Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Marcele_Sousa_Vilanova.pdf: 948050 bytes, checksum: 7a7d6aa129c7207e116bace94c372823 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-21 / We tested the effect of two levels of ether extract based on rice oil concentrate, 30 Saanen goats during early lactation. The feeding was based on the ratio of 60% forage (alfalfa hay), and 40% commercial concentrate with two levels of lipids (3% and 5%). The variables were: average milk production, behavior of the lactation curve, milk chemical composition and total time of lactation against the profile of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. The increase in the percentage of ether extract oil-based rice did not affect milk production, which presented as mean ± 2658 379 mL milk / goat / day, between 11 weeks and the chemical composition of milk, which characterized by having 3.78 ± 0.59% fat, 3.10 ± 0.18% crude protein, 4.46 ± 0.20% lactose and 12.19 ± 0.72% of total solids. However significant (P <0.05) fatty acid profile of milk, reducing the concentrations of saturated fatty acids, palmitic acid C16: 0, myristic C14: 0, capric C10: 0 and lauric C12: 0, which were higher in 3% treatment (26.87, 8.60, 5.90 and 3.06% respectively) and increasing concentrations of unsaturated C16: 1, C17: 1 and C20: 1 (0.43, 0.12 and 0.10%, respectively). The inclusion of rice bran oil at levels of 3% and 5% of dry matter in the diet of goats does not affect milk production and the chemical composition until the 11th week of lactation, however, is able to alter the fatty acid profile of significantly. / Testou-se o efeito de dois níveis de extrato etéreo a base de óleo de arroz no concentrado de 30 cabras Saanen durante a fase inicial de lactação. A alimentação baseou-se na relação 60% de volumoso (feno de alfafa), e 40% de concentrado comercial com dois níveis de extrato etéreo (3% e 5%). As variáveis estudadas foram: Produção, composição química, perfil de ácidos graxos saturados, mono e polinsaturados no leite. O aumento no percentual de extrato etéreo na ração não influenciou a produção de leite, que apresentou como média 2658±379 mL de leite/cabra/dia, no período de 11 semanas e nem a composição química do leite, que se caracterizou por ter 3,78 de gordura; 3,10 de proteína bruta; 4,46 de lactose e 12,19 de sólidos totais. O perfil de ácidos graxos do leite foi influenciado pelo acréscimo de extrato etéreo na ração. No tratamento de maior proporção houve um aumento das concentrações de ácidos graxos insaturados C18:1n 9c (Oléico) e C18:3n3, (25,79 e 0,80%, respectivamente) e no Ácido Linoléico Conjugada (CLA) que aumentou de 0,37 para 0,72% com o acréscimo de óleo; e uma redução dos ácidos graxos saturados: palmítico C16:0, mirístico C14:0, cáprico C10:0 e láurico C12:0, que foram maiores no tratamento 3% (26,87; 8,60; 5,90 e 3,06%, respectivamente).

The aim of this diploma thesis is to asses the effect of various factors on the milk production and its content in regard to goat's milk in the years 2015 to 2017. The evaluation was conducted on goat farm Richmond Stars in Chotětov. The farm currently accommodates 31 goats of the white shorthaired breed. They are still opting for the one rectangular space solution. The feeds consist of bulk fodder, silage, hay and grass (pasture during summer). The feed composure is the same throughout the whole year. The water supply system consists of water containers with manual refill. The goats are divided into groups based on their age. Milking takes place twice a day. The data on milk production was processed using Microsoft Excel and Statistica. When comparing the overall milk productivity with the average of Czech Republic, there were statistically significant differences found in the fat content in the year 2016, in the protein content in years 2015, 2016 and 2017, in the lactose content in the year 2015. In all cases, the Richmond Stars farm was the one with better score. Other results were evaluated as inconclusive and therefore no statistically significant difference was found. When considering the impact of the goat's age on the milk productivity and the goat's milk content, there was a statistically conclusive impact in the productivity (milking) itself as well as in the fat content. When observing the impact of the father-line on the productivity level and the milk content, there was a statistically conclusive result only in the fat content. When evaluating the impact of the period of birth on the milk productivity and milk content, there was a statistically conclusive impact on the fat and lactose content. All other results, specifically the productivity (milking), were evaluated as inconclusive and therefore were not statistically significant for the purpose of evaluation of the milk productivity characteristics.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar alternativas de manejo da pastagem de capim-tifton 85, sob pastejo por cabras leiteiras em lotaÃÃo rotativa, realizado na Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos no Cearà (3Â40Â58.42â latitude sul; 40Â16â50.5â longitude e 79 m de altitude).Os manejos foram combinaÃÃes entre altura residual e doses de nitrogÃnio (N), consistiram em Convencional (altura residual 10 cm e sem adubaÃÃo), Leve (altura residual 20 cm e sem adubaÃÃo), Moderado (altura residual 20 cm e adubaÃÃo equivalente a 300 kg de N/ha x ano) e Intensivo (altura residual 10 cm e adubaÃÃo equivalente a 600 kg de N/ha x ano). Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo (ciclos de pastejo) em dois perÃodos do ano. Foram quatro repetiÃÃes por manejo ao longo do ano para as caracterÃsticas do pasto. Para as caracterÃsticas animal foram quatro repetiÃÃes no perÃodo chuvoso e cinco repetiÃÃes no perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo. O critÃrio de entrada dos animais foi estabelecido em funÃÃo da luz interceptada pelo dossel, quando esta atingia 95% da radiaÃÃo fotossinteticamente ativa (IRFA). O perÃodo de pastejo consistiu em quatro dias. Dentre as caracterÃsticas do fluxo de biomassa avaliadas a taxa de alongamento foliar (TAlF) foi bastante influenciada pelos manejos (P<0,05), apresentando menor alongamento no manejo Leve durante o perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo (1,54 cm/perf x dia), perÃodo este que apresentou menor TAlF na mÃdia de todos os manejos. As taxas de senescÃncia foliar anterior (TSFa), posterior (TSFp) e senescÃncia total (TST) foram maiores (P<0,05) durante o perÃodo chuvoso (1,04; 0,55 e 1,59 cm/perf x dia, respectivamente). A maior taxa de aparecimento foliar (TApF) foi observada no manejo Intensivo durante o perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo com 0,38 folhas/dia. Dentre as caracterÃsticas estruturais a densidade populacional de perfilhos (DPP) foi maior durante o perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo em todos os manejos, potencializada pela adubaÃÃo nitrogenada devido à maior DPP no manejo Intensivo neste perÃodo. As massas seca de forragem total (MSFT) e forragem verde (MSFV) foram superiores no manejo Moderado na mÃdia dos perÃodos do ano com 7292 e 5118 kg/ha, respectivamente. Fato tambÃm observado nessas mesmas massas na condiÃÃo residual. Juntamente com o manejo Moderado, o manejo Intensivo apresentou elevada massa seca de lÃmina foliar verde (1849 kg/ha, MSLV), mas uma menor massa seca de colmo verde (2541 kg/ha - MSCV) o que favoreceu maior ralaÃÃo folha/colmo para este manejo, observado tambÃm na condiÃÃo residual. O peso dos animais ao longo do perÃodo chuvoso foi decrescente ao contrÃrio do escore que apresentou pouca variaÃÃo. Houve efeito dos manejos sobre o peso e o escore dos animais no perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo, com menor peso para os animais do manejo Intensivo. Houve uma grande oscilaÃÃo do peso dos animais ao longo do perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo, assim como para o escore, mas este apresentando uma crescente a partir do mÃs de Dezembro. Houve uma grande frequÃncia de graus Famacha 3 ao longo do perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo, tendo iniciado logo com o aumento das chuvas. No perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo o controle da verminose pelo mÃtodo Famacha foi mais efetivo. Verificou-se ainda um elevado nÃmero de vermifugaÃÃes para o manejo Moderado no perÃodo chuvoso, mostrando a elevada incidÃncia de verminose ocorrida refletindo no menor escore de condiÃÃo corporal dos animais desse manejo. Foi observada maior taxa de lotaÃÃo para o manejo Intensivo (P<0,05) tanto no perÃodo chuvoso quanto no perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo. A produÃÃo total de leite e a duraÃÃo da lactaÃÃo no perÃodo chuvoso foram maiores para o manejo Convencional, diferentemente no perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo que nÃo apresentou diferenÃa entre os manejos para tal caracterÃstica. Quanto à produtividade, em todas as caracterÃsticas analisadas, o manejo Intensivo foi superior aos outros manejos. Jà no que se refere à produÃÃo individual, o manejo Convencional apresentou valores acima dos outros manejos tanto no perÃodo chuvoso quanto no perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo com mÃdia de 0,782 e 1,453 kg de leite/animal x dia, nos perÃodos, respectivamente. A curva de lactaÃÃo no perÃodo chuvoso apresentou-se curta em todos os manejos, com picos de lactaÃÃo logo na primeira semana de lactaÃÃo e queda brusca de produÃÃo logo em seguida. Jà no perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo a curva de lactaÃÃo foi mais extensa, apresentando momentos de pico diferenciados entre os manejos, tendo maior pico de lactaÃÃo no manejo Leve, com 2243 kg de leite/anima x dia. A RLM foi observada no manejo Intensivo tanto para sistemas com 1 e 3 hectares, sem o descarte do leite com ordenha manual. Com ordenha mecÃnica observou-se uma diminuiÃÃo nas receitas mensais em todas as simulaÃÃes. O manejo Intensivo em Ãreas com 1 e 3 ha com ordenha manual mostra-se com bons indicadores econÃmicos. A produÃÃo de leite de cabras em pastagem de capim-tifton 85 mostra-se mais eficiente em condiÃÃes de manejo Intensivo do pasto, maximizado no perÃodo seco pela irrigaÃÃo do ano devido a melhores condiÃÃes do ambiente de pastejo e menores problemas com verminose. / Was conducted this study to evaluate management alternatives grazing Bermuda grass (Tifton 85), grazing by dairy goats in intermittent stocking, carried at Embrapa Goats and Sheeps in Ceara (3Â40â42â latitude, 40Â16â50.5â longitude and 79 m high). The management were combinations of residual height and nitrogen doses (N), consisted of Conventional (height 10 cm and residual without fertilization), Lightweight (20 cm residual height and unfertilized), Moderate (residual height 20 cm and fertilizer equivalent to 300 kg N/ha x year) and Intensive (height 10 cm and residual fertilizer equivalent to 600 kg N / ha x year). A randomized design was used with repeated measures over time (grazing cycles), in two periods of the year, with four replicates on management. There were four replicates per management throughout the year for characteristics of the pasture. For animal characteristics were four replications during the rainy period and five repetitions during the dry period. Was established the entry criteria of the animals at light intercepted by the canopy, where it achieved 95% of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). The grazing period consisted of four days. Among the characteristics of the biomass flow measured the leaf elongation rate (LER) was greatly influenced by managements (P<0,05), with less elongation on Light management during the dry period under irrigation (1.54 cm/day x tiller), period wich had lower average LER in all managements. The rates of leaf senescence earlier (LSRe), posterior (LSRp) and total leaf senescence (TLS) were higher (P<0,05) during the rainy season (1.04, 0.55 and 1.59 cm/day x tiller, respectively). The higher leaf appearance rate (LAR) was observed in the Intensive management during the dry season under irrigation with 0.38 leaves/day. Among the structural features of the tiller density population (TDP) was higher during the dry season under irrigation in all managements, enhanced by nitrogen fertilizer due to higher TDP in the Intensive management in this period. The dry mass total herbage (DMTH) and dry mass green herbage (DMGH) were higher in Moderate management of the average periods of the year with 7292 and 5118 kg/ha, respectively. Was also this mentioned in these residual mass provided. Along with Moderate management, the Intensive management has a high dry mass green leaves (1849 kg/ha â DMGL) but a lower dry mass green stem (2541 kg/ha â DMGS), which favored greater leaf/stem relationship for this management, also showed in residual condition. The weight of the animals during the rainy period was decreasing unlike than the score that presented little variation. Was effect of