Ce mémoire de maîtrise traite d’un phénomène qui a gagné en importance dans les études sur l’Amérique latine : l’exploitation des ressources naturelles par des compagnies étrangères et l’augmentation des mouvements de résistance des populations locales contre l’implantation de ces compagnies. Délaissant l’accent généralement placé sur la naissance de ces mouvements, les impacts du temps sur les transformations du phénomène de résistance sont mesurés et analysés. Le cas de la compagnie minière canadienne Goldcorp Inc., exploitant de l’or dans la vallée de Siria, au Honduras, illustre à merveille les diverses techniques utilisées lors d’une lutte de longue haleine par une population rurale désirant résister à une compagnie transnationale au capital économique, politique et scientifique plus important. Ainsi, les dynamiques du mouvement de résistance soulignent des changements dans sa forme première à la suite de l’intrusion de nouveaux acteurs locaux et internationaux. Des identités, construites avec l’arrivée de la mine, sont aussi en jeu chez les groupes qui s’affrontent dans la région. L’étude d’un mouvement vers la fin de sa vie indique, de plus, le besoin de redéfinir la résistance et de sortir d’un schème purement actif vers un qui inclut aussi l’aspect discursif et moral dans sa définition. / This research deals with a phenomenon growing in interest in Latin American studies: natural resources exploitation from foreign companies and the growth of local resistance movements against the implementation of these companies. Going away from the general emphasis put on the birth of these movements, transformations due to the impact of time are instead measured and analyzed. The specific case of Goldcorp Inc. a Canadian mining company exploiting gold in the Siria Valley, Honduras, illustrates perfectly many tactics used by a rural population in an extensive battle and who wishes to resist to a multinational company that have more social, economic and politic power. Therefore, the resistance movement’s dynamics illustrate the changes in its primary form after the arrival of new local and international actors. Identities, build with the beginning of the mining exploitation, are also in play within the groups that are clashing in the region. Moreover, the study of a movement close to the end of its life demonstrate the need to redefine the notion of resistance in order to move away from the purely active form of it and include as well the discursive and moral aspects in its definition.

Este estudo descreve e analisa o processo de modernização do Sudeste do Pará a partir da década 1950 decorrente das diretrizes geopolíticas do Estado de integrar o território amazônico a economia nacional e internacional por meio da exploração das potencialidades dos seus bens naturais. O município de Parauapebas emancipado de Marabá no fim da década de 1980 surge como resultado concreto das estratégias economicistas do Estado, por meio das relações de poder estabelecidas com a extração e exportação de minério de ferro comandada pela ex-estatal CVRD - atualmente denominada Vale S.A. - Parauapebas tem conjugado as contradições das atividades modernas da política mineradora, focadas no comércio exterior, e as pequenas atividades não modernas, pouco capitalizadas e de baixa organização, enraizadas à vida local da cidade e/ou da região, constituindo, desse modo, um espaço antagônico. Assim, a proposta desta pesquisa consiste em detalhar e compreender a dinâmica urbana de Parauapebas sob a ótica da teoria dos circuitos da economia urbana, formulada por Milton Santos (2008) que segmenta o espaço urbano dos países subdesenvolvidos em circuito superior e inferior. As pequenas atividades comerciais e de prestação de serviços analisadas nos bairros Cidade Nova e Rio Verde permitem delinear esse espaço de incoerências, bem como compreender as expressões do circuito inferior da economia urbana realizadas pela população excluída da moderna indústria de mineração, indiferente à realidade local e poupadora de mão de obra. / This study describes and analyzes the process of modernization of the Southeastern part of Pará since the early 1950's due to geopolitical guidelines of the State towards the integration of the Amazon's territory to the national and international economy by exploiting the potential of its natural resources. The municipality of Parauapebas, emancipated from Marabá at the end of the 1980s, emerged as a concrete result of economistic strategies of the state, through the relations of power established with the extraction and export of iron ore, led by former state company CVRD - now called Vale SA. - Parauapebas has combined the contradictions of modern activities of mining policy, focused on foreign trade, and small non - modern activities, thinly capitalized and poorly organized, rooted to the local life of the city and/or region, thereby constituting an antagonistic space. Thus, the purpose of this research is to drill down and understand the urban dynamics of Parauapebas from the perspective of the Theory of Two Circuits of Urban Economics, formulated by Santos (2008), that segments the urban areas of developing countries into Upper and Lower Circuits.Small commercial activities and services, analyzed in neighborhoods New Town and Rio Verde, allowed for a delineation on the inconsistencies, as well as a comprehension of the expressions of the lower urban economy circuit, brought forth by the excluded population of modern mining industry, which is indifferent to the local reality, and confined in terms of manpower. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

