• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 4
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 9
  • 9
  • 5
  • 5
  • 4
  • 3
  • 3
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Estudo de lacunas de rapidez e caracterização de processos difrativos em eventos de minimum bias a 7TeV no CMS/LHC / Study of rapidity gap and characterization of diffractive processes in minimum bias events at 7TeV in CMS/LHC

Luana Soares Jorge 02 February 2011 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho estudamos as características das distribuições da lacuna de rapidez em amostras de eventos de minimum bias de colisões pp a ps=7 TeV no CMS/LHC. Tais eventos são constituídos por processos difrativos, além de processos de QCD mole. São investigados o tamanho e a localização das lacunas, assim como as correlações entre as distribuições obtidas a partir dos objetos reconstruídos no detector e as distribuições obtidas a partir das partículas geradas via simulação Monte Carlo. Uma boa compreensão dessas distribuições pode, eventualmente, possibilitar a caracterização de eventos difrativos nos dados. / Rapidity gap distributions in minimum bias events from pp collisions at ps = 7TeV are studied. Minimum bias events are composed by diffractive processes and soft QCD processes. Gap size and position, as well as correlations between reconstructed distributions and Monte Carlo simulated distributions are investigated. A good understanding of such distributions may, eventually, make it possible characterize diffractive events in real data.
2

Estudo de lacunas de rapidez e caracterização de processos difrativos em eventos de minimum bias a 7TeV no CMS/LHC / Study of rapidity gap and characterization of diffractive processes in minimum bias events at 7TeV in CMS/LHC

Luana Soares Jorge 02 February 2011 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho estudamos as características das distribuições da lacuna de rapidez em amostras de eventos de minimum bias de colisões pp a ps=7 TeV no CMS/LHC. Tais eventos são constituídos por processos difrativos, além de processos de QCD mole. São investigados o tamanho e a localização das lacunas, assim como as correlações entre as distribuições obtidas a partir dos objetos reconstruídos no detector e as distribuições obtidas a partir das partículas geradas via simulação Monte Carlo. Uma boa compreensão dessas distribuições pode, eventualmente, possibilitar a caracterização de eventos difrativos nos dados. / Rapidity gap distributions in minimum bias events from pp collisions at ps = 7TeV are studied. Minimum bias events are composed by diffractive processes and soft QCD processes. Gap size and position, as well as correlations between reconstructed distributions and Monte Carlo simulated distributions are investigated. A good understanding of such distributions may, eventually, make it possible characterize diffractive events in real data.
3

Recherche d’un boson de Higgs additionnel de plus haute masse via sa désintégration en une paire de bosons de jauge Z avec le détecteur ATLAS au LHC / The Search for a Heavy Higgs Boson in the H->ZZ Decay Channels with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC

