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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Evaluation of exotic and South African isolates of Beauveria bassiana as potential mycoacaricides of Tetranychus urticae Koch

Bhana, Nainisha Morar 30 June 2008 (has links)
Economic losses caused by the two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) in the agricultural industry prompted the initiation of this project to evaluate the potential of native and exotic Beauveria bassiana isolates as biocontrol agents against this pest. Before the selection of a potential mycopesticide for use at a commercial scale, several crucial criteria must be taken into consideration. The application of some of these criteria have been the focus of this study and include: production of virulent B. bassiana inoculum, an evaluation of the virulence of the fungus against T. urticae, monitoring of the fungal infection cycle in T. urticae and establishing a phylogenetic evaluation of B. bassiana isolates using rDNA sequence analysis. A two-stage in vitro diphasic fermentation process produced B. bassiana inoculum. In the first submerged phase the impact of nutrient treatments (carbon and nitrogen) at different concentrations (3% and 4%) in a 1:1 ratio was investigated for mycelium dry mass production and spore yield. The 4% nutrient concentration yielded a higher mycelium dry mass yield compared to the 3% and was therefore used in the second semi-solid phase to stimulate aerial conidia formation in response to low nutrient stress. The fungal structures produced during the first phase of the diphasic fermentation process were submerged conidia recognized as small, spherical structures with a smooth form. In comparison, inoculum of the second semi-solid phase produced aerial conidia with small, spherical, rough surfaces and a brittle appearance assumed to be related to nutrient deprivation. Nutritional parameters exploited in this study favoured conidia production for use as a potential mycopesticide. An in vitro bioassay compared the infectivity of exotic and native isolates of B. bassiana against T. urticae adults. All the isolates were pathogenic with mite mortality increasing over time. Differences in the virulence of the B. bassiana isolates were demonstrated suggesting host-specificity. With respect to the native isolates B. bassiana (PPRI 04305) was more virulent than the B. bassiana sensu latu isolates (PPRI 04304 and PPRI 04306). The differences in the virulence of the native isolates are reflections of genetic differences demonstrated in the phylogenetic analyses in this study. The results of the preliminary bioassay study suggest that B. bassiana has the potential as a biocontrol agent of T. urticae. Microscopy was used to morphologically visualise the post infection cycle of a native B. bassiana isolate (PPRI 04305) in the two-spotted spider mite. The infection cycle observed in the current study is in agreement with those described in a number of agricultural pests. However, aspects not observed before with T. urticae infection included limited hyphal growth on the cuticle surface before penetration, per os mode of entry, cuticular melanization, lateral hyphal development under the cuticle and aerial hyphal emergence through the setal annulum on the dorsal surface of the cadaver. These observations will stimulate further research in the development of B. bassiana as a mycoacaricide. rDNA analysis of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regions of different Beauveria species was assessed for strain genotyping and population studies. Fitch parsimony and neighbour joining analyses displayed species differentiation and confirmed that B. bassiana was not a monophyletic group but a species complex. Distinct clades in the phylogenetic analyses in the current study were matched to four species of Beauveria: B. bassiana, B. cf. bassiana, Beauveria brongniartii and Beauveria caledonica species. Two South African isolates PPRI 04304 and PPRI 04306 morphologically assigned to B. bassiana, are assumed to be either B. caledonica or a close relative of B. caledonica based on the rDNA analysis. However, due to the lack of confirmation of the change of species identification of these native isolates, they are regarded as B. bassiana sensu latu. Results from this study demonstrated the importance of rDNA analysis in biocontrol studies for population studies and species differentiation. The material in this dissertation highlighted some important characteristics relevant for the biocontrol of T. urticae by B. bassiana. Aerial conidia produced by the cost-effective diphasic fermentation process were virulent against T. urticae and demonstrated high percentage mortalities. B. bassiana was shown to be a generalist pathogen with strain-dependent differences in nutrient preferences and virulence against the mite. Differences in the infectivity of the native isolates B. bassiana (PPRI 04305) and B. bassiana sensu latu (PPRI 04304 and PPRI 04306) were reflections of the genotypic separation of the isolates demonstrated by rDNA analysis. The results obtained from this research project are promising for the ongoing research and development of Beauveria isolates as efficient mycoacaricides against T. urticae for the South African agricultural market.
2

Gestión Integrada de la araña roja Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae): optimización de su control biológico en clementinos

