The global development and usage of smartphones are rapidly increasing. Further, the high capacity and functionality of these devices indicate high technological manufacturing processes and complex supply chains. Thus it is of interest to investigate the potential environmental impacts of a smartphone, from a life cycle perspective. This study uses a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology in order to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of a smartphone, in particularly the smartphone Sony XperiaTM T. Environmental in- and outflows, including resources, emissions to air, water and soil as well as waste treatment and electric energy consumption are quantified for the entire life cycle of the smartphone. The system boundary for the LCA includes raw material acquisition, production, in- and outbound transportation, utilization and end-of-life treatment for a smartphone with an estimated lifetime of 3 years. All phone components and processes as well as the charger, USB-Cable, headset, delivery box, instruction manuals and the use of network infrastructure have been included within this boundary. The data collection process involved dismantling and analyzing a Sony XperiaTM T smartphone to gain knowledge on the hardware and collecting information from Sony Mobile and Ericsson Research and partially from external sources for major smartphone processes. GaBi 6.0 Software was used for the modeling and analysis. Sensitivity analysis was performed on different parameters of the model to evaluate the effects of the assumptions and methodological choices adopted for the study. The chosen characterization model for this study is established by the Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML). The analysis of the LCA results focus on the CML global warming potential (GWP) impact category and present figures representing the carbon dioxide equivalents (kg CO2e) for each life cycle stage of the smartphone. According to this LCA study, the Sony XperiaTM T smartphone, excluding accessories and network usage, produces a total of 45 kg CO2e to the atmosphere during its entire lifetime, when considering medium usage and a Swedish electricity mix for the use stage. This corresponds to the amount released when driving an average European car for approximately 300 km. The life cycle stage that is calculated to have the most significant environmental impact on the results is the production stage, accounting for just above 30 kg CO2e. Activities with main contributions to the total GWP impact include integrated circuit (IC) production, phone shell raw material acquisition and production followed by smartphone assembly and distribution. If accessories and mobile network are included, the total life cycle impact is 68 kg CO2e for the assessed scenario. As no results are available for other impact categories, no conclusions can be made related to impacts such as eutrophication and acidification. If a global electricity mix is applied, the total results for the smartphone including accessories and network usage increase to 117 kg CO2e for the moderate user scenario for the 3 year life cycle period. This corresponds to approximately 40 kg CO2e per year which is equivalent to the amount released when driving an average European car for 270 km. Excluding accessories and network usage, the life cycle impact for the smartphone for this alternative is 51 kg CO2e. A parameter model in Microsoft Excel, based on multiple parameters, has also been constructed as an integrated part of this study. This parameter model is aimed to provide results for smartphone models that differ in look and performance and also aimed to be applied for tablets. / Den globala utvecklingen och användningen av ’smartphones’ ökar allt snabbare i dagens samhälle. Högre krav på både prestanda och kapacitet resulterar i hög-teknologiska tillverkningsprocesser och komplexa leverantörskedjor. Det är därför viktigt att, ur ett livscykelperspektiv, utforska potentiell miljöpåverkan som en 'smartphone’ kan ha. Detta examensarbete genomfördes på Ericsson Research i nära samarbete med Sony Mobile. Syftet med denna studie är att genomföra en Livscyckelanalys (LCA) på en ’smartphone’, i detta fall en Sony XperiaTM T, och uppdatera en tidigare LCA studie utförd på Ericsson och Sony Ericsson 2008. Miljömässiga in och ut flöden till och från systemet inklusive resurser, utsläpp till vatten, luft och mark samt avfallshantering och energi användning har kartlagts där dessa flöden är kvantifierade för den totala livslängden av produkten. Den definierade systemgränsen för LCA:n inkluderar framställning av råmaterial, produktion, interna/externa transporter, användning och avfallshantering för en ’smartphone’ med en uppskattad livslängd på 3 år. Alla väsentliga ’smartphone’ komponenter och processer samt laddare, hörlurar och nätverksinfrastruktur har inkluderats inom denna gräns. Mjukvaran GaBi 6.0 har används för modelleringen och analysen. Kvalitets- och känslighets –analys av data har utförts på olika parametrar av modellen för att kunna utvärdera effekterna av metod val som har gjorts för