Studies were conducted to determine the effects of collagen level, fiber alignment, frozen storage and oven temperature on cooking characteristics and the dimensional and structural changes of restructured beef steaks. Three replicates of high (HC) and low collagen (LC) raw materials similar in proximate composition, salt content, pH and physical measurements but different in total collagen were manufactured and stored for either 40, 85 or 130 days before cooking by broiling or roasting. HC steaks tended to require less time for heat to penetrate than LC steaks. Collagen levels did not significantly (P>O. 1) affect cooking losses and physical measurements except the width (WI) at he narrow end. Effects of storage were not different for all cooking losses except evaporation losses nor for physical measurements except WI and the longest axis (Ll). Cooking treatments affected all cooking losses and physical measurements except the midpoint thickness of the steak. Random fiber steaks tended to need less time to reach each end-point temperature than aligned steaks. Orientation of fibers had no effect (P>O.l) on cooking losses and physical measurements except Ll and the straight region (L2) on the perimeter of the steak. Broiling yielded higher evaporation and total cooking losses than roasting. Drip losses were not different between heating methods. For both collagen levels and fiber alignments, site 1 (apex of the dome) had higher residual moisture and fat contents than site 3 (no visible change occurred). The possible mechanism for dome formation considers that: 1) complete layers of parallel muscle fibers form heavy barriers; 2) sufficient binding exists between meat pieces to form a dome; 3) excessive protein films (coat) cover meat particles; 4)a dense protein matrix traps moisture and fat components; 5)additional denatured collagen provides strength to support the dome; and 6) "microvoids" exist within the dome with larger voids in the vicinity of the dome. A possible mechanism for channel development is based upon the following observations: 1) sufficient layers of parallel muscle fibers are lacking; 2) insufficient binding exists between meat pieces; 3) insufficient protein films (coat) cover this area; 4) poor protein matrix allows more moisture and fat components to escape into the atmosphere and meat drippings; 5)prominent channels are located between muscle strands connecting the interior and exterior portions of the steak; and 6)voids are located on the steak surface among parallel muscle fibers. / Master of Science

This work explores physics-based and data-driven methods for material property prediction for metallic microstructures while indicating the context and benefit for microstructure- sensitive design. From this, the use of shape moment invariants is offered as solution to quantifying microstructure topology numerically using images. This offers a substantial benefit for computational time since image data is converted to numeric values. The goal of quantifying the image data is to help index grains based on their crystallographic orientation. Additionally, individual grains are isolated in order to investigate the effect of their shapes. After the microstructures are quantified, two methods for identifying the grain boundaries are proposed to make a more comprehensive approach to material property prediction. The grain boundaries as well as the grains of the quantified image are used to train artificial neural networks capable of predicting the material properties of the material. This prediction technique can be used as a tool for a microstructure-sensitive approach to design subtractively manufactured and Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS)-produced metallic materials. / Master of Science / Material properties are dependent on the underlying microstructural features. This work pro- poses numerical methods to quantify topology and grain boundaries of metallic microstruc- tures by developing physics-based and data-driven techniques for subtractively manufactured and Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS)-produced materials.

This dissertation reports the development of two new categories of optical fibers. These are the Random Hole Optical Fiber (RHOF) and the Crucible Technique Hybrid Fiber (CTF). The RHOF is a new class of microstructure fiber which possesses air holes which vary in diameter and location along the length of the fiber. Unlike all prior microstructure fibers, these RHOF do not have continuous air holes which extend throughout the fiber. The CTF is a method for incorporating glasses with vastly differing thermal properties into a single optical fiber. Each of these two classes of fiber brings a new set of optical characteristics into being. The RHOF exhibit many of the same guidance properties as the previously researched microstructure fibers, such as reduced mode counts in a large area core. CTF fibers show great promise for integrating core materials with extremely high levels of nonlinearity or gain. The initial goal of this work was to combine the two techniques to form a fiber with exceedingly high efficiency of nonlinear interactions. Numerous methods have been endeavored in the attempt to achieve the fabrication of the RHOF. Some of the methods include the use of sol-gel glass, microbubbles, various silica powders, and silica powders with the incorporation of gas producing agents. Through careful balancing of the competing forces of surface tension and internal pressure it has been possible to produce an optical fiber which guides light successfully. The optical loss of these fibers depends strongly on the geometrical arrangement of the air holes. Fibers with a higher number of smaller holes possess a markedly lower attenuation. RHOF also possess, to at least some degree the reduced mode number which has been extensively reported in the past for ordered hole fibers. Remarkably, the RHOF are also inherently pressure sensitive. When force is applied to an RHOF either isotropically, or on an axis perpendicular to the length of the fiber, a wavelength dependent loss is observed. This loss does not come with a corresponding response to temperature, rendering the RHOF highly anomalous in the area of fiber optic sensing techniques. Furthermore an ordered hole fiber was also tested to determine that this was not merely a hitherto undisclosed property of all microstructure fibers. Crucible technique fibers have also been fabricated by constructing an extremely thick walled silica tube, which is sealed at the bottom. A piece of the glass that is desired for the core (such as Lead Indium Phosphate) is inserted into the hole which is in the center of the tube. The preform is then drawn on an fiber draw tower, resulting in a fiber with a core consisting of a material which has a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) or a melting temperature (Tm) which is not commonly compatible with those of silica. / Ph. D.