Hoffmann, Maria 07 October 2016 (has links)
Le sujet principal de cette thèse porte sur la recherche d’un boson de Higgs additionnel de plus haute masse à travers sa désintégration en une paire de bosons de jauge Z (H → ZZ(*)) en utilisant les données enregistrées avec l’expérience ATLAS auprès du Grand Collisionneur de Hadrons (LHC). Quatre analyses distinctes sont présentées en fonction du mode de désintégration du boson Z soit une paire de leptons chargés (électrons ou muons), soit une paire de neutrinos soit une paire de quarks ; ces analyses sont appelés ZZ → 4l, 2l2ν, 2l2q et 2ν2q. L’étude utilise 20.3 fb⁻¹ de données de collisions proton-proton enregistrées au cours de la première phase du LHC (Run-1) à une énergie dans le centre de masse de 8 TeV. La stratégie de recherche segmente les données en supposant que les mécanismes de production de bosons de Higgs additionnel sont les mêmes que dans le Modèle Standard (SM), et modélise le signal avec une largeur qui est faible par rapport à la résolution de la masse invariante. La région de masse du boson de Higgs considéré s’étend de 140 GeV jusqu’à 1 TeV. Aucun nouveau boson de Higgs n’a été trouvé. La combinaison de résultats de quatre modes de désintégration donne des limites supérieures sur la section efficace σ de ce boson de Higgs additionnel (σ × H → ZZ(*)) qui s’étend de 359 fb à mH = 200 GeV à 11 fb à mH = 1TeV. Les résultats sont également interprétés dans le contexte des modèles au-delà du SM, à savoir les modèles à deux doublets. L’analyse H → ZZ(*) → 4l est également réalisée au cours de la deuxième phase du LHC (Run-2) en utilisant 3.2 fb⁻¹ de données de collisions de proton-proton enregistrées en 2015 à une énergie à une énergie dans le centre de masse de 13 TeV. Aucun excès significatif d’évènements sur la prédiction du MS n’est trouvé. Les limites supérieures sur la section efficace (σ × H → ZZ(*) → 4l) sont de 4.5 fb à mH = 200 GeV et 1 fb à mH = 1 TeV. La dernière partie de la thèse porte sur la caractérisation des détecteurs à scintillation d’ATLAS pour le déclenchement d’un biais minimal dans la région avant (le Minimum Bias Trigger Scintillators (MBTS)) en utilisant les rayons cosmiques. En raison de la dégradation des matériaux provoquée par des dommages dus à l’irradiation dans la première phase de fonctionnement du LHC, les MBTS devaient être remplacés lors de l’arrêt du LHC qui a eu lieu en 2014. Avant leur installation dans ATLAS, ces détecteurs ont été caractérisés en laboratoire en utilisant les rayons cosmiques. / The main subject of this thesis is the search for an additional heavy Higgs boson through its decay into a pair of Z bosons (H → ZZ(*)) using data recorded with the ATLAS experiment installed at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Four distinct analyses are presented, which are distinguished by the decay mode of the Z boson into either a pair of charged leptons (electrons or muons), into a pair of neutrinos or into a pair of quarks, denoted according to final-state, i.e. as 4l, 2l2ν, 2l2q and 2ν2q. The study is performed using 20.3 fb⁻¹ of proton-proton collision data recorded during the first phase of LHC operation (Run-1) at centre-of-mass energy of √s = 8 TeV. A search strategy is employed which segments the data according to the Higgs boson production mechanism, assuming that these are the same as in the Standard Model (SM). Furthermore, the signal is modelled with a width that is small compared to the experimental mass resolution. The Higgs boson mass range considered extends up to 1 TeV for all four decay modes and down to as low as 140 GeV, depending on the decay mode. No significant excess of events over the Standard Model prediction is found. A simultaneous fit to the four decay modes yields upper limits on the heavy Higgs boson production cross-section times H → ZZ branching ratio ranging from 359 fb at mH = 200 GeV to 11 fb at mH = 1 TeV for the gluon-fusion production mechanism, and from 214 fb at mH = 200 GeV to 13 fb at mH = 1 TeV for the vector-boson fusion production mechanism. The results from these four searches are also interpreted in the context of models beyond the SM, namely the Type-1 and Type-2 2 Higgs Doublet Model. The heavy Higgs boson search is also performed with the H → ZZ(*) → 4l decay mode alone using 3.2 fb⁻¹ of proton-proton collision data recorded during the second phase of LHC operation (Run-2) at an increased centre-of- mass energy of √s = 13 TeV. No significant excess of events over the Standard Model prediction is found. Upper limits are set on the heavy Higgs boson production cross-section times H → ZZ(*) → 4l branching ratio of 4.5 fb at mH = 200 GeV and 1 fb at mH = 1 TeV. Lastly, a project of a more technical character is presented. In this study, the scintillation detectors employed by ATLAS for triggering with minimal bias in the forward region, the Minimum Bias Trigger Scintillators (MBTS), are characterised. Due to material degradation caused by radiation damage in the early phases of LHC operation, the MBTS had to be replaced during the LHC shutdown taking place in 2014. Before installation in ATLAS, these detectors were characterised in appropriate laboratory facilities using cosmic radiation.
4