denna studie. Den utvalda karakteriseringsmodellen för denna studie är fastställd av Institute of Environmental Science (CML). Analysen av LCA resultaten fokuserar på CMLs miljöpåverkanskategori för global uppvärmning där värdena är presenterade i koldioxidekvivalenter för varje livscykelfas för en ’smartphone’. Data-insamlingsprocessen omfattade isär plockning av en Sony XperiaTM T ’smartphone’ med syftet att öka kunskapen om hårdvaran samt insamling av information från Sony Mobile, Ericsson samt från externa källor för de större 'smartphone’-processerna. Enligt denna LCA studie producerar, med undantag för tillbehör och nätverksanvändning, Sony XperiaTM T ’smartphone’ totalt 45 kg koldioxidekvivalenter under produktens hela livslängd med genomsnittlig svensk el-mix under användarfasen. När ett globalt el-mix genomsnitt tillämpas i livscykelanalysen blir resultat 51 kg koldioxidekvivalenter. Detta motsvarar mängden av koldioxidutsläpp när man kör en genomsnittlig bil 300 km respektive 350 km. Livscykelfasen som har störst miljöpåverkning på resultatet är produktionsfasen som står för 30 kg koldioxidekvivalenter. En parametermodell i Microsoft Excel har konstruerats som en del av examensarbetet. Denna modell är skapad för att kunna användas då resultat önskas för en mobiltelefonmodell med annat utseende och kapacitet än Sony XperiaTM T ’smartphone’.

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Over the last few years, the scientific debates and discussions between water resource management scholars and the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) researchers have brought the impacts assessment of water use into more focus. The results of this discourse have led to methodological advances for assessing and evaluating the environmental impacts of freshwater use. The first aim of this study is to critically review these methods, and then to further compare their appropriateness and competencies for the LCA of biorefinery systems. This thesis highlights the inconsistencies among the water-use accounting and impact-assessment methods that have caused incompatibility among biorefinery system LCA results. The main source of divergence in the results is identified as the disharmony between the definitions and assumptions used in inventorying water consumption, as well as the variation in the methods and parameters used for defining the characterizing factors in their impact assessment. All the methods have applied regional characterization factors and developed their impact assessment based on water scarcity. However, none of them has developed the impact assessment pathway relating to the hydrological cycle changes of water, as well as the synergetic impacts resulting from water consumption and pollution. In the literature review, only one case study could be found that quantitatively compared methods and contrasted their results. This implies that there is a need for more of such case studies to identify the uncertainties and strengthen the need for standardization and harmonization.  Last, the methods are evaluated based on their completeness and environmental relatedness; six indicators are developed for measuring this criteria and evaluating the appropriateness of the methods in addressing the important aspects related to water use in biorefinery systems. As a result, the method developed by Boulay et al., (2011) is identified as the candidate for most appropriate method. However, it should be noted that this criterion will not reflect the applicability, scientific robustness, acceptability of their method among researchers and other stakeholders, and other qualitative and quantitative merits of this method. Further research is needed to investigate the other criteria and improve the results.

Facing the world challenges of energy crisis and global warming, Ecodesign Directive is one of themost effective action plan developed by the European Commission (EC) to move towardsustainability. The directive aims to establish new implementing measures and regulation forEnergy-Using-Products (EuPs) and Energy-related-Products (ErPs), which targeting on productenergy efficiency as well as reduce environmental impacts.Under this Directive, preparatory studies of Lot 28 and Lot 29 are launched to focus on water andwastewater pumps that are widely used and have a great energy saving potential. EcodesignMethodology is applied in the studies to assess the technology development together with theconsideration of human, social and economic constraints.This report provides the main pumps’ market data and summarizes the results from the life cycleassessment (LCA). The outcome of EcoReport analysis on 18 base-cases concluded that theEcodesign implementation measures should focus on the use phase, which has the highestimprovement potential. While considering the consumer adaptability, economy impact andtechnical feasibility, the possible policy option could be the cutoff of 10% worst pumps in Europewithin 3 years. The energy saving on pump products will significantly reduce the total energyconsumption in Europe and enables the achievement of the EU 2020 target.