No / Paleoanthropological studies often center on teeth, not only because these elements are commonly preserved in the fossil record, but because they apparently contain a wealth of information with regard to development, phylogeny, and function. However, despite a plethora of studies, somefundamental problems are still unresolved. For example, while it is recognized that the 3-dimensional arrangement of enamel prisms may hold important information with regard to phylogeny (von Koenigswald and Sander, 1997) and function (Rensberger, 2000), many paleoanthropological studies have thus far relied on investigating enamel microanatomy as a 2-dimensional structure (e.g., Dean et al., 2001 C Dean, M.G Leakey, D Reid, F Schrenk, G.T Schwartz, C Stringer and A Walker, Growth processes in teeth distinguish modern humans from Homo erectus an earlier hominins, Nature 414 (2001), pp. 628¿631. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (120)Dean et al., 2001). This is mainly due to difficulties in visualizing and quantifying the 3-D structure of prisms. In order to overcome these limitations a computer model was developed (Jiang et al., 2003) which attempted to simulate the effects of biophysical processes governing enamel formation in modern humans (adapted from Osborn, 1970). Here we extend our model and present preliminary data on inter-specific variation in prism arrangement among primates. Furthermore, during our work torecreate the 3D microstructure of prismatic enamel it became increasingly clear that there are not only limitations with previous dental growth studies, but that these studies are based on fundamentally different concepts regarding evolutionary processes from those assumed in our approach. These limitations and differences will be highlighted also.

No / Age estimations based on conventional multifactorial methods were compared with trends observed in the internal morphology of bones obtained from high-resolution µCT. Specifically, average trabecular thickness and number of trabeculae/mm transect were determined in the non-load-bearing capitate (hand) and the load-bearing navicular (foot). The µCT findings reveal age-related trends but - surprisingly - these correspond only loosely with the ages assigned by conventional ageing methods, and are also not in accordance with what would be predicted from biomechanical considerations: trabeculae tend to be thinner in the (habitually) load-bearing navicular than in the (habitually) non-load-bearing capitate. While the statistically significant correlation between trabecular thickness and number of trabeculae would suggest a compensatory mechanism between these two aspects of microanatomy, they are not correlated with the assigned ages and, importantly, may differ between sexes. Only in females is there an unequivocal trend towards trabecular thickness increase with age. These findings, although unexpected, can be reconciled with recent histological evidence and assumed average activity levels in historical populations. Conversely, changes in trabecular number are less clear-cut and may be due to the lack of very old individuals in the sample. Nevertheless, the trends observed for trabecular thickness, as well as for trabecular number, seem to imply that the higher incidence of osteoporosis in women could be explained from a structural point of view alone.

No / Australopithecus anamensis is the stem species of all later hominins and exhibits the suite of characters traditionally associated with hominins, i.e., bipedal locomotion when on the ground, canine reduction, and thick-enameled teeth. The functional consequences of its thick enamel are, however, unclear. Without appropriate structural reinforcement, these thick-enameled teeth may be prone to failure. This article investigates the mechanical behavior of A. anamensis enamel and represents the first in a series that will attempt to determine the functional adaptations of hominin teeth. First, the microstructural arrangement of enamel prisms in A anamensis teeth was reconstructed using recently developed software and was compared with that of extant hominoids. Second, a finite-element model of a block of enamel containing one cycle of prism deviation was reconstructed for Homo, Pan, Gorilla, and A. anamensis and the behavior of these tissues under compressive stress was determined. Despite similarities in enamel microstructure between A. anamensis and the African great apes, the structural arrangement of prismatic enamel in A. anamensis appears to be more effective in load dissipation under these compressive loads. The findings may imply that this hominin species was well adapted to puncture crushing and are in some respects contrary to expectations based on macromorphology of teeth. Taking together, information obtained from both finite-element analyses and dental macroanatomy leads us to suggest that A. anamensis was probably adapted for habitually consuming a hard-tough diet. However, additional tests are needed to understand the functional adaptations of A. anamensis teeth fully.