managements under weight and body scores of animals in dry period under irrigation, with less weight for the animals in Intensive management. There was a great fluctuation in weight of animals during the dry period under irrigation, as well as for the score, but this has been a growing from the month of December. There was a high frequency of grade Famacha 3 along the dry period under irrigation, having started with immediately increased rainfall. During the dry period under irrigation control worms Famacha method was more effective. There was also a large number of deworming Moderate for management in the rainy period, showing the high incidence of parasitism occurred reflecting the lower body condition score of the animals of this management. Was higher stocking rate for Intensive management (P<0.05) both in the rainy period and during the dry period under irrigation. The management without fertilizer had a lower stocking rate. The total milk yield and lactation length in the rainy period were higher for Conventional management, unlike in the dry period under irrigation was not different managements for this feature. As for productivity in all characteristics, the Intensive management was superior to other management. In what refers to individual production, Conventional management presented values above other managements in both rainy and dry period under irrigated with an average of 0.782 and 1.453 kg of milk/goat x day, for the periods, respectively. The lactation curve in the rainy period showed up short in all management, with peak lactation in the first week of lactation and production slump soon after. In the dry period under irrigation the lactation curve was more extensive, with peak times between the different managements, with higher peak lactation Light management with 2243 kg of milk/goat x day. Was observed higher MLR in the Intensive management both in systems for 1 and 3 hectares, without discarding the milk with hand milking. With mechanical milking there was a decrease in monthly income in all simulations. The Intensive management in areas 1 and 3 hectares with hand milking show with good economic indicators. Goats Milk production in Bermuda grass (Tifton 85) pasture appears to be more efficient in Intensive management conditions of the pasture maximized by irrigation during the dry period of the year due to improved environmental conditions of grazing and lower problems with worms.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar alternativas de manejo da pastagem de capim-tifton 85, sob pastejo por cabras leiteiras em lotaÃÃo rotativa, realizado na Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos no Cearà (3Â40Â58.42â latitude sul; 40Â16â50.5â longitude e 79 m de altitude).Os manejos foram combinaÃÃes entre altura residual e doses de nitrogÃnio (N), consistiram em Convencional (altura residual 10 cm e sem adubaÃÃo), Leve (altura residual 20 cm e sem adubaÃÃo), Moderado (altura residual 20 cm e adubaÃÃo equivalente a 300 kg de N/ha x ano) e Intensivo (altura residual 10 cm e adubaÃÃo equivalente a 600 kg de N/ha x ano). Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo (ciclos de pastejo) em dois perÃodos do ano. Foram quatro repetiÃÃes por manejo ao longo do ano para as caracterÃsticas do pasto. Para as caracterÃsticas animal foram quatro repetiÃÃes no perÃodo chuvoso e cinco repetiÃÃes no perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo. O critÃrio de entrada dos animais foi estabelecido em funÃÃo da luz interceptada pelo dossel, quando esta atingia 95% da radiaÃÃo fotossinteticamente ativa (IRFA). O perÃodo de pastejo consistiu em quatro dias. Dentre as caracterÃsticas do fluxo de biomassa avaliadas a taxa de alongamento foliar (TAlF) foi bastante influenciada pelos manejos (P<0,05), apresentando menor alongamento no manejo Leve durante o perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo (1,54 cm/perf x dia), perÃodo este que apresentou menor TAlF na mÃdia de todos os manejos. As taxas de senescÃncia foliar anterior (TSFa), posterior (TSFp) e senescÃncia total (TST) foram maiores (P<0,05) durante o perÃodo chuvoso (1,04; 0,55 e 1,59 cm/perf x dia, respectivamente). A maior taxa de aparecimento foliar (TApF) foi observada no manejo Intensivo durante o perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo com 0,38 folhas/dia. Dentre as caracterÃsticas estruturais a densidade populacional de perfilhos (DPP) foi maior durante o perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo em todos os manejos, potencializada pela adubaÃÃo nitrogenada devido à maior DPP no manejo Intensivo neste perÃodo. As massas seca de forragem total (MSFT) e forragem verde (MSFV) foram superiores no manejo Moderado na mÃdia dos perÃodos do ano com 7292 e 5118 kg/ha, respectivamente. Fato tambÃm observado nessas mesmas massas na condiÃÃo residual. Juntamente com o manejo Moderado, o manejo Intensivo apresentou elevada massa seca de lÃmina foliar verde (1849 kg/ha, MSLV), mas uma menor massa seca de colmo verde (2541 kg/ha - MSCV) o que favoreceu maior ralaÃÃo folha/colmo para este manejo, observado tambÃm na condiÃÃo residual. O peso dos animais ao longo do perÃodo chuvoso foi decrescente ao contrÃrio do escore que apresentou pouca variaÃÃo. Houve efeito dos manejos sobre o peso e o escore dos animais no perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo, com menor peso para os animais do manejo Intensivo. Houve uma grande oscilaÃÃo do peso dos animais ao longo do perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo, assim como para o escore, mas este apresentando uma crescente a partir do mÃs de Dezembro. Houve uma grande frequÃncia de graus Famacha 3 ao longo do perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo, tendo iniciado logo com o aumento das chuvas. No perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo o controle da verminose pelo mÃtodo Famacha foi mais efetivo. Verificou-se ainda um elevado nÃmero de vermifugaÃÃes para o manejo Moderado no perÃodo chuvoso, mostrando a elevada incidÃncia de verminose ocorrida refletindo no menor escore de condiÃÃo corporal dos animais desse manejo. Foi observada maior taxa de lotaÃÃo para o manejo Intensivo (P<0,05) tanto no perÃodo chuvoso quanto no perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo. A produÃÃo total de leite e a duraÃÃo da lactaÃÃo no perÃodo chuvoso foram maiores para o manejo Convencional, diferentemente no perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo que nÃo apresentou diferenÃa entre