungen zu diesem neuartigen Ansatz wurden durchgeführt, um den optimalen Wert der Spule zu bestimmen und die Ausgangsleistung zu maximieren. Die experimentellen Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die vorgeschlagene Lösung in der Lage ist, sowohl die Ausgangsspannung als auch den Wirkungsgrad der Leistungsumwandlung im Vergleich zum Stand der Technik deutlich zu verbessern. Dies gilt besonders für niedrige Eingangsleistungsbereiche, welche häufig vorkommen. Bei -10 dBm Eingangsleistung kann die modifizierte Spannungsvervielfacher-RF-DC-Wandlerschaltung 1.71 V Ausgangsspannung und 49.21 % Leistungswandlungswirkungsgrad für jeweils 500 kΩ und 10 kΩ ohmsche Last erreichen. Um das neue RF-Übertragungssystem experimentell zu validieren, werden Mikrostreifenmäanderlinienantennen und Mikrostreifen-Patch-Antennenarrays für verschiedene ISM-Bänder ausgelegt, wobei die relevanten Anforderungen an die RF-Energieübertragung eingehalten werden. Für jede Antenne wurde eine modifizierte Spannungsvervielfacher-HF-DC-Wandlerschaltung verwendet und das System auf die entsprechende Resonanzfrequenz abgestimmt, um Fehlanpassungen zu vermeiden. Dabei wurden mehrere Szenarien untersucht, wie z.B. RF-Energieübertragung, RF-Energiegewinnung aus GSM-Bändern und WLAN-Netzwerken. Die Feldtests zeigen eine hohe Leistungsfähigkeit der experimentellen Ergebnisse im Vergleich zum Stand der Technik.:1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 3 State of the Art of RF Energy Transfer 4 Novel Approach for a RF DC Converter Circuit 5 Antennas Design 6 Experimental Verification at Specific Scenarios 7 Conclusion