Metastable β titanium alloys stand out as prominent candidates for structure materials in aerospace industries due to their light weight and exceptional high strength. This dissertation systematically investigates the microstructural evolutions in the metastable β Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr (wt. %, Ti5553) alloy induced by various defects including grain boundary, twin boundary, and dual-phase interface using advanced characterization techniques such as transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD), 3D FIB-SEM tomography, and 4D STEM. Firstly, the morphology of grain boundary α precipitates was characterized using quantitative 3D FIB-SEM tomography combined with 3D phase field simulation. Our findings highlighted the critical role of the inclination angle between habit plane of α and grain boundary plane in determining the morphology of grain boundary α precipitates. Secondly, the nanoscale substructures of a novel high-indexed {10 9 3} twin and its influence on the formation of hierarchical α microstructure were studied, employing conventional TEM and aberration-corrected STEM. Thirdly, the early stage α nucleation in Ti-5553 was studied utilizing interrupted heat treatments and ex-situ characterizations via TEM and aberrationcorrected STEM. Our findings indicated that the preformed β/ω interface can act as nucleation sites for α precipitates. Lastly, the microstructure and defects in the direct energy deposited (DEDed) Ti-5553 alloy were investigated. The results demonstrate that the addition of stainless steel 316L can significantly refine the grain size while also introducing different defects.

Thèse ou mémoire avec insertion d'articles. / L'obtention d'un aperçu microscopique de la structure interne et de la biologie de la glace de mer a traditionnellement été limitée à des méthodes d'échantillonnage destructives et intrusives par carottes de glace. Dans cette étude, nous présenterons un système révolutionnaire d'imagerie microscopique in situ conçu pour étudier les microstructures internes et les micro-organismes présents dans la glace de mer, sans avoir recours aux techniques d'échantillonnage conventionnelles. Ce nouveau système offre une vue inédite en temps réel de la vie dans cet environnement unique. La nature complexe et hétérogène de la glace de mer, avec sa matrice de glace, ses canaux de saumure, ses bulles d'air et ses diverses impuretés, a posé de nombreux défis d'ingénierie pour la mise au point de ce système d'imagerie. Le système développé est un microscope de terrain à multi-illumination et à géométrie d'imagerie réflective. Nous avons effectué des tests de validation dans la glace de mer de première année entre le 20 avril et le 3 mai 2023 dans la baie de Baffin. Malgré la fragilité inhérente à la matrice de la glace de mer, notre système d'imagerie nous a permis de capturer des images de microstructures et de micro-organismes avec des détails satisfaisants. La conception matérielle et logicielle de l'endoscope est présentée ainsi que les résultats de l'acquisition des images de la microstructure et de micro-organismes. Ces résultats démontrent collectivement le potentiel de ce nouveau système d'imagerie microscopique in situ à révolutionner la façon dont nous étudions la glace de mer et à fournir une compréhension plus approfondie de ses microstructures complexes et de ses micro-organismes vivants. Cette innovation recèle un immense potentiel pour faire progresser notre compréhension de la dynamique écologique, des processus biogéochimiques et des adaptations des micro-organismes dans la glace de mer. / Gaining microscopic insight into the internal structure and biology of sea ice has traditionally been limited to destructive and intrusive ice core sampling methods. In this study, we introduce a groundbreaking in situ microscopic imaging system designed to study the internal micro-structures and microorganisms within sea ice, all without the need for conventional sampling techniques. This novel system offers a never-before-seen real-time view of life within this unique environment. The complex and heterogeneous nature of sea ice, including its water crystal lattice, brine channels, air bubbles, and various impurities, presented numerous engineering challenges for developing this imaging system. The developed system is a field microscope with multi-illumination and *en-face* geometry. We conducted validations tests in first-year Arctic interior sea ice between April 20th and May 3rd 2023 in Baffin Bay. Despite the inherent fragility of the sea-ice matrix, our imaging system allowed us to capture images of microstructures and biota in satisfying detail. The hardware and software design of the endoscope are presented along with acquisition results of the microstructure and biota images. These findings collectively demonstrate the potential for this new in situ microscopy imaging system to revolutionize the way we study sea ice and provide a deeper understanding of its complex microstructures and living microorganisms. This innovation holds immense potential for advancing our understanding of ecological dynamics, biogeochemical processes, and microorganism adaptations in sea ice environments.