Klimatförändringar till följd av antropogena utsläpp av växthusgaser är vår tids kanske största utmaning. Kartläggning av produkters totala miljöpåverkan genom livscykelanalyser (LCA), och sammanställning i miljödeklarationer typ III (EPD), kan vara en åtgärd för att minska deras miljöbelastning. Syftet med examensarbetet är att definiera skedet för en byggnads livsavslut, för rivningen av byggnaden med efterföljande aktiviteter, ämnat för miljödeklarationer typ III och praktisera resultaten i en fallstudie. Syftet inkluderar även en utvärdering av beräkningsproceduren för miljöbelastningar och miljöbesparingar relaterade byggnaden men belagda utanför dess systemgränser. Resultaten ska utgöra underlag för produktkategoriregler (PCR) för byggnader. Arbetet baserades på litteratur, inklusive studiet av standarderna SS-EN 15804:2012 och SS-EN 15978:2011, LCA-metodik, en fallstudie och semistrukturerade intervjuer. Systemgränserna för byggnadens livsavslut baserades på EN 15804, där miljöinformationen från fallstudiens LCA presenterades separat i informationsmodulerna Rivning, Transport, Avfallshantering och Sluthantering. Vid allokering av miljöbelastningar mellan flera produktsystem var två open-loop allokeringsmetoder kompatibla med EN 15804: cut-off metoden och extraction-load metoden. En tredje metod utvecklades och namngavs hybrid-metoden. Alla tre allokeringsmetoderna utvärderades i fallstudien, i vilken aktuella rivnings-, sorterings- och avfallsbehandlingsprocesser även kartlades och livscykel-modellerades. Cut-off metoden bidrog till lägst beräknad miljöpåverkan och var den metod som var fullt kompatibel med direktiven i EN 15804. På grund av dess kompatibilitet med EN 15804 så rekommenderas cut-off metoden vid allokering mellan flera produktsystem. Övrig allokering ska göras enligt principen att den som är villig att betala för ett material också ska hållas ansvarig för miljöbelastningen som materialet genom dess förbrukning genererar (PPP), samt den stegvisa allokeringsproceduren i EN 15804. Det fordras dock ytterligare diskussioner om vad miljödeklarationer typ III egentligen kan och borde bidra till eftersom valet av open-loop allokeringsmetod premierar och ger incitament till olika aktiviteter; så också cut-off metoden. I fallstudien identifierades ytterligare tvetydigheter i EN 15804 gällande redovisningsformen för biogena utsläpp och upptag av koldioxid, beräkningsreglerna för undviken miljöpåverkan relaterade sekundära bränslen, samt geografisk detaljnivå vid modellering av teknologier. För att undvika godtyckligheter behöver detta förtydligas i det fortsatta arbetet med PCR för byggnader. / Climate change as a consequence of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases may be the biggest challenge of our time. One potential measure to reduce the environmental impact of products is to map their total environmental burden with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), and compile the results in Environmental Product Declarations type III (EPD), to facilitate a comparison of their environmental impacts. The aim of this master thesis is to define the end-of-life stage of buildings for an EPD and practice the results in a case study based on current technologies. The aim also includes an evaluation and practical application of the calculation procedure of environmental loads and benefits related the building but located outside of its system boundaries. The results should undertake the form of Product Category Rules (PCR) for buildings. The thesis is based on literature, including the study of the standards SS-EN 15804:2012 and SS-EN 15978-2011, LCA methodology, one case study and semi-structured interviews. The design of the end-of-life stage of buildings was based on EN 15804, wherein the environmental information from the LCA should be presented according to the modularity principle in the information modules De-construction/Demolition, Transport, Waste processing and Disposal. Two open-loop allocation methods were compatible with the EN 15804 in allocation of environmental burdens among two or more product systems: the cut-off method and the extraction-load method. A third open-loop allocation method was developed and given the name the hybrid-method since it was based on the cut-off and the extraction-load method. All three open-loop allocation methods were evaluated in a case study, which also aimed to map and life cycle model current demolition practices as well as sorting and waste treatment processes. The cut-off method contributed to the lowest calculated environmental impact and was the method that had the best compliancy with the principles of EN 15804. Due to its compliancy with EN 15804, the cut-off method is recommended when allocating burdens among several product systems. Other types of allocation shall be based on the polluter pays principle (PPP) and the stepwise allocation procedure given in EN 15804. However, even though the cut-off method had the best compliancy with the system boundaries drawn in EN 15804, a discussion is needed regarding the actual purpose of an EPD; a discussion addressing the potential of an EPD to change environmental misbehavior. That is because of the incentives imbedded in the open-loop allocation methods, as the choice of method rewards or discredits specific activities. Finally, some major ambiguities were identified during the case study – especially regarding the treatment of biogenic carbon, the calculation rules of avoided burdens related secondary fuels, and the geographical level of detail in the life cycle modeling of technologies – which do need to be clarified in the continued development of a PCR for buildings.

