Ph.D. / A number of aspects which might influence the buildup of spider mites on cotton were investigated. In contrast to their numbers on cotton treated with some of the insecticides used to control Heliothis arrniaer (Hübner) in field trials, the numbers of spider mites remained very low in the unsprayed cotton. Predators such as especially the pirate bug, Onus thniroborus (Hesse) appear to play an important role in maintaining mites in untreated plots at low population levels. Predator numbers were significantly reduced by some of the insecticides used. It is, however, not yet clear how the predator complex as a whole affects mite numbers ...

The occurrence of Nosema disease, tracheal mites and the “pseudo-parasitic” behaviour of Cape honeybee workers when placed amongst African honeybees – known as the Cape Bee Problem – were studied over a 18 month period. Three surveys, approximately 6 months apart were done. The aims of this study were to establish the distribution and severity of the diseases and compare the disease with the presence of the Cape Bee Problem. Before this survey commenced European Foul Brood disease, Sacbrood (virus), Nosema, Brood nosema, and Tracheal mite have sporadically been reported in the summer rainfall region of South Africa. In the first survey 1005 colonies in 61 apiaries were surveyed, 803 colonies in 57 apiaries in the second, and 458 colonies in 41 apiaries in the third. Samples for disease and parasite analysis were taken at 4 colonies per apiary. Ten colonies per apiary were inspected for Cape Problem Bees, and samples of workers were collected and dissected at each of these colonies. Even with the addition of apiaries to 'fill-up' lost colonies during the second survey, 63% of all colonies were lost by the third survey. There was only a small difference in colony loss between sedentary and migratory beekeepers of 22% compared to 27%. Nosema was more prevalent amongst commercial beekeepers and increased in migratory operations during the survey period. The percentage of colonies infected increased during the survey period from 23% to 32% to 34%. The placement of colonies in Eucalyptus plantations may boost infection. Trachea mites seem to have spread quite rapidly in South Africa since its discovery. This parasitic mite was present in all regions, although in low numbers in three most northern regions. Sedentary colonies had higher levels of infestation than migratory colonies. The number of colonies infested diminished over the survey period, which may be a result of general colony loss. The Cape Problem Bee was less of a problem than anticipated. Colonies succumbed to Cape Problem Bees in all regions. When beekeepers reported high levels of infestation in their bee stocks the colonies would be dead within six months. In apiaries with low infestation the die-out was slower.