Des simulations numériques thermomécaniques sont nécessaires afin de prédire l'apparition des déchirures à chaud, survenant en fin de solidification, dans les procédés de coulée directes des alumineries. Toutefois, ces simulations nécessitent plusieurs intrants notamment des propriétés mécaniques et des lois de comportement à différentes températures. Pour ce projet, un analyseur mécanique dynamique est utilisé afin de caractériser ces intrants pour un alliage d'aluminium 5182 (4.5pds% Mg). L'analyse dynamique en flexion est utilisée pour la première fois afin d'étudier l'évolution du module élastique avec la fraction liquide dans la microstructure. Également, des séries d'essais de fluage sont effectuées en mode traction afin de proposer des lois de comportement. L'utilisation d'un modèle de calcul de parcours de solidification considérant la rétrodiffusion permet d'estimer la fraction liquide en cours d'essais selon la température. Les éprouvettes utilisées pour les différents essais mécaniques ont été usinées à partir d'un lingot d'aluminium 5182 coulé par le procédé de coulée directe. Afin d'étudier l'effet de la microstructure, des éprouvettes ont été usinées à partir de trois positions selon la largeur du lingot. Plus l'éprouvette provient d'une position près de la surface et plus la microstructure est affinée. Les microstructures fines semblent être moins rigides lorsque du liquide est présent dans la microstructure. Également, trois taux de chauffe ont été étudiés pour les analyses dynamiques (10⁰C/min, 20⁰C/min et 30⁰C/min). La température du solidus diminue avec l'augmentation du taux de chauffe puisque l'homogénéisation partielle lors de la chauffe est moins importante. Un plan d'expérience a été effectué pour les essais de fluage avec des éprouvettes provenant de deux positions dans le lingot (surface, centre), testées à trois niveaux de températures(555⁰C, 560⁰C, 565⁰C) et à deux niveaux de contraintes (0.25MPa et 0.50 MPa). Cinq comportements en fluage ont été observés : un fluage uniforme, une fissuration partielle, une localisation suivie d'une rupture, une rupture fragile et un retour de la déformation. Des températures élevées et des contraintes élevées augmentent la prévalence des localisations et des ruptures tandis que les retours de la déformation ne sont observés qu'à plus basse température avec une faible contrainte. Les courbes de fluage uniforme et de fissuration partielle ont été modélisées par des lois de comportements mécaniques. / Numerical thermomechanical simulations are necessary to predict the occurrence of hot tears, occurring at the end of solidification, in direct casting processes of aluminum smelters. However, these simulations require several inputs including mechanical properties and behavior laws at different temperatures. For this project, a dynamic mechanical analyzer is used to characterize these inputs for an aluminum alloy 5182 (4.5wt% Mg). Dynamic bending analysis is used for the first time to study the evolution of the elastic modulus with the liquid fraction in the microstructure. Also, series of creep tests are performed in tensile mode to propose behavioral laws. The use of a calculation model of solidification path considering the back diffusion allows to estimate the liquid fraction during the tests according to the temperature. The specimens used for the various mechanical tests were machined from a AA5182 ingot cast by the direct casting process. In order to study the effect of the microstructure, test specimens were machined from three positions according to the width of the ingot. The closer the specimen is to the surface, the more refined the microstructure. The fine microstructures appear to be less rigid when liquid is present in the microstructure. Also, three heating rates were studied for dynamic analyses (10⁰C/min, 20⁰C/min and 30⁰C/min). The solidus temperature decreases with increasing heating rate since the partial homogenization during heating is smaller. A design of experiment was performed for creep tests with test specimens from two positions in the ingot (surface, center), tested at three temperature levels (555⁰C, 560⁰C, 565⁰C) and at two stress levels (0.25MPa and 0.50 MPa). Five creep behaviors were observed: uniform creep, partial cracking, localization followed by failure, brittle failure, and deformation recovery. High temperatures and high stresses increase the occurrence of localization and failure while deformation recovery is observed only at low temperatures and stresses. The uniform creep and partial cracking curves were modeled by mechanical behavior laws.

No / This study presents the data elements to develop a new processing route to transform elastomeric waste residue (particulates) into acoustic and thermal insulation materials that can compete with commercial products. The approach is to bind these grain and fibre particulates with a foaming polyurethane or a similar polymer, the chemistry of which can be manipulated to control the structure stiffness and the evolution of the foaming gas into open or closed cells. Here the study uses two examples of such residues, tyre and carpet shreds both composed of fibres trapping grains of either rubber or PVC. Compounds were made from these systems with different PU binders and the structural properties (density, porosity, air flow resistivity, tortuosity and stiffness) and performance properties (sound absorption, sound transmission, impact sound insulation and thermal conductivity) were measured as a function of binder loading and chemistry. The data obtained show clearly that performance can be tailored by tailoring structural properties resulting with materials that match or even outperform commercial products. The data set obtained here can be usefully exploited with available acoustic and thermal insulation materials model to take the approach further and extended to other waste systems.