Slussen is a place in central Stockholm that serves both as a recreational area and as a junction between many different modes of transport. The entire construction is worn and therefore needs to be rebuilt. New Slussen is the final rebuilding proposal that will eventually be implemented. The aim and objective of this work is to identify and analyse the environmental impacts caused by New Slussen, particularly those related to traffic. The aim is also to compare this proposal with the zero option and to describe the issue in an objective manner. The work is mainly a literature review. New Slussen is considered to have the greatest environmental impact on cultural environment and air quality. The cloverleaf shaped traffic design found at Slussen today will not remain, which is considered a great loss of cultural environment. The two bridges between Slussen and the Old Town will be replaced by one new, and the total space designed for car traffic is significantly decreased. More space is devoted for staying, cyclists, pedestrians and public transports. This is positive in terms of climate impact as well as comfort. The human exposure to air pollutants decreases, but the total amount of air pollution is the same in New Slussen as in the zero option. Overall, New Slussen and its traffic solution is an improvement from an environmental perspective. / Slussen är en plats i centrala Stockholm som används både som vistelseyta och som knutpunkt mellan många olika trafikslag. Hela konstruktionen är sliten och behöver därför byggas om. Nya Slussen är det ombyggnadsförslag som vunnit laga kraft och kommer att genomföras. Det här arbetets syfte och mål är att identifiera och analysera Nya Slussens miljökonsekvenser, i synnerhet de trafikrelaterade. Målet är också att jämföra förslaget med nollalternativet samt att beskriva det hela på ett sanningsenligt sätt. Arbetet är i huvudsak en litteraturstudie. Nya Slussen bedöms ha störst miljöpåverkan på kulturmiljö och luftkvalitet. Den klöverbladsformade trafikkonstruktionen som finns vid Slussen idag blir inte kvar vilket är en stor förlust ur kulturmiljösynpunkt. De två broarna mellan Slussen och Gamla stan ersätts av en ny bro och totalt minskar ytan avsedd för biltrafik betydligt. En större yta avsätts för vistelse, cyklister, gående och kollektivtrafik. Detta är positivt sett till såväl klimatpåverkan som trivsel. Människors exponering för luftföroreningar minskar, men den totala mängden luftföroreningar blir densamma i Nya Slussen som i nollalternativet. Sammantaget innebär Nya Slussen och dess trafiklösning en förbättring ur miljösynpunkt.

