As perdas localizadas de carga são elementos frequentemente negligenciados em dimensionamento de sistemas de irrigação, afetando a uniformidade de aplicação de água. Algumas peças acessórias não possuem equações que estimem estas perdas de forma simples e eficiente. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de ajustar uma equação que estime a perda localizada de carga na passagem lateral em conectores. Foram testados 11 modelos de conectores em 12 diferentes diâmetros de tubos formando 15 conjuntos de tubo/conector. Os conectores foram caracterizados quanto aos diâmetros internos e dimensões. A perda localizada de carga foi obtida por diferença entre perda de carga distribuída no tubo mais conector e perda de carga no tubo. Os parâmetros responsáveis pela perda localizada de carga foram organizados em termos adimensionais utilizando o teorema de Buckingham. Um modelo matemático foi desenvolvido e apresentou um coeficiente de determinação de 93,31%. Elementos como diâmetro interno do conector e do tubo, comprimento do conector, velocidade de escoamento da água, número de Reynolds e número de Froude influenciaram na perda localizada de carga nos conectores. O modelo foi comparado com os dados observados e apresentou um desempenho classificado como ótimo, podendo ser empregado no cálculo da perda localizada de carga na passagem lateral em conectores. / Local losses are often neglected in design of irrigation systems affecting the uniformity of water application. Some accessories have no simple and efficient equations to estimate these losses. The main objective of this work was to develop an equation to estimate the local head loss in the lateral passage connectors. 11 models of connectors in 12 different diameters of pipes were tested forming 15 groups of pipe/connector. The connectors were characterized by its internal diameters and dimensions. The local head loss was determined by subtracting the head loss on the connector and pipe from the head loss on the pipe. The parameters affecting the local head loss were defined as dimensionless terms using Buckingham\'s theorem. A mathematical model was developed and presented a determination coefficient of 93.31%. Elements such as inner diameter of the connector and pipe length, connector, water flow velocity, Reynolds number and Froude number influenced the local head loss in the connectors. The model was compared with the observed data and presented a performance classified as excellent and can be used in calculating of the local head loss in the lateral passage connectors.

As perdas localizadas de carga são elementos frequentemente negligenciados em dimensionamento de sistemas de irrigação, afetando a uniformidade de aplicação de água. Algumas peças acessórias não possuem equações que estimem estas perdas de forma simples e eficiente. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de ajustar uma equação que estime a perda localizada de carga na passagem lateral em conectores. Foram testados 11 modelos de conectores em 12 diferentes diâmetros de tubos formando 15 conjuntos de tubo/conector. Os conectores foram caracterizados quanto aos diâmetros internos e dimensões. A perda localizada de carga foi obtida por diferença entre perda de carga distribuída no tubo mais conector e perda de carga no tubo. Os parâmetros responsáveis pela perda localizada de carga foram organizados em termos adimensionais utilizando o teorema de Buckingham. Um modelo matemático foi desenvolvido e apresentou um coeficiente de determinação de 93,31%. Elementos como diâmetro interno do conector e do tubo, comprimento do conector, velocidade de escoamento da água, número de Reynolds e número de Froude influenciaram na perda localizada de carga nos conectores. O modelo foi comparado com os dados observados e apresentou um desempenho classificado como ótimo, podendo ser empregado no cálculo da perda localizada de carga na passagem lateral em conectores. / Local losses are often neglected in design of irrigation systems affecting the uniformity of water application. Some accessories have no simple and efficient equations to estimate these losses. The main objective of this work was to develop an equation to estimate the local head loss in the lateral passage connectors. 11 models of connectors in 12 different diameters of pipes were tested forming 15 groups of pipe/connector. The connectors were characterized by its internal diameters and dimensions. The local head loss was determined by subtracting the head loss on the connector and pipe from the head loss on the pipe. The parameters affecting the local head loss were defined as dimensionless terms using Buckingham\'s theorem. A mathematical model was developed and presented a determination coefficient of 93.31%. Elements such as inner diameter of the connector and pipe length, connector, water flow velocity, Reynolds number and Froude number influenced the local head loss in the connectors. The model was compared with the observed data and presented a performance classified as excellent and can be used in calculating of the local head loss in the lateral passage connectors.