Host-plant resistance is an important component of integrated pest management. Host resistance to phytophagous insects and mites based on chemical and morphological characteristics has been identified in various agronomic crops. The present study was undertaken to examine how variation in selected morphological and chemical characteristics of beach strawberry Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duchesne affects population parameters of the twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch. The results from this study show that clones of F. chiloensis and the cultivar "Totem" vary in suitability for the twospotted spider mite. Selected clones of F. chiloensis and the cultivar "Totem" differed also in the following foliar characteristics: densities of glandular and nonglandular trichomes and concentrations of total and catechol-based phenolics. In contrast, qualitative analysis of phenolic compounds, determined via HPLC, revealed a close similarity between F. chiloensis and F. x ananassa (cultivated strawberry) and among selected clones of F. chiloensis. Mite oviposition was negatively correlated with densities of glandular and nonglandular trichomes and concentrations of total foliar phenolics. In spite of these significant relationships, mite oviposition was best predicted by a combination of interacting plant characteristics rather than by any individual characteristic. Entrapment by sticky exudates from glandular trichomes appears to explain the negative relationship between mite survival and density of glandular trichomes. Spider mite development was negatively related to concentrations of foliar phenolics; twospotted spider mite development is delayed on leaves with high concentrations of phenolics. The correlation between mite development and foliar phenolics was greater when catechol-based phenolics were used. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Orientadores: João Vasconcellos Neto, Mário Eidi Sato / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T17:36:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendonca_MarcioJoseCardoso_D.pdf: 1359711 bytes, checksum: 8fefaf30eddb842d45e30548a83edae1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Dinâmica populacional, preferência hospedeira e sensibilidade a agrotóxicos de Brevipalpus phoenicis (GEIJSKES 1939) e ácaros predadores em cafeeiro (Coffea spp.) Dentre as pragas que atacam o cafeeiro, destaca-se o ácaro Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), que é o vetor do vírus da mancha-anular do cafeeiro. O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de se obter subsídios para o manejo da praga em cafeeiro no Brasil. Os objetivos específicos foram: 1) estudar a dinâmica populacional de B. phoenicis e das principais espécies de ácaros predadores (Phytoseiidae), incluindo análises sobre interação entre B. phoenicis e predadores, bem como a influência de fatores climáticos na população desses ácaros, em diferentes cultivares de café; 2) avaliar a sensibilidade a agrotóxicos em populações do ácaro-praga e ácaros predadores da espécie Euseius concordis (Chant, 1959), procedentes de diferentes regiões do estado de São Paulo. Um estudo sobre dinâmica populacional de ácaros foi conduzido em cafeeiros de diferentes cultivares (`Icatu Vermelho¿, `Catuaí Vermelho¿, `Mundo Novo¿, `Obatã¿, `Apoatã¿ (Robsuta), em Presidente Prudente, SP, onde foram realizadas coletas mensais de amostras de folhas de café, por um período de 19 meses. As espécies mais abundantes de ácaros em cafeeiro foram B. phoenicis, E. citrifolius Denmark & Muma e E. concordis. A espécie predominante de ácaro predador foi E. citrifolius, correspondendo a 92,4% dos fitoseídeos encontrados. Foram detectadas correlações significativas entre E. citrifolius e B. phoenicis em todos os cultivares de cafeeiro, sugerindo que esse ácaro fitoseídeo pode exercer controle biológico sobre o ácaro praga em cafeeiro. As maiores abundâncias do ácaro predador foram observadas para os cultivares `Apoatã¿ e `Catuaí Vermelho¿. Para o estudo de sensibilidade de ácaros a agrotóxicos, foram conduzidos dois experimentos em condições de laboratório. O experimento 1 foi sobre a influência de agrotóxicos sobre a sobrevivência de fêmeas adultas de B. phoenicis e E. concordis e sobre as taxas de crescimento populacional desses ácaros. Ciflumetofem, hexitiazox e fenpropatrina foram efetivos para o controle de B. phoenicis, porém, inócuos ao E. concordis, demonstrando bom potencial para uso em cafeeiro, visando ao manejo do ácaro-praga. Abamectina, cipermetrina+profenofós, deltametrina+triazofós e etoxazol foram altamente tóxicos para B. phoenicis e E. concordis. Oxicloreto de cobre afetou apenas o crescimento populacional de B. phoenicis, sem causar efeito significativo em E. concordis. Espirodiclofeno e malationa foram mais prejudiciais ao crescimento populacional de B. phoencis e E. concordis. O experimento 2 foi sobre toxicidade de agrotóxicos em populações de B. phoenicis e E. concordis de diferentes regiões do estado de São Paulo. Foram comparadas populações de B. phoenicis coletadas de cafeeiro nas regiões de Franca e Vera Cruz, e de E. concordis, originárias de cafeeiro de Franca, Marília e Vera Cruz. A população de B. phoenicis da região de Franca mostrou-se mais resistente a etoxazol a de Vera Cruz. A população de E. concordis de Franca mostrou-se mais resistente a abamectina e fenpropatrina, porém, mais suscetível a ciflumetofem, que Vera Cruz. Os ácaros E. concordis apresentaram maior tolerância aos agrotóxicos que os da espécie B. phoenicis. Estudos dessa natureza são de grande relevância para o estabelecimento de programas de manejo integrado de ácaros-praga em cafeeiros no Brasil / Abstract: Population dynamics, host preference and agrochemicals susceptibility of Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) and predaceous mites on coffee (Coffea spp.) Among the pests that attack coffee, it stands out the mite Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), stands out the vector of the coffee ringspot virus (CoRSV). This study was conducted in order to obtain basic information that management keeping of this pest coffee in Brazil.The objectives were: 1) to study the population dynamics of B. phoenicis and of the main species of predatory mites (Phytoseiidae), including analyzes of interactions between B. phoenicis and predators, as well as the influence of climatic factors on the population of these mites on different coffee cultivars; 2) to evaluate the pesticide susceptibility in populations of this mite and the predaceous mite Euseius concordis (Chant, 1959), from different regions of São Paulo state. A study on population dynamics of mites was conducted on different coffee cultivars (`Icatu Vermelho¿, `Catuaí Vermelho¿, `Mundo Novo¿, `Obatã¿, `Apoatã¿) in Presidente Prudente-SP, where samples of coffee leaves were taken monthly for a period of 19 months. The most abundant mite species on coffee were B. phoenicis, Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma and E. concordis. The predominant species of predatory mites was E. citrifolius, corresponding to 92.4% of the phytoseiids found on coffee plants. Significant correlations between E. citrifolius and B. phoenicis were detected in all the coffee cultivars studied, indicating that this phytoseiid mite exerts biological control of this coffee pest. The highest abundances of predaceous mites were observed for `Apoatã¿ and `Catuaí Vermelho¿ cultivars. To study the susceptibility of mites to agrochemicals, two experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions. Experiment 1 was about the influence of agrochemicals on adult female survival of B. phoenicis and E. concordis and on the population growth rates of the mites. Cyflumetofen, hexythiazox and fenpropathrin were effective for the control of B. phoenicis but harmless to the predator E. concordis, showing good potential for the use in coffee mite management program. Abamectin, cypermethrin + profenofos, deltamethrin + triazophos and etoxazole were highly toxic to B. phoenicis and E. concordis. Copper oxychloride only affected the population growth of B. phoenicis, without causing significant effects on E. concordis. Spirodiclofen and malathion were more harmful to population growth of B. phoencis than E. concordis. Experiment 2 was on agrochemical toxicity in populations of B. phoenicis and E. concordis from different regions of São Paulo state. Populations of B. phoenicis collected from coffee fields in the regions of Franca and Vera Cruz, were compared to populations of E. concordis, collected from coffee in Franca, Marilia and Vera Cruz. The population of B. phoenicis from Franca was more resistant to etoxazol than that from Vera Cruz. The population of E. concordis of Franca was more resistant to abamectin and fenpropathrin, but more susceptible to cyflumetofen, than that from Vera Cruz. Euseius concordis showed higher tolerance to acaricides than B. phoenicis. These kind of studies are greatest importance to establishment of integrated management programs for coffee pest mites in coffee in Brazil / Doutorado / Biodiversidade Animal / Doutor em Biologia Animal