This report analyses the types of international ratings/rankings available for universities to measure their sustainability performance. Sustainability has become an increasing topic of interest for universities to attract students as well as lowering their environmental footprint. The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) has in recent years focused on campus sustainability after being labeled as one of the worst environmental government institutions in Sweden according to ‘Naturvårdsverkets - Ranking of Environmental System in Authorities’ in 2008 and 2011. Sustainability implementations such as new policies and action plans for sustainability and environmental issues and ISO 14001 (implemented in 2015) has provided a platform for the university to reach its goal of being a leading university with regards to sustainability practices at campus and the institution as a whole. This goal is initiated from KTH’s 2027 Vision. In order to market itself as one of the best sustainability campuses in the world the university has to compare itself with high practice sustainable campuses around the world. As of 2016, KTH does not compare itself to international universities with regards to sustainability practices. One way to do this is to use international sustainability ratings/rankings. This report analyses the two international ratings available today: UI GreenMetric and STARS Rating. The UI GreenMetric was launched in 2010 by the Universitas Indonesia and the STARS Rating started in 2010 and was first designed to rate universities across the United Stated but in recent years it has become international. The report analyzes the top 4 in each ranking as well as the top technical university in the rankings so a total of 10 universities are analyzed in this report. Contact has been made with each university's sustainability manager. All universities have praised the use of rankings and many have improved their sustainability practices due to participation in these rankings. According to different universities, the ratings have helped understand important stakeholder, benchmark the university to top sustainability institutions, help connect the sustainability policy towards the whole campus, help save money, etc. The report also concludes that KTH is in a unique position with being the only university in the report to lease all of its buildings. KTH leases all of its buildings from Akademiska Hus (AH) and this report showcases that this makes sustainability harder with regards to sustainable building practices as KTH needs to collaborate with Akademiska Hus with regards to such issues. KTH needs to improve its collaboration with Akademiska Hus as well as improve future leasing contracts to achieve international recognized green building standards as the green building standard of ‘Miljöbyggnad’ is not enough if KTH wants to be internationally recognized. This report also gives examples to other sustainability practices which have proven to work at the other universities analyzed in this report that KTH can implement. KTH has a long way to go before being internationally recognized for its sustainability program but with implementations such as STARS Rating, improved collaboration with Akademiska Hus and improved data/statistic handling it can surely be on its way to competing with the best sustainability campuses around the world. / Denna rapport analyserar två typer av internationell rankning system som är tillgängliga för universitet, för att mäta miljöprestanda. Hållbarhet och miljöarbete har blivit ett ökande intresse för universitet runt om i världen att kunna locka studenter samt minimera sin miljöpåverkan. Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) har under senaste åren förstärk sitt miljöarbete efter har blivit klassificerat som ett av Sveriges högsta miljöpåverkande institutioner enligt ’Naturvårdsverket – Miljöledning i Staten’ för 2008 och 2011. KTH har sedan dess implementerat åtgärder så som ny miljöpolicy och handlingsplaner för KTH campus, samt infört ISO 14001 (implementerat i 2015) vilket har skapat en plattform för att förstärka miljöarbetet på campus. KTH har som mål att bli en av världens bästa miljö- och hållbarhetscampus som förkommer i KTHs ’Vision 2027’. För att kunna göra detta så måste KTH kunna jämföra sig med internationella universitet som har den bästa miljö- och hållbarhetscampus. Från och med 2016 så jämför KTH inte sig med internationella universitet angående miljöarbete på ett konkret sätt. Ett sätt att kunna jämföra sig med världens bästa är att använda sig av internationell hållbarhetsrankning som redan finns tillgänglig. Denna rapport analyserar i detalj två internationella rankningar: UI GreenMetric och STARS Rating. UI GreenMetric lanserades i 2010 av Universitas Indonesia och the STARS Rating lanserades också 2010 och var först utformad för att ranka universitet i USA, men har under senaste tiden utvecklats till att bli ett internationellt rankingsystem. Denna rapport analyserar de topp 4 universitet i båda rankingsystem, samt den högst rankade tekniska universitet för att få en bättre korrelation med KTH. Totalt analyseras 10 universitet där hållbarhetschefen på varje universitets har gjorts och där Oxford University, Stanford University, University of California, Davis är några exempel. Nästan alla universitet har berömt den internationella rankning som de har deltagit i och många har förbättrat sitt miljöarbete på grund av deltagandet. Rankingen har till exempel varit till hjälp för att förstå universitetets viktiga aktörer, ansluta hållbarhetspolicyn till hela campuset, skapat en viktig referenspunkt angående universitets miljöarbete och bidragit till sparande åtgärder. KTH är också i en unik position jämfört med de andra universiteten som har analyserats i denna rapport. KTH är det enda universitetet som hyr alla sina byggnader. Byggnaderna på campus hyrs genom Akademiska Hus (AH). Denna rapport visar att hållbarhetsåtgärder blir svårare särskilt åtgärder riktade mot KTHs byggnader när KTH måste samarbeta med den externa aktören Akademiska Hus för att driva fram dessa åtgärder. KTH måste förbättra sammarbetet med Akademiska Hus om KTH vill nå en hög internationell miljöprestanda. Många universitet som analyseras i denna rapport använder sig av internationella miljöklassningssystem som LEED och BREEAM. KTH använder sig bara av den nationella miljöklassningssystem Miljöbyggnad. Enligt internationella standard så saknar Miljöbyggnad många hållbarhetsfaktorer jämfört med LEED och BREEAM vilket måste kompliteras om dessa internationella standarder inte används. KTH är långt ifrån att bli internationellt erkänd för sitt miljöarbete men med genomförande åtgärder som deltagande i STARS Rating, förbättrad samarbete med Akademiska Hus och förbättradstatistik hantering så har KTH potential att bli världsledande inom miljö- och hållbarutveckling på campus.