Coupled whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) optical microcavities have been extensively explored to tune the resonant eigenfrequencies and spatial distributions of the optical modes, finding many unique photonic applications in a variety of fields, such as nonlinear optics, laser physics, and non-Hermitian photonics. As one type of WGM microcavities, microtube cavities with axial potential wells support 3D confined resonances by circulating light along the microtube cross-section and axis simultaneously, which offers a promising possibility to explore multidimensional and multichannel optical coupling. In this thesis, the optical coupling of 3D confined resonant modes is investigated in coupled microtube cavities fabricated by self-rolling of prestrained nanomembranes. In the first coupling system, multiple sets of 3D optical modes are generated in a single microtube cavity owing to nanogap induced resonant trajectory splitting. The large overlap of optical fields in the split resonant trajectories triggers strong optical coupling of the 3D confined resonant modes. The spectra anticrossing feature and changing-over of one group of coupled fundamental modes are demonstrated as direct evidence of strong coupling. The spatial optical field distribution of 3D coupling modes was experimentally mapped upon the strong coupling regime, which allows direct observation of the energy transfer process between two hybrid states. Numerical calculations based on a quasi-potential model and the mode detuning process are in excellent agreement with the experimental results. On this basis, monolithically integrated twin microtube cavities are proposed to achieve the collective coupling of two sets of 3D optical modes. Owing to the aligned twin geometries, two sets of 3D optical modes in twin microtubes are spectrally and spatially matched, by which both the fundamental and higher-order axial modes are respectively coupled with each other. Multiple groups of the coupling modes provide multiple effective channels for energy exchange between coupled microcavities, which are illustrated by the measured spatial optical field distributions. The spectral anticrossing and changing-over features of each group of coupled modes are revealed in experiments and calculations, indicating the occurrence of strong coupling. In addition, the simulated 3D mode profiles of twin microcavities confirm the collective strong coupling behavior, which is in good agreement with the experimental results. Our work provides a compact and robust scheme for realizing 3D optical coupling, which is of high interest for promising applications such as 3D non-Hermitian systems and multi-channel optical signal processing.

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Para o desenvolvimento de uma agricultura sustentável no Brasil é imprescindível realizar investimentos nos setores que desenvolvem tecnologias inovadoras de baixo custo e adaptadas às condições peculiares do país, em substituição a dependência por produtos importados de alto custo e inacessíveis a maioria dos pequenos produtores. Nesse sentido, os emissores do tipo microtubo utilizados em sistemas de microirrigação se apresentam como uma alternativa tecnológica atrativa a essa parcela de produtores, devido o baixo custo de confecção e instalação. Porém, para que sejam atingidas boas uniformidades de aplicação de água é imprescindível que o sistema seja bem dimensionado. Com o objetivo de desenvolver um sistema de irrigação com ultra baixa vazão (UBV) de 0,2 L h-1, utilizando microtubos com derivação e operando em regime laminar, iniciou-se este trabalho buscando irrigação eficiente e de baixo custo em hortas agrícolas. A configuração do sistema proposto consiste em uma linha lateral com diâmetro nominal de 10 mm na qual, os microtubos conectores com diâmetro nominal de 0,8 mm foram diretamente inseridos e, por meio de um segmento de tubo fechado em ambas as extremidades, seis microtubos emissores com diâmetro nominal de 0,7 mm foram acoplados aos conectores. O experimento foi composto de duas etapas. A primeira parte experimental foi conduzida no Laboratório de Hidráulica do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ/USP) em Piracicaba SP, sendo realizada a determinação do diâmetro real dos microtubos, obtenção de modelos matemáticos para dimensionamento do sistema de irrigação e avaliação da vazão observada. A segunda etapa do experimento foi realizada