Automatic Monte-Carlo tuning for minimum bias events at the LHC

Kama, Sami 25 February 2011 (has links)
Der Large Hadron Collider am CERN bei Genf, Schweiz, wird Protonen bei einer Schwerpunktsenergie von 14 TeV und Luminosität von 1034 cm-2 s-1 alle 25 ns kollidieren. Dabei enstehen per Strahkreuzung ca. 20 zusätzliche Proton-Proton-Wechselwirkungen, deren überlagerte Signale vom ATLAS Detektor gemessen werden. Diese Ereignisse müssen möglichst präzise verstanden werden, um neuartige physikalische Phänomene entdecken zu können, aber auch um das Verständnis bereits bestehender Konzepte zu verbesssern, die diese weichen Wechselwirkungen quantitativ beschreiben. In Monte-Carlo (MC) Generatoren wie EPOS, PHOJET und PYTHIA sind solche phänomenologischen Modelle weicher Prozesse eingebunden. Allerdings sind sie vielfach parametrisierbar und müssen mit experimentellen Daten angepasst werden. In dieser Arbeit wurde eine neue Methode entwickelt die auf genetischen Algorithmen und verteilten Analysetechniken basiet, um diese MC-Parameter anzupassen. Sie stellt einen alternativen Ansatz zu derzeit verfügbaren Methode wie PROFESSOR dar mit dem Vorteil, dass die Suche nach geeigneten Modellparametern automatisiert ist. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit den MC-Generatoren EPOS und PHOJET und Daten von UA5 CDF, CMS und ATLAS verglichen, wobei eine Reihe von charakteristischen Verteilungen untersucht wurde. Auch Vorhersagen für LHC-Energien werden auf Generatorlevel wie auch nach kompletter ATLAS-Detektor-Simulation präsentiert. Datenvergleiche beveoruzugen nicht eindeutig eines der in die Generatoren imple- mentierten Modelle, jedoch beschreibt EPOS die untersuchten Verteilungen etwas besser. Neue Daten von ATLAS und CMS zeigen höhere Multiplizitäten als erwartet und einen schnelleren Anstieg der zentralen Multiplizität mit der Schwerpunktsen- ergie. / The Large Hadron Collider near Geneva Switzerland will ultimately collide protons(p) at a center-of-mass(sqrt(s)) energy of 14 TeV and 40 MHz bunch crossing rate with a luminosity of 10^34cm^-2s^-1. At each bunch crossing about 20 soft p-p interactions are expected to happen. In order to study new phenomena and improve our current knowledge of the physics these events must be understood. However, the physics of soft interactions are not completely known at such high energies. Different phenomenological models, trying to explain these interactions, are implemented in several Monte-Carlo (MC) programs such as PYTHIA, PHOJET and EPOS. Some parameters in such MC programs can be tuned to improve the agreement with the data. In this thesis a new method for tuning the MC programs, based on Genetic Algorithms (GA) and distributed analysis techniques have been presented. This method represents the first and fully automated MC tuning technique that is based on true MC distributions. It is an alternative to parametrization-based automatic tuning. This new method is used in finding new tunes for PYTHIA 6 and 8. These tunes are compared to the tunes found by alternative methods and found to be equivalent or better. Charged particle multiplicity, dN_{ch}/d\eta, Lorentz-invariant yield, p_{T} and distributions at various sqrt(s) are generated using default tunes of EPOS, PHOJET and the GA tunes of PYTHIA 6 and 8. These distributions are compared to measurements from UA5, CDF, CMS and ATLAS in order to investigate the best model available. Their predictions for the ATLAS detector at LHC energies have been investigated both with generator level and full detector simulation studies. Comparison with the data did not favor any model implemented in the generators, but EPOS is found to describe investigated distributions better. New data from ATLAS and CMS show higher than expected multiplicities and a faster rise with the sqrt(s) in central particle multiplicity.
5

Development and deployment of an Inner Detector Minimum Bias Trigger and analysis of minimum bias data of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider

Kwee, Regina 19 July 2012 (has links)
Weiche inelastische QCD Prozesse dominieren am LHC. Über 20 solcher Kollisionen werden innerhalb einer Strahlkreuzung bei ATLAS stattfinden, sobald der LHC die nominelle Luminosität von L = 1034 cm−2 s−1 und die Schwerpunktsenergie von p s = 14 TeV erreicht. Diese inelastischen Wechselwirkungen sind durch einen geringen Impulsübertrag gekennzeichnet, welche theoretisch lediglich durch phänomenologische Modelle angenähernd beschrieben werden können. Zu Beginn des Strahlbetriebs des LHC’s 2009 war die Luminosität relativ niedrig mit L = 1027 bis 1031 cm−2 s−1, was ein sehr gutes Szenario bot, um einzelne Proton-Proton Kollisionen zu selektieren und deren allgemeine Eigenschaften experimentell zu untersuchen. Zunächst wurde ein Minimum-Bias Trigger entwickelt, um Daten mit ATLAS aufzunehmen. Dieser Trigger, mbSpTrk, verarbeitet Signale der Silizium-Spurdetektoren und verwirft effizient Ereignisse ohne eine Proton-Wechselwirkung, wobei zugleich eine mögliche Verschiebung zu bestimmten Ereignistypen hin minimier wird. Um einen flexiblen Einsatz des Triggers zu gewährleisten, wurde er mit einer Sequenz ausgestattet, welche effizient Machinenuntergrund unterdrückt. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurden geladenen Teilchenmultiplizitäten im zentralen Bereich in zwei kinematisch definierten Phasenräumen gemessen. Mindestens ein geladenes Teilchen mit einer Pseudorapidität kleiner als 0.8 und einem Transversalimpuls von pT > 0.5 bzw. 1 GeV musste vorhanden sein. Vier typische Minimum-Bias Verteilungen wurden bei zwei Schwerpunktsenergien von p s = 0.9 und 7 TeV gemessen. Die Ergebnisse sind derart präsentiert, dass sie nur minimal von Monte Carlo Modellen abhängen. Die vorgestellten Messungen stellen zudem den Beitrag der ATLAS Kollaboration dar für die erste, LHC-weit durchgeführte Analyse, der auch die CMS und ALICE Kollaborationen zustimmten. Ein Vergleich konnte mit den Pseudorapiditätsverteilungen angestellt werden. / Soft inelastic QCD processes are the dominant proton-proton interaction type at the LHC. More than 20 of such collisions pile up within a single bunch-crossing at ATLAS, when the LHC is operated at design luminosity of L = 1034 cm−2 s−1 colliding proton bunches with an energy of p s = 14 TeV. Inelastic interactions are characterised by a small transverse momemtum transfer and can only be approximated by phenomenological models that need experimental data as input. The initial phase of LHC beam operation in 2009, with luminosites ranging from L = 1027 to 1031 cm−2 s−1, offered an ideal period to select single proton-proton interactions and study general aspects of their properties. As first part of this thesis, a Minimum Bias trigger was developed and used for data-taking in ATLAS. This trigger, mbSpTrk, processes signals of the silicon tracking detectors of ATLAS and was designed to fulfill efficiently reject empty events, while possible biases in the selection of proton-proton collisions is reduced to a minimum. The trigger is flexible enough to cope also with changing background conditions allowing to retain low-pT events while machine background is highly suppressed. As second part, measurements of inelastic charged particles were performed in two phase-space regions. Centrally produced charged particles were considered with a pseudorapidity smaller than 0.8 and a transverse momentum of pT > 0.5 or 1 GeV. Four characteristic distributions were measured at two centre-of-mass energies of p s = 0.9 and 7 TeV. The results are presented with minimal model dependency to compare them to predictions of different Monte Carlo models for soft particle production. This analysis represents also the ATLAS contribution for the first common LHC analysis to which the ATLAS, CMS and ALICE collaborations agreed. The pseudorapidity distributions for both energies and phase-space regions are compared to the respective results of ALICE and CMS.
6

A study of missing transverse energy in minimum bias events with in-time pile-up at the Large Hadron Collider using the ATLAS Detector and √s=7 TeV proton-proton collision data