os manejos para tal caracterÃstica. Quanto à produtividade, em todas as caracterÃsticas analisadas, o manejo Intensivo foi superior aos outros manejos. Jà no que se refere à produÃÃo individual, o manejo Convencional apresentou valores acima dos outros manejos tanto no perÃodo chuvoso quanto no perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo com mÃdia de 0,782 e 1,453 kg de leite/animal x dia, nos perÃodos, respectivamente. A curva de lactaÃÃo no perÃodo chuvoso apresentou-se curta em todos os manejos, com picos de lactaÃÃo logo na primeira semana de lactaÃÃo e queda brusca de produÃÃo logo em seguida. Jà no perÃodo seco sob irrigaÃÃo a curva de lactaÃÃo foi mais extensa, apresentando momentos de pico diferenciados entre os manejos, tendo maior pico de lactaÃÃo no manejo Leve, com 2243 kg de leite/anima x dia. A RLM foi observada no manejo Intensivo tanto para sistemas com 1 e 3 hectares, sem o descarte do leite com ordenha manual. Com ordenha mecÃnica observou-se uma diminuiÃÃo nas receitas mensais em todas as simulaÃÃes. O manejo Intensivo em Ãreas com 1 e 3 ha com ordenha manual mostra-se com bons indicadores econÃmicos. A produÃÃo de leite de cabras em pastagem de capim-tifton 85 mostra-se mais eficiente em condiÃÃes de manejo Intensivo do pasto, maximizado no perÃodo seco pela irrigaÃÃo do ano devido a melhores condiÃÃes do ambiente de pastejo e menores problemas com verminose. / Was conducted this study to evaluate management alternatives grazing Bermuda grass (Tifton 85), grazing by dairy goats in intermittent stocking, carried at Embrapa Goats and Sheeps in Ceara (3Â40â42â latitude, 40Â16â50.5â longitude and 79 m high). The management were combinations of residual height and nitrogen doses (N), consisted of Conventional (height 10 cm and residual without fertilization), Lightweight (20 cm residual height and unfertilized), Moderate (residual height 20 cm and fertilizer equivalent to 300 kg N/ha x year) and Intensive (height 10 cm and residual fertilizer equivalent to 600 kg N / ha x year). A randomized design was used with repeated measures over time (grazing cycles), in two periods of the year, with four replicates on management. There were four replicates per management throughout the year for characteristics of the pasture. For animal characteristics were four replications during the rainy period and five repetitions during the dry period. Was established the entry criteria of the animals at light intercepted by the canopy, where it achieved 95% of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). The grazing period consisted of four days. Among the characteristics of the biomass flow measured the leaf elongation rate (LER) was greatly influenced by managements (P<0,05), with less elongation on Light management during the dry period under irrigation (1.54 cm/day x tiller), period wich had lower average LER in all managements. The rates of leaf senescence earlier (LSRe), posterior (LSRp) and total leaf senescence (TLS) were higher (P<0,05) during the rainy season (1.04, 0.55 and 1.59 cm/day x tiller, respectively). The higher leaf appearance rate (LAR) was observed in the Intensive management during the dry season under irrigation with 0.38 leaves/day. Among the structural features of the tiller density population (TDP) was higher during the dry season under irrigation in all managements, enhanced by nitrogen fertilizer due to higher TDP in the Intensive management in this period. The dry mass total herbage (DMTH) and dry mass green herbage (DMGH) were higher in Moderate management of the average periods of the year with 7292 and 5118 kg/ha, respectively. Was also this mentioned in these residual mass provided. Along with Moderate management, the Intensive management has a high dry mass green leaves (1849 kg/ha â DMGL) but a lower dry mass green stem (2541 kg/ha â DMGS), which favored greater leaf/stem relationship for this management, also showed in residual condition. The weight of the animals during the rainy period was decreasing unlike than the score that presented little variation. Was effect of managements under weight and body scores of animals in dry period under irrigation, with less weight for the animals in Intensive management. There was a great fluctuation in weight of animals during the dry period under irrigation, as well as for the score, but this has been a growing from the month of December. There was a high frequency of grade Famacha 3 along the dry period under irrigation, having started with immediately increased rainfall. During the dry period under irrigation control worms Famacha method was more effective. There was also a large number of deworming Moderate for management in the rainy period, showing the high incidence of parasitism occurred reflecting the lower body condition score of the animals of this management. Was higher stocking rate for Intensive management (P<0.05) both in the rainy period and during the dry period under irrigation. The management without fertilizer had a lower stocking rate. The total milk yield and lactation length in the rainy period were higher for Conventional management, unlike in the dry period under irrigation was not different managements for this feature. As for productivity in all characteristics, the Intensive management was superior to other management. In what refers to individual production, Conventional management presented values above other managements in both rainy and dry period under irrigated with an average of 0.782 and 1.453 kg of milk/goat x day, for the periods, respectively. The lactation curve in the rainy period showed up short in all management, with peak lactation in the first week of lactation and production slump soon after. In the dry period under irrigation the lactation curve was more extensive, with peak times between the different managements, with higher peak lactation Light management with 2243 kg of milk/goat x day. Was observed higher MLR in the Intensive management both in systems for 1 and 3 hectares, without discarding the milk with hand milking. With mechanical milking there was a decrease in monthly income in all simulations. The Intensive management in areas 1 and 3 hectares with hand milking show with good economic indicators. Goats Milk production in Bermuda grass (Tifton 85) pasture appears to be more efficient in Intensive management conditions of the pasture maximized by irrigation during the dry period of the year due to improved environmental conditions of grazing and lower problems with worms.