em uma horta localizada na área experimental da ESALQ/USP, onde foram realizados a montagem e instalação do sistema de irrigação, os ensaios para obtenção da uniformidade de aplicação de água e a implantação da cultura da alface em quatro canteiros de 15 m x 1,5 m, onde a água foi fornecida por uma caixa dágua elevada a uma altura de 1,5 m. A uniformidade de aplicação da água foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente de uniformidade estatística e uniformidade de distribuição os quais apresentaram valores iniciais superiores a 90%, sendo considerados excelentes. O sistema de irrigação com ultra baixa vazão proposto apresentou vantagens econômicas para pequenos produtores, devido ao baixo custo de investimento e facilidade de operação do sistema. Entretanto, o sistema apresentou problemas de acúmulos de ar e obstrução de emissores durante o período avaliado, ocasionando a redução da uniformidade de distribuição e da uniformidade estatística sendo, portanto, necessária a realização de mais estudos para obtenção de resultados mais conclusivos. / To develop a sustainable agriculture in Brazil is essential to invest in sectors that produce innovative technologies, adapted to Brazilian peculiar conditions and with a low cost, that can replace the dependency on imported products, often not accessible to small producers. In this way, the emitters microtube utilizes in microirrigation can be attractive technological alternative for this kind of farmers, due to the low cost and installation. However, to achieve high uniformity of water application is essential that microirrigation system have to be well designed. This work has to aim to develop an irrigation system with ultra low flow (ULF) of 0.2 L h-1, using microtubes with derivation and operating in laminar flow, this work began searching for efficient irrigation and lowcost vegetable crops. The configuration of the proposed system consists of a lateral line with a nominal diameter of 10 mm in which the microtubes connectors with a nominal diameter of 0.8 mm were inserted directly and through a segment of pipe closed at both ends, six microtubes emitters with a nominal diameter of 0.7 mm were connected to the connectors. The experiment was performed in two steps. The first part of experiment was conducted in the Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Engineering, School of Agriculture \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (ESALQ / USP) in Piracicaba SP. It was determined the actual diameter of the microtubes and obtained the mathematical models for irrigation system design and to evaluate the observed discharge. The second part of the experiment was performed in an experimental vegetable garden located in the area of ESALQ / USP. It was realized the assembly and installation of irrigation system, the tests to obtain the uniformity of water application and plantation of lettuce crop into four beds 15 m x 1.5 m, where water was provided by an elevated water tower at a height of 1.5 m. The water application uniformity was evaluated by the statistical coefficient of uniformity and distribution uniformity which it showed initial values above 90% that it is considered excellent. The irrigation system with ultra low flow proposed showed economic advantages for small producers due to low cost and ease of system operation. However, this system presented problems of air accumulation and emitters clogging during the period evaluated, it caused a reduction in uniform distribution and uniform statistics. Therefore, it is necessary to perform further studies to obtain more conclusive results.

Para o desenvolvimento de uma agricultura sustentável no Brasil é imprescindível realizar investimentos nos setores que desenvolvem tecnologias inovadoras de baixo custo e adaptadas às condições peculiares do país, em substituição a dependência por produtos importados de alto custo e inacessíveis a maioria dos pequenos produtores. Nesse sentido, os emissores do tipo microtubo utilizados em sistemas de microirrigação se apresentam como uma alternativa tecnológica atrativa a essa parcela de produtores, devido o baixo custo de confecção e instalação. Porém, para que sejam atingidas boas uniformidades de aplicação de água é imprescindível que o sistema seja bem dimensionado. Com o objetivo de desenvolver um sistema de irrigação com ultra baixa vazão (UBV) de 0,2 L h-1, utilizando microtubos com derivação e operando em regime laminar, iniciou-se