Wang, Kuhan 03 August 2011 (has links)
A sample of $ L dt = 3.67 pb{-1} of minimum bias events observed using the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at $\s=7 TeV is analyzed for Missing Transverse Energy (MET) response in the presence of in-time pile-up. We find that the MET resolution ($\sigma_\text{X,Y}$) is consistent with a simple model of the detector response for minimum bias events, scaling with respect to the sum of the scalar energy ($\sum E_\text{T}$) as $\sigma_\text{X,Y}=A\sqrt{\sum E_\text{T} }$. This behavior is observed in the presence of in-time pile-up and does not vary with global calibration schemes. We find a bias in the mean ($\mu_\text{X,Y}$) of the MET that is linear with respect to $\sum E_\text{T}$, leading to an asymmetry in the $\phi_\text{X,Y}$ distribution of the MET. We propose an explanation for this problem in terms of a misalignment of the nominal center of the ATLAS detector with respect to its real center. We contrast the data with a Monte Carlo sample produced using PYTHIA. We find that the resolution, bias and asymmetry are all approximately reproduced in simulation. / Graduate
7

Détection des événements de "Minimum Bias" et neutrons avec les détecteurs ATLAS-MPX par simulations

Macana Goia, Jorge Andres 08 1900 (has links)
Un réseau de seize détecteurs ATLAS-MPX a été mis en opération dans le détecteur ATLAS au LHC du CERN. Les détecteurs ATLAS-MPX sont sensibles au champ mixte de radiation de photons et d’électrons dans la caverne d’ATLAS et sont recouverts de convertisseurs de fluorure de lithium et de polyéthylène pour augmenter l’efficacité de détection des neutrons thermiques et des neutrons rapides respectivement. Les collisions à haute énergie sont dominées par des interactions partoniques avec petit moment transverse pT , associés à des événements de “minimum bias”. Dans notre cas la collision proton-proton se produit avec une énergie de 7 TeV dans le centre de masse avec une luminosité de 10³⁴cm⁻²s⁻¹ telle que fixée dans les simulations. On utilise la simulation des événements de "minimum bias" générés par PYTHIA en utilisant le cadre Athena qui fait une simulation GEANT4 complète du détecteur ATLAS pour mesurer le nombre de photons, d’électrons, des muons qui peuvent atteindre les détecteurs ATLASMPX dont les positions de chaque détecteur sont incluses dans les algorithmes d’Athena. Nous mesurons les flux de neutrons thermiques et rapides, générés par GCALOR, dans les régions de fluorure de lithium et de polyéthylène respectivement. Les résultats des événements de “minimum bias” et les flux de neutrons thermiques et rapides obtenus des simulations sont comparés aux mesures réelles des détecteurs ATLAS-MPX. / A network of sixteen ATLAS-MPX detectors has been put in operation in the ATLAS detector at CERN-LHC. ATLAS-MPX detectors are sensitive to a mixed radiation field of photons and electrons in the ATLAS cavern and are covered with lithium fluoride and polyethylene converters in order to increase the detection sensitivity of thermal neutrons and fast neutrons respectively. High energy collisions are dominated by partonic interactions with small transverse moment pT , associated with "minimum bias" events. In our case, the proton-proton collision occurs with an center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV with a fixed luminosity of 10³⁴cm⁻²s⁻¹ in the simulations. We use "minimum bias" events simulation generated by PYTHIA using the framework Athena. Athena’s framework makes a full GEANT4 simulation of the ATLAS detector. We include the positions of each detector in the Athena algorithms for measuring the number of photons, electrons and muons that can reach the detectors ATLAS-MPX. We measure the fluxes of thermal and fast neutrons generated by GCALOR in lithium fluoride and polyethylene regions respectively. The "minimum bias" events results and the flow of thermal and fast neutrons obtained by simulations are compared with real measurements of the ATLAS-MPX detectors.
8

Détection des événements de "Minimum Bias" et neutrons avec les détecteurs ATLAS-MPX par simulations