CUTRIM JUNIOR, José Antônio Alves. Alternativas de manejo do capim-tifton 85 sob pastejo por cabras leiteiras em lotação rotativa. 2011. 148 f. Tese (Doutorado em Zootecnia)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2011. / Submitted by Vitor Campos (vitband@gmail.com) on 2016-10-06T22:31:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_jaacutrimjunior.pdf: 3140781 bytes, checksum: bd58061ca65a37ad4648a45a2478cec1 (MD5) / Rejected by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br), reason: Item duplicado on 2016-10-06T22:39:21Z (GMT) / Submitted by Vitor Campos (vitband@gmail.com) on 2016-10-25T20:46:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_jaacutrimjunior.pdf: 3140781 bytes, checksum: bd58061ca65a37ad4648a45a2478cec1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-10-27T18:01:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_jaacutrimjunior.pdf: 3140781 bytes, checksum: bd58061ca65a37ad4648a45a2478cec1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-27T18:01:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_jaacutrimjunior.pdf: 3140781 bytes, checksum: bd58061ca65a37ad4648a45a2478cec1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Was conducted this study to evaluate management alternatives grazing Bermuda grass (Tifton 85), grazing by dairy goats in intermittent stocking, carried at Embrapa Goats and Sheeps in Ceara (3º40’42” latitude, 40º16’50.5” longitude and 79 m high). The management were combinations of residual height and nitrogen doses (N), consisted of Conventional (height 10 cm and residual without fertilization), Lightweight (20 cm residual height and unfertilized), Moderate (residual height 20 cm and fertilizer equivalent to 300 kg N/ha x year) and Intensive (height 10 cm and residual fertilizer equivalent to 600 kg N / ha x year). A randomized design was used with repeated measures over time (grazing cycles), in two periods of the year, with four replicates on management. There were four replicates per management throughout the year for characteristics of the pasture. For animal characteristics were four replications during the rainy period and five repetitions during the dry period. Was established the entry criteria of the animals at light intercepted by the canopy, where it achieved 95% of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). The grazing period consisted of four days. Among the characteristics of the biomass flow measured the leaf elongation rate (LER) was greatly influenced by managements (P<0,05), with less elongation on Light management during the dry period under irrigation (1.54 cm/day x tiller), period wich had lower average LER in all managements. The rates of leaf senescence earlier (LSRe), posterior (LSRp) and total leaf senescence (TLS) were higher (P<0,05) during the rainy season (1.04, 0.55 and 1.59 cm/day x tiller, respectively). The higher leaf appearance rate (LAR) was observed in the Intensive management during the dry season under irrigation with 0.38 leaves/day. Among the structural features of the tiller density population (TDP) was higher during the dry season under irrigation in all managements, enhanced by nitrogen fertilizer due to higher TDP in the Intensive management in this period. The dry mass total herbage (DMTH) and dry mass green herbage (DMGH) were higher in Moderate management of the average periods of the year with 7292 and 5118 kg/ha, respectively. Was also this mentioned in these residual mass provided. Along with Moderate management, the Intensive management has a high dry mass green leaves (1849 kg/ha – DMGL) but a lower dry mass green stem (2541 kg/ha – DMGS), which favored greater leaf/stem relationship for this management, also showed in residual condition. The weight of the animals during the rainy period was decreasing unlike than the score that presented little variation. Was effect of managements under weight and body scores of animals in dry period under irrigation, with less weight for the animals in Intensive management. There was a great fluctuation in weight of animals during the dry period under irrigation, as well as for the score, but this has been a growing from the month of December. There was a high frequency of grade Famacha® 3 along the dry period under irrigation, having started with immediately increased rainfall. During the dry period under irrigation control worms Famacha® method was more effective. There was also a large number of deworming Moderate for management in the rainy period, showing the high incidence of parasitism occurred reflecting the lower body condition score of the animals of this management. Was higher stocking rate for Intensive management (P<0.05) both in the rainy period and during the dry period under irrigation. The management without fertilizer had a lower stocking rate. The total milk yield and lactation length in the rainy period were higher for Conventional management, unlike in the dry period under irrigation was not different managements for this feature. As for productivity in all characteristics, the Intensive management was superior to other management. In what refers to individual production, Conventional management presented values above other managements in both rainy and dry period under irrigated with an average of 0.782 and 1.453 kg of milk/goat x day, for the periods, respectively. The lactation curve in the rainy period showed up short in all management, with peak lactation in the first week of lactation and production slump soon after. In the dry period under irrigation the lactation curve was more extensive, with peak times between the different managements, with higher peak lactation Light management with 2243 kg of milk/goat x day. Was observed higher MLR in the Intensive management both in systems for 1 and 3 hectares, without discarding the milk with hand milking. With mechanical milking there was a decrease in monthly income in all simulations. The Intensive management in areas 1 and 3 hectares with hand milking show with good economic indicators. Goats Milk production in Bermuda grass (Tifton 85) pasture appears to be more efficient in Intensive management conditions of the pasture maximized by irrigation during the dry period of the year due to improved environmental conditions of grazing and lower problems with worms. / O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar alternativas de manejo da pastagem de capim-tifton 85, sob pastejo por cabras leiteiras em lotação rotativa, realizado na Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos no Ceará (3°40´58.42” latitude sul; 40°16’50.5” longitude e 79 m de altitude).Os manejos foram combinações entre altura residual e doses de nitrogênio (N), consistiram em Convencional (altura residual 10 cm e sem adubação), Leve (altura residual 20 cm e sem adubação), Moderado (altura residual 20 cm e adubação equivalente a 300 kg de N/ha x ano) e Intensivo (altura residual 10 cm e adubação equivalente a 600 kg de N/ha x ano). Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo (ciclos de pastejo) em dois períodos do ano. Foram quatro repetições por manejo ao longo do ano para as características do pasto. Para as características animal foram quatro repetições no período chuvoso e cinco repetições no período seco sob irrigação. O critério de entrada dos animais foi estabelecido em função da luz interceptada pelo dossel, quando esta atingia 95% da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (IRFA). O período de pastejo consistiu em quatro dias. Dentre as características do fluxo de biomassa avaliadas a taxa de alongamento foliar (TAlF) foi bastante influenciada pelos manejos (P<0,05), apresentando menor alongamento no manejo Leve durante o período seco sob irrigação (1,54 cm/perf x dia), período este que apresentou menor TAlF na média de todos os manejos. As taxas de senescência foliar anterior (TSFa), posterior (TSFp) e senescência total (TST) foram maiores (P<0,05) durante o período chuvoso (1,04; 0,55 e 1,59 cm/perf x dia, respectivamente). A maior taxa de aparecimento foliar (TApF) foi observada no manejo Intensivo durante o período seco sob irrigação com 0,38 folhas/dia. Dentre as características estruturais a densidade populacional de perfilhos (DPP) foi maior durante o período seco sob irrigação em todos os manejos, potencializada pela adubação nitrogenada devido à maior DPP no manejo Intensivo neste período. As massas seca de forragem total (MSFT) e forragem verde (MSFV) foram superiores no manejo Moderado na média dos períodos do ano com 7292 e 5118 kg/ha, respectivamente. Fato também observado nessas mesmas massas na condição residual. Juntamente com o manejo Moderado, o manejo Intensivo apresentou elevada massa seca de lâmina foliar verde (1849 kg/ha, MSLV), mas uma menor massa seca de colmo verde (2541 kg/ha - MSCV) o que favoreceu maior ralação folha/colmo para este manejo, observado também na condição residual. O peso dos animais ao longo do período chuvoso foi decrescente ao contrário do escore que apresentou pouca variação. Houve efeito dos manejos sobre o peso e o escore dos animais no período seco sob irrigação, com menor peso para os animais do manejo Intensivo. Houve uma grande oscilação do peso dos animais ao longo do período seco sob irrigação, assim como para o escore, mas este apresentando uma crescente a partir do mês de Dezembro. Houve uma grande frequência de graus Famacha® 3 ao longo do período seco sob irrigação, tendo iniciado logo com o aumento das chuvas. No período seco sob irrigação o controle da verminose pelo método Famacha® foi mais efetivo. Verificou-se ainda um elevado número de vermifugações para o manejo Moderado no período chuvoso, mostrando a elevada incidência de verminose ocorrida refletindo no menor escore de condição corporal dos animais desse manejo. Foi observada maior taxa de lotação para o manejo Intensivo (P<0,05) tanto no período chuvoso quanto no período seco sob irrigação. A produção total de leite e a duração da lactação no período chuvoso foram maiores para o manejo Convencional, diferentemente no período seco sob irrigação que não apresentou diferença entre os manejos para tal característica. Quanto à produtividade, em todas as características analisadas, o manejo Intensivo foi superior aos outros manejos. Já no que se refere à produção individual, o manejo Convencional apresentou valores acima dos outros manejos tanto no período chuvoso quanto no período seco sob irrigação com média de 0,782 e 1,453 kg de leite/animal x dia, nos períodos, respectivamente. A curva de lactação no período chuvoso apresentou-se curta em todos os manejos, com picos de lactação logo na primeira semana de lactação e queda brusca de produção logo em seguida. Já no período seco sob irrigação a curva de lactação foi mais extensa, apresentando momentos de pico diferenciados entre os manejos, tendo maior pico de lactação no manejo Leve, com 2243 kg de leite/anima x dia. A RLM foi observada no manejo Intensivo tanto para sistemas com 1 e 3 hectares, sem o descarte do leite com ordenha manual. Com ordenha mecânica observou-se uma diminuição nas receitas mensais em todas as simulações. O manejo Intensivo em áreas com 1 e 3 ha com ordenha manual mostra-se com bons indicadores econômicos. A produção de leite de cabras em pastagem de capim-tifton 85 mostra-se mais eficiente em condições de manejo Intensivo do pasto, maximizado no período seco pela irrigação do ano devido a melhores condições do ambiente de pastejo e menores problemas com verminose.

Infant formula (IF) is a commonly used replacement whenever mother’s own milk is not available. Most IFs are based on cow milk (powders, liquids). Alternatives, based on other sources such as goat milk or plants, exist. Independent of the source, IF production and composition are strictly regulated. Besides proteins, minerals, and lipids, milk contains a variety of endogenous peptides. Whereas the human milk peptidome has been studied intensively, the peptidomes of IFs have been mostly neglected. This study investigated the peptidomes of different types of first stage IF, including cow milk-based powders and liquids, and powdered goat milk-based IF, highlighting major similarities and differences to human milk. Extracted native peptidomes were analyzed by nanoRPC-ESI-MS/MS using two different fragmentation techniques allowing the confident identification of 1587 peptides. β-Casein peptides dominated in all samples. Interestingly, powdered and liquid cow milk-based IFs differed in the numbers of β- and αS1-casein peptides, indicating processing-derived variations. However, the peptidomes of cow and goat milk-based IF appeared to be more comparable to each other than to human milk. Despite an overlap in the major source proteins, many peptide sequences were different, i.e., species-specific. Remarkably, the data indicate that the human milk peptidome might be donor-specific as well.