este trabalho buscando irrigação eficiente e de baixo custo em hortas agrícolas. A configuração do sistema proposto consiste em uma linha lateral com diâmetro nominal de 10 mm na qual, os microtubos conectores com diâmetro nominal de 0,8 mm foram diretamente inseridos e, por meio de um segmento de tubo fechado em ambas as extremidades, seis microtubos emissores com diâmetro nominal de 0,7 mm foram acoplados aos conectores. O experimento foi composto de duas etapas. A primeira parte experimental foi conduzida no Laboratório de Hidráulica do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ/USP) em Piracicaba SP, sendo realizada a determinação do diâmetro real dos microtubos, obtenção de modelos matemáticos para dimensionamento do sistema de irrigação e avaliação da vazão observada. A segunda etapa do experimento foi realizada em uma horta localizada na área experimental da ESALQ/USP, onde foram realizados a montagem e instalação do sistema de irrigação, os ensaios para obtenção da uniformidade de aplicação de água e a implantação da cultura da alface em quatro canteiros de 15 m x 1,5 m, onde a água foi fornecida por uma caixa dágua elevada a uma altura de 1,5 m. A uniformidade de aplicação da água foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente de uniformidade estatística e uniformidade de distribuição os quais apresentaram valores iniciais superiores a 90%, sendo considerados excelentes. O sistema de irrigação com ultra baixa vazão proposto apresentou vantagens econômicas para pequenos produtores, devido ao baixo custo de investimento e facilidade de operação do sistema. Entretanto, o sistema apresentou problemas de acúmulos de ar e obstrução de emissores durante o período avaliado, ocasionando a redução da uniformidade de distribuição e da uniformidade estatística sendo, portanto, necessária a realização de mais estudos para obtenção de resultados mais conclusivos. / To develop a sustainable agriculture in Brazil is essential to invest in sectors that produce innovative technologies, adapted to Brazilian peculiar conditions and with a low cost, that can replace the dependency on imported products, often not accessible to small producers. In this way, the emitters microtube utilizes in microirrigation can be attractive technological alternative for this kind of farmers, due to the low cost and installation. However, to achieve high uniformity of water application is essential that microirrigation system have to be well designed. This work has to aim to develop an irrigation system with ultra low flow (ULF) of 0.2 L h-1, using microtubes with derivation and operating in laminar flow, this work began searching for efficient irrigation and lowcost vegetable crops. The configuration of the proposed system consists of a lateral line with a nominal diameter of 10 mm in which the microtubes connectors with a nominal diameter of 0.8 mm were inserted directly and through a segment of pipe closed at both ends, six microtubes emitters with a nominal diameter of 0.7 mm were connected to the connectors. The experiment was performed in two steps. The first part of experiment was conducted in the Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Engineering, School of Agriculture \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (ESALQ / USP) in Piracicaba SP. It was determined the actual diameter of the microtubes and obtained the mathematical models for irrigation system design and to evaluate the observed discharge. The second part of the experiment was performed in an experimental vegetable garden located in the area of ESALQ / USP. It was realized the assembly and installation of irrigation system, the tests to obtain the uniformity of water application and plantation of lettuce crop into four beds 15 m x 1.5 m, where water was provided by an elevated water tower at a height of 1.5 m. The water application uniformity was evaluated by the statistical coefficient of uniformity and distribution uniformity which it showed initial values above 90% that it is considered excellent. The irrigation system with ultra low flow proposed showed economic advantages for small producers due to low cost and ease of system operation. However, this system presented problems of air accumulation and emitters clogging during the period evaluated, it caused a reduction in uniform distribution and uniform statistics. Therefore, it is necessary to perform further studies to obtain more conclusive results.