La presente investigación plantea la implementación de un Modelo Integral de Voladura para optimizar los procesos de voladura en unidades mineras subterráneas. Este modelo consta de seis pasos. En primer lugar, proceso de recopilación de información, el cual registra datos del macizo rocoso, reportes de voladura y fragmentación. Segundo, criterios termodinámicos, para la selección de explosivos. Tercero, algoritmos de Roger Holmberg y Peter Calder, para el diseño de malla de perforación y voladura controlada, respectivamente. Cuarto, utilización del programa de simulación de voladura JkSimblast, en el cual se simulará la malla de perforación obtenida. Quinto, pruebas de campo, en las cuales, se utilizará la simulación obtenida en el paso anterior y será implementada en terreno. Por último, la evaluación estadística del modelo mediante el coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach, el cual, medirá la fiabilidad de los cinco procesos, mediante la correlación de los pasos descritos. Este modelo se verificó en Compañía Minera Santa Luisa, Unidad Huanzalá, con los siguientes resultados: se redujo de 14 a 7 % los niveles de sobrerotura; con respecto a la fragmentación, se disminuyó el P80 a 7.71 pulgadas. El indicador de daño por voladura (BDI) disminuyó de 1.03 a 0.87. Asimismo, el factor de carga y el factor de potencia disminuyeron en 24% y 43.18 %, respectivamente. Por último, los costos de excavación se redujeron de $ 399.49 a $ 374.15 por metro de avance. / This research proposes the application of a Comprehensive Blasting Model to optimize blasting processes in underground mining units. This model consists of six steps. Firstly, the information gathering process, which records rock mass data, reports of blasting, fragmentation, etc.; second, thermodynamic criteria, for the selection of explosives. Third, algorithms of Roger Holmberg and Peter Calder, for the design of controlled drilling and blasting mesh, respectively; fourth, use of the JkSimblast blasting simulation program, in which the obtained perforation mesh will be simulated. Fifth, field tests, in which the simulation obtained in the previous step will be used and will be implemented in the field. Finally, the statistical evaluation of our model using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, which will measure the reliability of the five processes, through the correlation of the steps described. This model was verified in the Santa Luisa Mining Company, Huanzalá Unit, with the following results: the levels of overbreaking were reduced from 14 to 7%; regarding fragmentation, the P80 was decreased to 7.71 inches. The blast damage indicator (BDI) decreased in value from 1.03 to 0.87. Also, the load factor and power factor decreased by 24% and 43.18%, respectively. Lastly, excavation costs were reduced from $399.49 to $374.15 per meter of advance. / Tesis

In 1937, Howe Sound Company built the town of Holden, Washington, to support its copper-mining operation at Copper Peak, located in the North Cascade Mountains, approximately 10 miles west of Lake Chelan. The operation produced concentrate from 1937 to 1957, during which time the town was home to a lively community featuring many families, a variety of organized recreational activities, and a public school. It was a company town, in which most property, business, organized activity, and public utilities and services were either directly or indirectly controlled by Howe Sound. After the operation shut down in 1957, the town was abandoned. Three years later, the property was donated to the Lutheran Bible Institute of Issaquah, Washington. It subsequently became Holden Village, an independent, non-profit Lutheran retreat center. Though different in purpose and character from the community that preceded it, life in Holden Village during its formative years (the 1960s and, to a lesser extent, the 1970s), and in the 2010s, was and is similar in a number of ways to life in the mining town. This thesis argues that Holden Village, too, might be considered a company town within a loose definition of the term. The many parallels between the two communities support this argument, and point to the role of the remote setting and the environment in shaping the lives of the town's residents.