Die Entwicklung neuer humanmilchähnlicher, funktioneller und bioaktiver Lebensmittel (z. B. Trinkmilch oder Joghurt), die Oligosaccharide mit einer möglichen Gesundheitswirkung enthalten („Health Claim”), sind für die menschliche Ernährung von besonderem Interesse. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, geeignete Verfahren zu entwickeln, um - unter Ausnutzung der Transferaseaktivität von β-Galactosidase - komplexe Galacto-Oligosaccharide aus Lactose zu synthetisieren und nicht-proteingebundene, komplexe milcheigene Oligosaccharide aus Kuhmilch aufzureinigen und zu charakterisieren. Zur Identifizierung und Quantifizierung der Oligosaccharide wurden zunächst hochempfindliche Analysenmethoden etabliert (siehe Kapitel 4.1). Da Oligosaccharide Minorkomponenten in der Milch sind, mussten diese von Fetten, Proteinen und Lactose abgetrennt werden. Die Entfettung erfolgte durch Zentrifugation in der Kälte. Die Proteinabtrennung war unter Verwendung einer 10kDa-Ultrafiltrations-Membran optimal (siehe Kapitel 4.1.1.1). Die Abtrennung der Lactose von den Oligosacchariden stellte die größte Herausforderung dar, da beide Stoffklassen zu den Kohlenhydraten gehören und sich nur geringfügig in ihren Molmassen unterscheiden. Des Weiteren liegt Lactose in Kuhmilch im ca. 1000-fachen Überschuss im Vergleich zu den Oligosacchariden vor. Beim Vergleich verschiedener Aufarbeitungsmethoden zur Lactoseabtrennung stellte sich die Festphasenextraktion an Aktivkohle (GCC-SPE) als am besten geeignet heraus. Mit dieser Methode wurde - im Gegensatz zur ebenfalls untersuchten Größenausschlusschromatographie - eine hohe Reproduzierbarkeit der Analyten erreicht. Während bei der Größenausschlusschromatographie das Kuhmilch-Oligosaccharid GalNAc-α-(1→3)-Gal-β-(1→4)-Glc nahezu vollständigen verloren ging, konnten nach GCC-SPEAufarbeitung fast 100 % des Analyten wiedergefunden werden (siehe Kapitel 4.1.1.2). Zur Charakterisierung der Oligosaccharide wurde eine hochauflösende Anionenaustauscherchromatographie mit pulsierender amperometrischen Detektion (HPAEC-PAD) etabliert. Parallel zur hochempfindlichen Detektion mittels PAD wurde zur direkten Strukturaufklärung von underivatisierten Zuckern eine Online-Kopplung an einen Massendetektor (IT-MS) aufgebaut. Einzelne Analyten konnten mit Hilfe von kommerziell erhältlichen Oligosaccharidstandards identifiziert und quantifiziert werden (siehe Kapitel 4.1.1.3). Als weitere Möglichkeit zur Quantifizierung der Oligosaccharide wurden photometrische Schnelltests entwickelt (siehe Kapitel 4.1.2). Zur Absicherung der HPAEC-PAD-Analysendaten sollten zukünftig weitere Analysenmethoden etabliert werden (z. B. enzymatischer Verdau der Oligosaccharide, Analyse der Monosaccharide nach Hydrolyse der OS, HILIC-HPLC). Die entwickelte HPAEC-PAD-Methode wurde zur Identifizierung und Quantifizierung von Oligosacchariden in Milchproben verschiedener Nutztierarten (siehe Kapitel 4.2.1) und in Produktströmen der milch- und molkeverarbeitenden Industrie (siehe Kapitel 4.2.2) verwendet. Die Untersuchungen von Milchproben unterschiedlicher Nutztierarten zeigten, dass jede Milch hinsichtlich der MOS einzigartig ist. Dies konnte anhand der verschiedenen, identifizierten MOS mit unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen belegt werden. Der höchste MOS-Gehalt konnte in Humanmilch detektiert werden, gefolgt von Kamelmilch, Schafsmilch, Ziegenmilch, Kuhmilch und Stutenmilch (siehe Kapitel 4.2.1). Die Untersuchungen der Produktströme der milch- und molkeverarbeitenden Industrie zeigten, dass es während der Lactosekristallisation und der Aktivkohlebehandlung zu Verlusten an MOS kommt. Bei anderen Prozessschritten, wie Entfettung, Proteinabtrennung, Aufkonzentrierung oder Käseherstellung, war kein Einfluss auf die MOS-Konzentrationen ersichtlich (siehe Kapitel 4.2.2). Die entwickelte Methode zur OS-Bestimmung mittels HPAEC-PAD könnte zukünftig auf die Analysen proteingebundener Oligosaccharide ausgedehnt werden [[Grey, 2009] und [Weiß, 2001]]. Zur Herstellung eines Oligosaccharid-angereicherten Lebensmittels wurden Galacto-Oligosaccharide enzymatisch - unter Ausnutzung der Transferaseaktivität von β-Galactosidase - aus Lactose synthetisiert (siehe Kapitel 4.3). Für die Entwicklung des Verfahrens wurden verschiedene β-Galactosidasen (Enzyme aus Kluyveromyces lactis, Aspergillus oryzae und Bacillus circulans) bei unterschiedlichen Reaktionsbedingungen getestet. Die höchste GOS-Ausbeute (19,8 Flächenprozent der HPAEC an Haupt-Trisaccharid, 40,5 % GOS) konnte mit Hilfe der β-Galactosidase aus B. circulans bei pH 4, 40 °C und 12 U/g erreicht werden. Dabei wurden v. a. Tri- bis Pentasaccharide gebildet. Das Hauptreaktionsprodukt war das Trisaccharid 4'-Galactosyllactose (4'-GL). Mit Hilfe der β-Galactosidase aus A. oryzae konnte bei pH 4,5, 40 °C und 12 U/g die zweitgrößte GOS-Ausbeute (14,2 % Haupt-Trisaccharid, 19,7 % GOS) synthetisiert werden. Dabei wurden v. a. Tri- und Tetrasaccharide mit dem Hauptreaktionsprodukt 6'-Galactosyllactose (6'-GL) gebildet. Die geringste GOS-Ausbeute (10,5 % Haupt-Trisaccharid, 3,0 % GOS) wurde mit der β-Galactosidase aus K. lactis bei pH 7, 40 °C und 12 U/g erreicht. Di- und Trisaccharide sowie ein geringer Anteil an Tetrasacchariden konnten dabei synthetisiert werden. Das Hauptreaktionsprodukt war hierbei das Trisaccharid 6'-GL. Außerdem konnte gezeigt werden, dass die milcheigenen Oligosaccharide während der Lactosehydrolyse mit den drei getesteten β-Galactosidasen weitgehend