Mite pest problems in Utah apple orchards became generally serious about 1944, when DDT was first used extensively to control Codling moths, Carpocapsa pomonella (Linn.) (Jorgensen, 1967}. Since then several investigators (Pickett et al., 1946; Lord, 1949; Pickett, 1955; Lord, Herbert, and MacPhee, 1958) have examined the influence of various spray programs on apple orchard fauna, while still others (Clancy and Pollard, 1952; Morgan, Anderson, and Swales, 1958; Oat-man and Legner, 1962) have conducted related studies with widely used broad spectrum pesticides on apple mites and their predators. All seem to lend credence to the theory that mite pest problems on apples resulted primarily from the reduction or elimination of natural enemies with pesti-cides. Still other factors as m9ntioned by Huffaker, van de Vrie, and McMurtry (1970) may have profound effects on, or be a principal cause of mite outbreaks in some situations. Presently, integration of natural and chemical control methods for mites seems essential. Van Den Bosch and Stern (1962) and Jorgensen (1967) redefined the control target when they emphasized that in the development of an integrated control program, the entire ecosystem, rather than isolated pest species, must be of primary concern.

The ham mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae) is the predominant pest of dry cured hams during aging in the processing facilities. Methyl bromide is currently the only known fumigant that is effective at controlling ham mite infestations in aging houses. However, methyl bromide is being phased out of all industries and will be depleted in the near future. The research objectives were to 1) evaluate dry cured hams that have been treated with previously developed food grade coatings for sensory differences, and 2) to develop and determine the efficacy of ham nets incorporated with food grade coatings on controlling mite infestations and sensory properties. Food grade coating combinations of 1) propylene glycol (PG), xanthan gum, and water or 2) PG, propylene glycol alginates, carrageenan and water were dipped and sprayed on whole hams in commercial facilities in the summers of 2014 and 2015 (composition patent pending). The lowest concentration of propylene glycol needed to control mites in laboratory studies was 15% with xanthan gum and 7.5% with propylene glycol alginate and carrageenan. Sensory difference from control tests with trained panelists indicated that there were slight to moderate differences detected in some of the treated hams in comparison to untreated control hams (P < 0.05) when hams were dipped with coatings. However, there were no differences (P > 0.05) detected between the treated hams and the control hams when hams were only sprayed rather than dipped with these coatings. Polyester/cotton blend or cotton nets were infused with various food grade coatings and evaluated on the bench top by inoculating 20 adult mites onto one inch ham cubes for their efficacy at controlling mite infestations. Live adults and mobile immature stages were counted after 14 d of incubation (23 ± 2 °C and 70 ± 5% RH). Mite infestation tests demonstrated that coatings and coating-treated nets were effective at controlling mite growth. Therefore, food grade coatings can be applied to dry cured hams and also can be infused into nets as a potential means to control mite growth in ham processing facilities.

