La région du Sahel a connu ces dernières années des violences terroristes sans précédent. Dans le Sahel central (Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger), selon les chiffres de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, on a dénombré 4000 décès pour l’année 2019 contre 770 décès en 2016. En ce qui concerne le Burkina Faso, le chef du Bureau des Nations Unies pour l’Afrique de l’Ouest et le Sahel, Mohamed Ibn Chambas, rapportait devant les membres du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies que : « le nombre de personnes tuées au Burkina Faso est passé d’environ 80 en 2016 à plus de 1800 en 2019 ». Afin de mettre fin aux violences terroristes et protéger les biens et les populations civiles, plusieurs acteurs dont les Forces de défense et de sécurité, les groupes d’autodéfense et les volontaires pour la défense de la patrie sont engagés dans la lutte contre le terrorisme au Burkina Faso. Toutefois ces derniers ont commis des exactions envers les populations civiles, notamment la communauté peule sur fond d’amalgame entre Peuls et terroristes. De plus, les pasteurs peuls sont sujets à des violences du fait de conflits intercommunautaires. Le présent mémoire se veut donc mener une réflexion sur la protection de cette communauté vulnérable. À cet égard, deux schémas de protection sont envisagés. Dans un premier temps, il est question de traiter de la protection des pasteurs nomades peuls sous le prisme de la protection internationale des minoritaires. Ce faisant, le droit positif sera mis à contribution. En ce sens que l’on traitera de la protection des minorités par les instruments de droits humains. Dans un deuxième temps, on verra qu’il sied d’envisager une approche préventive de la protection des groupes minoritaires, en intégrant les groupes protégés (femmes et enfants) dans la prévention des conflits, étant donné que la protection constitutionnelle des minorités souhaitée dans le premier schéma présente des limites : l’État burkinabè ne reconnaissant pas constitutionnellement les minorités. / The Sahel region has experienced unprecedented terrorist violence in recent years. In the central Sahel (Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger), according to United Nations figures, there were 4,000 deaths for the year 2019 compared to 770 deaths in 2016. About Burkina Faso, the head of the UN Office for West Africa and the Sahel, Mohamed Ibn Chambas, reported to the members of the UN Security Council that “the number of people killed in Burkina Faso has risen from about 80 in 2016 to more than 1,800 in 2019.” To put an end to terrorist violence and protect property and civilians, several actors, including the Defense and Security Forces, self-defense groups, and volunteers for the defense of the homeland are engaged in the fight against terrorism in Burkina Faso. However, the latter have committed acts of violence against civilians, particularly the Fulani community, while confusing Fulani with terrorists. In addition, Fulani pastoralists are subject to violence because of intercommunity conflicts. This thesis therefore aims to reflect on the protection of this vulnerable community. In this regard, two protection schemes are considered. First, the protection of nomadic Fulani pastoralists will be addressed through the prism of the international protection of minorities. In doing so, positive law will be called upon. In this sense, we will deal with the protection of minorities by human rights instruments. Secondly, it will be seen that it is appropriate to consider a preventive approach to the protection of minority groups, by integrating the protected groups (women and children) into conflict prevention, given that the constitutional protection of minorities desired in the first outline has its limits: the Burkinabe state does not constitutionally recognize minorities.

The Internet is a ubiquitous feature in everyday life, but its application to social movements has yet to be completely understood. This phenomenological study examines the lived experiences of bloggers who focused on the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) movement in the United States to understand the impact bloggers and their work as online activists have on existing LGBT social movement organization and operation. Data collection is gathered from semi-structured and open-ended interviews with four social movement bloggers using web-conference software over the course of three months. The results of this study indicated that internet has empowered individual activists, allowing them to gather a following and share their views to a large audience over the web, independent from existing social movement organizations. Consequently, bloggers and online activists maintain a relationship with existing social movement structure that is both collaborative and antagonistic. The results of this study contribute to the current understanding of social movement organizations as well as the impact of technological innovations on social movement advocacy.

PURPOSE: To determine the influence of race/ethnicity on outcomes in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of CCSS adult survivors in the United States, 443 (4.9%) were black, 503 (5.6%) were Hispanic and 7,821 (86.6%) were white. Mean age at interview, 26.9 years (range, 18 to 48 years); mean follow-up, 17.2 years (range, 8.7 to 28.4 years). Late mortality, second malignancy (SMN) rates, health care utilization, and health status and behaviors were assessed for blacks and Hispanics and compared with white survivors. RESULTS: Late mortality rate (6.5%) and 15-year cumulative incidence of SMN (3.5%) were similar across racial/ethnic groups. Minority survivors were more likely to have lower socioeconomic status (SES); final models were adjusted for income, education, and health insurance. Although overall health status was similar, black survivors were less likely to report adverse mental health (females: odds ratio [OR], 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4 to 0.9; males: OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3 to 0.8). Differences in health care utilization and behaviors noted: Hispanic survivors were more likely to report a cancer center visit (females: OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.0; males: OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.3); black females were more likely (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.4), and Hispanic females less likely to have a recent Pap smear (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5 to 1.0); black and Hispanic survivors were less likely to report smoking; black survivors were less likely to report problem drinking. CONCLUSION: Adjusted for SES, adverse outcomes in CCSS were not associated with minority status. Importantly, black survivors reported less risky behaviors and better preventive practices. Hispanic survivors had equitable access to cancer related care.