Thermochemical technologies have been proven effective in treating municipal solid waste (MSW) for many years. China, with a rapid increase of MSW, plans to implement more environmental friendly ways to treat MSW than landfill, which treats about 79 % of total MSW currently. The aim of this master thesis was to find out a suitable thermochemical technology to treat MSW in Shanghai, China. Several different thermochemical technologies are compared in this thesis and plasma gasification was selected for a case study in Shanghai. A model of the plasma gasification plant was created and analysed. Other processes in the plant including MSW pre-treating and gas cleaning are also proposed. By calculating the energy balance, it is demonstrated that plasma treatment of 1000 ton/day MSW with 70 % moisture reaches an efficiency of 33.5 % when producing electricity, which is higher than an incineration WtE plant (27 % maximum) and a gasification WtE plant (30 % maximum). Besides of the efficiency comparison, costs and environmental impacts of different technologies are also compared in this paper. The result indicated that given the characteristics and management situation of MSW in Shanghai, plasma gasification is a better choice to treat MSW in Shanghai.

Most of the urban areas face solid waste management issues due to the constantly rising population. The functional component of trash collection comprises not only the collection of solid waste and recyclables but also the transportation of the waste in vehicles to recycling/dumping centers. Industries and governments are searching for alternative solutions to achieve more efficient management of waste as part of their efforts to achieve more sustainable and smart cities. Pneumatic Underground Collection is an alternative technology that can assist in the development of smart and sustainable cities. The technology consists of a network of optimally distributed deposit boxes connected to a network of underground pipes through which waste is transferred to a collection point. Such systems carry an increased burden related to conventional waste management systems due to the involved technical processes and higher number of stakeholders. Thus, policy change is paramount as the regulations, user practices, infrastructure and maintenance networks are all aligned with existing waste management methods. Using a technological innovation system analysis which entails evaluation of system functions that support or impede technology diffusion.The goal of this research was to determine the areas where policy changes are required and evaluate the extent of implementation of the PUC technology as an alternative for waste collection utilizing TIS analysis. Minor efforts are necessary to educate people as most of them are self-aware. Results of this study contribute to improving knowledge development and market exchange between participating actors. Barriers include Market, knowledge exchange,knowledge development, counteract resistance to change, innovation and resource mobilization. Areas, where policy change is necessary, are marketregulation, infrastructure for knowledge, platforms for knowledge assimilation,better access for researchers and industries to the knowledge base,incentivized adoption by consumers, incentivized integration in existing residential areas and financial aid for start-ups in the public innovation sector.

It is said that Lean production has a potential to reduce a company’s environmental impact. The reasons for it are that Lean production is resource efficient and eliminates unnecessary steps and waste in the production. The purpose of this report is, with support of theoretical and empirical studies, answer the research question: Can the Lean concept positively affect a company’s environmental performance? Lean principles and methods focus on elimination of waste, continuous improvement and resource efficiency which can positively impact on a company’s environmental performance. Lean tools, additionally, can be expanded to comprise environmental issues. Also in this report, the incorporation of environmental work with the studied company’s production system principles and methods is favourable to its environmental performance since environmental work is being employed in every aspect of the business itself.