A disposal system for pesticide waste was examined for the ability to isolate waste pesticides onto lignocellulosic matrices, such as peat moss (PM) or steam-exploded wood fibers (SEW) by sorption processes, and to detoxify the pesticide during solid state fermentation (SSF) in contained bioreactors. Emulsions formed from typical pesticide formulations acts as a barrier for pesticide sorption. Adding Ca(OH)₂ for demulsification ofDursban® 4E and filtering suspended particulates was the most effective steps for decreasing chlorpyrifos concentration. Activated carbon (AC) and rubber (R) were better at sorbing chlorpyrifos than the PM and SEW, even though the two sorbents were capable of removing approximately 95% chlorpyrifos from solution. Secondary columns of AC or R could be employed to further remove chlorpyrifos or similar pesticides from the waste water. Atrazine and chlorpyrifos dissipation in field SSF bioreactors increased with higher bioreactor temperatures (65 °C). Dissipation time for 50% parent compound disappearance (DT₀) of atrazine in 1 m³, cylindrical (1 m diameter), and plastic bag (189L) bioreactors were 2, 14, and days, respectively. The chlorpyrifos DT₀ values for the same bioreactors were 59, 20, and 50 days, respectively. Chlorpyrifos did not volatilize outside the compost as expected, but was found condensed in the cooler outer regions of the bioreactor matrix. Supplemental energy and fertilizer sources (com meal, vegetable oil, and chicken manure) enhanced microbial activity and pesticide degradation in field bioreactors. The dissipation of atrazine was not enhanced by nutrient amendment in laboratory studies involving ¹⁴C-radiolabeled atrazine and chlorpyrifos at 40 °C over 16 weeks. The DT₀ values were 4 weeks for nutrient amended and unamended bioreactors. Nutrient amendment increased chlorpyrifos dissipation with DT so values of approximately 11 and 17 weeks for nutrient and unamended bioreactors but not in the atrazine bioreactors. Dissipation of chlorpyrifos was mainly through volatility and degradation, whereas atrazine dissipated by degradation and unextractably associated with the matrix. It is important to keep pesticide waste bioreactors well aerated, moist, and mixed with additions of nitrogen and fresh biomass to facilitate the dissipation and detoxification of pesticides. The remaining residue can be land applied, land filled, or incinerated. / Ph. D.

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No description available.

Historically, most twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, infestations occurred during the late season near maturity, but since 2005, infestations of cotton have become more common throughout the entire season. Several factors may have contributed to the increasing frequency of mites in seedling cotton, one of which is a shift in production practices from furrow applied aldicarb to neonicotinoid seed treatments for thrips control. Another factor that may impact T. urticae densities in seedling cotton is a shift from pre-plant tillage to conservation tillage or no-till cropping systems. Although the literature confirms that T. urticae can cause extensive cotton yield losses, there is a need to further refine potential late-season yield loss. From 2007 to 2009 a series of experiments were conducted to address these issues. In a series of 12 field experiments, neonicotinoid seed treatments resulted in twospotted spider mite densities greater than those in the untreated check, aldicarb, and acephate treatments. Untreated check and aldicarb treatments had the lowest mite densities. Only aldicarb controlled mites compared to the untreated check. A twospotted spider mite host survey determined that henbit, Lamium amplexicaule L., was the most consistent and preferred host. Carolina geranium, Geranium carolinianum L., cutleaf geranium, Geranium dissectum L., vetch, Vicia spp., volunteer soybean, Glycine max L., purple deadnettle, Lamium purpureum L., and spiny sowthistle, Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, were other frequently infested dicotyledonous species. Herbicide burndown timing in reduced tillage cotton production was not critical, given all weeds were killed before cotton was planted. The herbicide glufosinate was efficacious against T. urticae, providing control equal to low- to mid-rates of labeled acaricides. Including glufosinate in a herbicide burndown program was only beneficial for mite control if living weeds were present at planting. Artificial infestation experiments were adversely affected by unseasonably wet and cool weather. Infestations established at the third true leaf resulted in an average yield loss of 44.7%. It is difficult to make any conclusions about infestations made from first bloom and later because of the difficulty in establishing mite populations later in the season.