Sá Argolo, Poliane 13 November 2012 (has links)
La araña roja, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) es una de las plagas más perjudiciales que afectan los huertos de clementinos en España. En los clementinos, T. urticae habita en el envés de las hojas, donde produce tela y colonias densas. Absorbe el contenido de las células, causando manchas cloróticas en el lado superior de las hojas. Al final del ernao T. urticae puede provocar en los frutos icatrices características y en consecuencia, pérdida de su valor comercial. Hasta la fecha, el control de T. urticae se ha basado, principalmente, en el control químico. sin embargo, este método no es siempre eficaz. Los artrópodos beneficiosos se eliminan, y se crean condiciones favorables para la proliferación incontrolada de T. urticae y otras plagas. En la actualidad, los programas de gestión integrada de plagas en cítricos, tienen como objetivo maximizar el uso de control biológico. en este sentido, el objetivo general de esta tesis ha sido la mejora del control biológico de T. urticae en los huertos de clementinos. El control biológico no es común en los viverso de cítricos donde el coontrol químico es frecuente. El neonicotinoide sistémico imidacloprid aplicado vía riego es eficaz contra tres de las cujatro principales plagas de plantones de clementino en España - áfidos, minador y cocchinillas. Sin embargo, los ácaros, la cuarta-la plaga clave, no se controlan con imidacloprid, pero podrían regularse mediante sueltas de los ácaros depredadores fitoseidos Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot y Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de imidacloprid aplicado vía riego en los parámetros demográficos de P. persimilis se vieron afectados por imidacloprid. Sin embargo, su efecto combinado sobre la tasa intrínseca de incremento fue neutro. Por el contrario, imidacloprid afectó negativamente los parámetros demográficos de N. californicus. Los resultados de campo demostraron que los plantones dfe clementino podría / Sá Argolo, P. (2012). Gestión Integrada de la araña roja Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae): optimización de su control biológico en clementinos [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/17804
3

Bioecologia de ácaros (Acari) associados à cultura da soja (Glycine max (L.) Merril) (Fabaceae) na região noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul

Reichert, Marliza Beatris 05 April 2013 (has links)
Submitted by Ana Paula Lisboa Monteiro (monteiro@univates.br) on 2013-05-31T16:42:05Z No. of bitstreams: 3 MarlizaReichery.pdf: 1438506 bytes, checksum: b612dc9309b070f8dd2d2b36b911d54f (MD5) license_text: 20502 bytes, checksum: 3eba3066a10168f04bd5d83d74ca6c40 (MD5) license_rdf: 22392 bytes, checksum: da4b2e8e72d470a5e1afe4c26352b4ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-31T16:42:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 MarlizaReichery.pdf: 1438506 bytes, checksum: b612dc9309b070f8dd2d2b36b911d54f (MD5) license_text: 20502 bytes, checksum: 3eba3066a10168f04bd5d83d74ca6c40 (MD5) license_rdf: 22392 bytes, checksum: da4b2e8e72d470a5e1afe4c26352b4ac (MD5) / A soja é a cultura que mais cresceu nos últimos anos, sendo ela importante economicamente para o Brasil e para o Rio Grande do Sul. A soja está sujeita ao ataque de diferentes espécies de herbívoros que podem se transformar em pragas. As pragas da soja podem causar perdas significativas no rendimento da cultura e, por isso, necessitam ser controladas. Este estudo avaliou a acarofauna associada à cultura da soja na Região Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul nos municípios de Mato Queimado e Três de Maio. As avaliações foram realizadas em soja convencional, em soja transgênica com irrigação e sem irrigação e com tratamentos fitossanitários diferenciados e em plantas de borda. As atividades de campo foram realizadas na safra 2011/2012. As coletas foram realizadas quinzenalmente onde a cada coleta eram escolhidas vinte plantas de soja, das quais foram retiradas três folhas/planta, totalizando 60 folhas/área. As folhas foram coletadas nas regiões basal, mediana e apical da planta. A cada coleta de folhas de soja também foram coletadas cinco espécies de plantas de borda. As folhas de soja e as plantas de borda foram individualizadas em sacos plásticos, guardadas sob- refrigeração até serem processadas. Os ácaros foram retirados de ambas as faces das folhas e montados em lâminas para a identificação. Foi encontrado na soja um total de 18.100 ácaros pertencentes a cinco famílias, nove gêneros e 12 espécies distintas, além dos ácaros da Subordem Oribatida. A área de soja transgênica com irrigação e aplicação de inseticida apresentou a maior riqueza e abundância, com 10 espécies e um total de 8.329 ácaros, seguida pela área com soja transgênica sem irrigação, com aplicação de inseticida com nove espécies e 4.901 ácaros. Menor riqueza foi observada na área transgênica sem irrigação e sem aplicação de inseticida com cinco espécies. A área com menor abundância foi a de soja convencional sem aplicação de inseticida com 1.091 ácaros. Phytoseiidae apresentou maior riqueza, com cinco espécies, seguida de Tetranychidae, com quatro espécies, Iolinidae, Stigmaeidae e Tarsonemidae. Dentre os ácaros fitófagos mais frequentes e abundantes na soja, destacaram-se Tetranychus urticae Koch, Mononychellus planki McGregor e Tetranychus spp. Os ácaros predadores mais abundantes foram Neoseiulus idaeus Denmark & Muma, Pseudopronematus sp., Neoseiulus californicus McGregor e Neoseiulus anonymus Chant & Baker respectivamente. Neoseiulus idaeus também foi à espécie mais frequente. Nas plantas de borda foram encontrados um total de 576 ácaros, sendo N. idaeus e Agistemus sp. os ácaros predadores mais abundantes.
4