Thermally developing, electro-osmotically generated flow has been analyzed for a circular microtube under imposed constant wall temperature (CWT) and constant wall heat flux (CHF) boundary conditions. Established by a voltage potential gradient along the length of the microtube, the hydrodynamics of such a flow dictate either a slug flow velocity profile (under conditions of large tube radius-to-Debye length ratio, a/lambda_d) or a family of electro-osmotic flow (EOF) velocity profiles that depend on a/lambda_d. The imposed voltage gradient results in Joule heating in the fluid with an associated volumetric source of energy. For this scenario coupled with a slug flow velocity profile, the analytical solution for the fluid temperature development has been determined for both thermal boundary conditions. The local Nusselt number for the CHF boundary condition is shown to reduce to the classical slug flow thermal development for imposed constant wall heat flux, and is independent of Joule heating source magnitude. For the CWT boundary condition, a local minimum in the streamwise variation in local Nusselt number for moderate positive dimensionless inlet temperature is predicted. For negative dimensionless inlet temperature, which arises if the fluid entrance temperature is below the tube wall temperature, the fluid is initially heated, then cooled, resulting in a singularity in the local Nusselt number at the axial location of the heating/cooling transition. The thermal development length is considerably larger than for traditional pressure-driven flow heat transfer, and is a function of the magnitudes of Peclet number and dimensionless inlet temperature. For the EOF velocity profile scenario, numerical techniques were used to predict the fluid temperature development for both wall boundary conditions by utilizing a finite control volume approach. In addition to Joule heating as an energy source, viscous dissipation is also considered. The results predict that for decreasing a/lambda_d, the local Nusselt number decreases for all axial positions and the thermal development shortens for both wall boundary conditions. Viscous dissipation has significant effect only at intermediate values of a/lambda_d. Results predict local Nusselt numbers to increase for a CWT boundary condition and to decrease for an imposed constant wall heat flux with increasing viscous dissipation.

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are one major class of axon growth inhibitors that are upregulated and accumulated around the lesion site after spinal cord injury (SCI), and result in regenerative failure. To overcome CSPG-mediated inhibition, digestion of CSPGs with chondroitinase ABC (chABC) has been explored and it has shown promising results. chABC digests glycosaminoglycan chains on CSPGs and can thereby enhance axonal regeneration and promote functional recovery when delivered at the site of injury. However, chABC has a crucial limitation; it is thermally unstable and loses its enzymatic activity rapidly at 37 ºC. Therefore, it necessitates the use of repeated injections or local infusions with a pump for days to weeks to provide fresh chABC to retain its enzymatic activity. Maintaining these infusion systems is invasive and clinically problematic. In this dissertation, three studies are reported that demonstrate our strategy to overcome current limitations of using chABC and develop a delivery system for facilitating chABC treatment after SCI: First, we enhanced the thermostability of chABC by adding trehalose, a protein stabilizer, and developed a system for its sustained local delivery in vivo. Enzymatic activity was assayed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB), and conformational change of the enzyme was measured via circular dichroism (CD) with and without trehalose. When stabilized with trehalose, chABC remained enzymatically active at 37 ºC for up to 4 weeks in vitro. We developed a lipid microtube-agarose hydrogel delivery system for a sustained release and showed that chABC released from the delivery system is still functionally active and slowly released over 2 weeks in vitro. Second, the hydrogel-microtube system was used to locally deliver chABC over two weeks at the lesion site following a dorsal over hemisection injury at T10. The scaffold consisting of hydrogel and chABC loaded lipid microtubes was implanted at the top of the lesion site immediately following injury. To determine effectiveness of topical delivery of thermostabilized chABC, animal groups treated with single injection or gel scaffold implantation of chABC and penicillinase (P'ase) were included as controls. Two weeks after surgery, the functionality of released chABC and the cellular responses were examined by immunohistological analysis with 3B3, CS-56, GFAP and Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA). The results demonstrated that thermostabilized chABC was successfully delivered slowly and locally without the need for an indwelling catheter by using the hydrogel-microtube delivery system in vivo. The results demonstrated that released chABC from the gel scaffold effectively digested CSPGs, and therefore, there were significant differences in CSPG digestion at the lesion site between groups treated with chABC loaded microtube-hydrogel scaffolds and controls. Third, a long term in vivo study (45 days) was conducted to examine axonal sprouting/regeneration and functional recovery with both a single treatment each of microtube loaded chABC or Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and a combination of them by using the hydrogel-microtube delivery system. Over the long term study period, the treated animals showed significant improvement in locomotor function and more sprouting of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB)-positive ascending dorsal column fibers and 5-HT serotonergic fibers around the lesion site. We demonstrated that this significant improvement of chABC thermostability facilitates the development of a minimally invasive method for sustained, local delivery of chABC that is potentially a useful and effective approach for treating SCI. In addition to that, we demonstrated that combinatorial therapy with chABC and neurotrophic factors could provide a synergistic effect on axonal regrowth and functional recovery after SCI.