erhalten bleiben (siehe Kapitel 4.3.4). Neben den Galacto-Oligosacchariden, die nach enzymatischer Synthese direkt im Lebensmittel eingesetzt werden können, wurden milcheigene Oligosaccharide aus Kuhmilch aufgereinigt (siehe Kapitel 4.4.1). Zur Aufreinigung der MOS wurden Nanofiltrationsversuche in verschiedenen Maßstäben, mit unterschiedlichen Prozessparametern und diversen Membranen durchgeführt. Die im hohen Überschuss vorhandene Lactose wurde vor der Nanofiltration durch enzymatische Hydrolyse in ihre Monosaccharide gespalten, wodurch die Trennung von Monosacchariden und MOS verbessert wurde. Die Membran SR50/SR2 stellte sich für die MOS-Aufreinigung als am besten geeignet heraus. Mono- und Disaccharide konnten mit dieser Membran nahezu vollständig abgetrennt und MOS zu 42,1 % bis 52,4 % wiedergefunden werden. Das Verhältnis der Mono- und Disaccharide zu MOS konnte von ca. 1000:1 auf 18,5:1 zu Gunsten der MOS verändert werden. Der Anteil der Oligosaccharide am Gesamtzuckergehalt wurde von 0,1 % auf 5,1 % erhöht. Aus 40 kg hydrolysiertem Ultrafiltrations-Magermilchpermeat konnten 332,5 mg GalNAc-α-(1→3)-Gal-β-(1→4)-Glc, 414,1 mg 3'-SL und 91,5 mg 6'-SL gewonnen werden (Kapitel 4.4.1.4). Die durch Nanofiltration aufgereinigten, MOS-haltigen Proben sind für den Einsatz in einem potentiell funktionellen Lebensmittel geeignet. Da der Restlactosegehalt der synthetisierten, GOS-haltigen Proben und der aufgereinigten, MOS-haltigen Proben für weitere Analysen - wie orientierende Studien zur potentiell bifidogenen Wirkung - zu hoch war, erfolgte eine zweite Aufreinigung mittels präparativer Chromatographie an Aktivkohle (siehe Kapitel 4.4.2). Dadurch konnten bei den synthetisierten, GOS-haltigen Proben die Monosaccharide vollständig entfernt, der Restlactosegehalt auf unter 1 % am Gesamtzuckergehalt gesenkt und GOS aufgereinigt werden. Durch die Aktivkohle-Aufreinigung der durch Nanofiltration aufgereinigten, MOS-haltigen Proben konnten Mono- und Disaccharide von dem milcheigenen Oligosaccharid GalNAc-α-(1→3)-Gal-β-(1→4)-Glc sowie von den GOS - entstanden durch die vorherige Behandlung mit β-Galactosidase - abgetrennt werden. Die Sialyllactosen gingen dabei nahezu vollständig verloren. Auf Grund der vermuteten gesundheitsfördernden Wirkung der Sialyllactosen bedarf es weiterer Forschungsaktivitäten. Insbesondere ist eine Optimierung des Aufgabevolumens, der Konditionierung und der Wahl der stationären Phase wünschenswert. Mit den durch Aktivkohle aufgereinigten GOS-Lösungen, die weniger als 1 % Mono- und Disaccharide am Gesamtzuckergehalt enthielten, wurden orientierende Studien zur potentiell bifidogenen Wirkung durchgeführt (siehe Kapitel 4.5). Die orientierenden Studien mit Bifidobacterium longum ließen eine potentiell bifidogene Wirkung der untersuchten GOS-Lösungen erkennen. Diese GOS-Proben zeigten dabei eine stärkere bifidogene Wirkung als die bifidogene Referenzsubstanz Lactulose und der Vivinal®GOS-Sirup. Zukünftig sollten die Proben, die nach Beendigung der bakteriellen Reaktion gewonnen wurden, mittels HPAEC-PAD analysiert werden. Dadurch könnte der Kohlenhydratabbau bzw. die Bildung organischer Säuren untersucht werden. Der zeitliche Verlauf sowie der Einsatz anderer Mikroorganismen - wie Lactobazillen und Clostridien - könnten ebenfalls untersucht werden. Andere orientierende Studien, wie antiinflammatorische Tests, wären bei der weiteren Charakterisierung der Oligosaccharide hilfreich. Die Herstellung eines Oligosaccharid-angereicherten Lebensmittels erfolgte im Labormaßstab unter Zusatz der potentiell bifidogenen GOS-Lösung, die mit Hilfe von β-Galactosidase aus K. lactis synthetisiert wurde. Die Art der Erhitzung des Lebensmittels - Pasteurisierung vs. Hocherhitzung - hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Zuckerzusammensetzung und die Zuckergehalte. Während einer anschließenden sechswöchigen Lagerung in der Kälte konnte kein Abbau der Kohlenhydrate detektiert werden. Als Ausblick für weitere Forschungen ist die Bestätigung der potentiell bifidogenen Wirkung der MOS-haltigen Proben von primärer Bedeutung. Anschließend könnten Studien mit funktionellen, MOS-haltigen Lebensmitteln durchgeführt werden. Dabei sollte versucht werden, ein humanmilchähnliches Lebensmittel mit ca. 20 % sauren und ca. 80 % neutralen Oligosacchariden herzustellen. Die mittels Nanofiltration aufgereinigten, MOS-haltigen Proben könnten als saurer Zusatz und die enzymatisch synthetisierten, GOS-haltigen Proben als neutraler Zusatz verwendet werden. Des Weiteren sollte eine Überprüfung der potentiell bifidogenen Wirkung sowie eine sensorische Prüfung des hergestellten Lebensmittels durchgeführt werden. Sobald MOS durch Nanofiltration bzw. GOS mittels enzymatischer Synthese im großtechnischen Maßstab aufgereinigt bzw. hergestellt werden können, sind Humanstudien zur Bestätigung der Wirksamkeit von milcheigenen Oligosaccharide bzw. der Galacto-Oligosaccharide möglich. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit konnten potentiell funktionelle Lebensmittelinhaltsstoffe (enzymatisch synthetisierte, GOS-haltige Lösungen) und Lebensmittelinhaltsstoffe, deren vermutete Funktionalität noch nicht bestätigt wurde (durch Nanofiltration aufgereinigte, MOS-haltige Lösungen), hergestellt werden. Unter Verwendung der in dieser Arbeit gewonnenen Erkenntnisse und der Erfüllung der im Ausblick geschilderten Bedingungen, ist eine großtechnische Produktion eines funktionellen, Oligosaccharid-angereicherten Lebensmittels möglich.