Macana Goia, Jorge Andres 08 1900 (has links)
Un réseau de seize détecteurs ATLAS-MPX a été mis en opération dans le détecteur ATLAS au LHC du CERN. Les détecteurs ATLAS-MPX sont sensibles au champ mixte de radiation de photons et d’électrons dans la caverne d’ATLAS et sont recouverts de convertisseurs de fluorure de lithium et de polyéthylène pour augmenter l’efficacité de détection des neutrons thermiques et des neutrons rapides respectivement. Les collisions à haute énergie sont dominées par des interactions partoniques avec petit moment transverse pT , associés à des événements de “minimum bias”. Dans notre cas la collision proton-proton se produit avec une énergie de 7 TeV dans le centre de masse avec une luminosité de 10³⁴cm⁻²s⁻¹ telle que fixée dans les simulations. On utilise la simulation des événements de "minimum bias" générés par PYTHIA en utilisant le cadre Athena qui fait une simulation GEANT4 complète du détecteur ATLAS pour mesurer le nombre de photons, d’électrons, des muons qui peuvent atteindre les détecteurs ATLASMPX dont les positions de chaque détecteur sont incluses dans les algorithmes d’Athena. Nous mesurons les flux de neutrons thermiques et rapides, générés par GCALOR, dans les régions de fluorure de lithium et de polyéthylène respectivement. Les résultats des événements de “minimum bias” et les flux de neutrons thermiques et rapides obtenus des simulations sont comparés aux mesures réelles des détecteurs ATLAS-MPX. / A network of sixteen ATLAS-MPX detectors has been put in operation in the ATLAS detector at CERN-LHC. ATLAS-MPX detectors are sensitive to a mixed radiation field of photons and electrons in the ATLAS cavern and are covered with lithium fluoride and polyethylene converters in order to increase the detection sensitivity of thermal neutrons and fast neutrons respectively. High energy collisions are dominated by partonic interactions with small transverse moment pT , associated with "minimum bias" events. In our case, the proton-proton collision occurs with an center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV with a fixed luminosity of 10³⁴cm⁻²s⁻¹ in the simulations. We use "minimum bias" events simulation generated by PYTHIA using the framework Athena. Athena’s framework makes a full GEANT4 simulation of the ATLAS detector. We include the positions of each detector in the Athena algorithms for measuring the number of photons, electrons and muons that can reach the detectors ATLAS-MPX. We measure the fluxes of thermal and fast neutrons generated by GCALOR in lithium fluoride and polyethylene regions respectively. The "minimum bias" events results and the flow of thermal and fast neutrons obtained by simulations are compared with real measurements of the ATLAS-MPX detectors.
9

類神經網路在汽車保險費率擬訂的應用 / Artificial Neural Network Applied to Automobile Insurance Ratemaking

陳志昌, Chen, Chi-Chang Season Unknown Date (has links)
自1999年以來,台灣汽車車體損失險的投保率下降且損失率逐年上升,與強制第三責任險損失率逐年下降形成強烈對比,理論上若按個人風險程度計收保費,吸引價格認同的被保險人加入並對高風險者加費,則可提高投保率並且確保損失維持在合理範圍內。基於上述背景,本文採用國內某產險公司1999至2002年汽車車體損失保險資料為依據,探討過去保費收入與未來賠款支出的關係,在滿足不偏性的要求下,尋求降低預測誤差變異數的方法。 研究結果顯示:車體損失險存在保險補貼。以最小誤差估計法計算的新費率,可以改善收支不平衡的現象,但對於應該減費的低風險保戶,以及應該加費的高高風險保戶,以類神經網路推計的加減費系統具有較大加減幅度,因此更能有效的區分高低風險群組,降低不同危險群組間的補貼現象,並在跨年度的資料中具有較小的誤差變異。 / In the past five years, the insured rate of Automobile Material Damage Insurance (AMDI) has been declined but the loss ratio is climbing, in contrast to the decreasing trend in the loss ratio of the compulsory automobile liability insurance. By charging corresponding premium based on individual risks, we could attract low risk entrant and reflect the highly risk costs. The loss ratio can thus be modified to a reasonable level. To further illustrate the concept, we aim to take the AMDI to study the most efficient estimator of the future claim. Because the relationship of loss experience (input) and future claim estimation (output) is similar to the human brain performs. We can analyze the relation by minimum bias procedure and artificial neural network, reducing error with overall rate level could go through with minimum error of classes or individual, demonstrated using policy year 1999 to 2002 data. According to the thesis, cross subsidization exists in Automobile Material Damage Insurance. The new rate produced by minimum bias estimate can alleviate the unbalance between the premium and loss. However the neural network classification rating can allocate those premiums more fairly, where ‘fairly’ means that higher premiums are paid by those insured with greater risk of loss and vice-versa. Also, it is the more efficient than the minimum bias estimator in the panel data.

Page generated in 0.0486 seconds