Toxicity of selected acaricides on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae: Acari) and Orius insidiosus Say (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) life stages and predation studies with Orius insidiosus

Ashley, Janet Lee 12 January 2004 (has links)
Most management tactics for Tetranychus urticae (TSSM) rely upon applying acaricides. Multiple applications are required, which impact natural enemies. Growers will benefit from a more complete understanding of acaricide toxicity. My objectives were to determine: 1.) stage-specific direct and residual efficacy of three acaricides to TSSM; 2) direct and residual toxicity of these acaricides to O. insidiosus; 3) the functional response of O. insidiosus to mobile and egg stages of TSSM, in laboratory and greenhouse studies; 4) the abundance of O. insidiosus relative to TSSM densities in peanut. Direct toxicity of three acaricides to TSSM was measured on peanut cuttings. All acaricides caused significant mortality, however; mortality did not differ among the acaricides. Residual toxicities against TSSM were not found to be toxic compared with untreated controls 24 and 72 hours after treatment. When acaricide toxicity to eggs was tested, the hatch rate for all treatments was significantly lower than the control hatch rate. Direct toxicity of the acaricides was tested against O. insidiosus. Fenpropathrin and propargite caused 100% mortality and etoxazole resulted in mortality > 50%. Residual toxicity of acaricides to O. insidiosus adults varied. Fourteen days after treatment, fenpropathrin left residues highly toxic to O. insidiosus. In laboratory studies, the functional response of O. insidiosus to TSSM eggs resulted in a Type III response whereas the functional response to adults was Type II. The data suggest either a Type II or linear response in greenhouse studies. A definitive conclusion cannot be drawn because of the sample size. / Master of Science
5

Nitrogênio e Potássio na Formação, Produção e Incidência de Pragas na Cultura do Morangueiro / Nitrogen and potassium in Training, Production and Pest Incidence in strawberry culture

Santos, Oliveiros Miranda dos 05 July 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T13:54:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OliveirosMirandaSantos-Dissertacao.pdf: 443433 bytes, checksum: 40e0e7e123210e47642d5f6624ef6d0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-05 / Furthermore, the characteristics of the fruit of strawberry (to be consumed "in natura") immediately after the harvest and the attractiveness that it has on consumers for children, this may be a good economical choice, enriched with a good dose of compromise with human health and environmental responsibility to produce strawberries without the use of pesticides and adequate application of nutrients minerals. The production of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne). Has great importance for the Southern and Southeastern Brazil with the culture, and the State of Minas Gerais as the largest producer. Awareness of the risks of pesticide use in this culture has led to the development and improvement of production systems. Besides the action of environmental factors acting on the physiology of the crop, fertilization is another factor that interferes with the production and fruit quality. The mineral nutrition seems to be a decisive factor in the resistance of plants against pests. Within all the plagues of the strawberry mite Tetranychus urticae twospotted is a pest, which may reduce the yield by 80% when not controlled. This work was performed at IFSULDEMINAS - Campus Inconfidentes and aimed to assess the effect of fertigation of nutrients nitrogen and potassium in different dosage, training, production and incidence of pests on strawberry plants of cultivar Oso Grande '. The experiment was mounted in an area of 132.5 square meters, with 780 plants. We applied the randomized block design with five treatments and four replications, each plot comprised 15 plants. During the cycle plants received different doses in fertigation. The arthropod pests were identified and counted, held weighing fruit, shoots and roots of plants and loss of fruit weight. The results showed that both excess and lack of N and K are harmful plants both in production and in the incidence of pests, demonstrating that a more balanced treatment 200, 400 kg / ha of N and K is presented the best answer to production, fruit quality and lower incidence of insects on strawberry culture. / Ademais, pelas características do fruto do morangueiro (por ser consumido in natura ) imediatamente após o ponto de colheita e pela atratividade que o mesmo exerce sobre os consumidores infantis, esta pode ser uma boa opção econômica, enriquecida com uma boa dose de compromisso com a saúde humana e responsabilidade ambiental para se produzir morangos sem o uso de agrotóxicos e uma adequada aplicação de nutrientes minerias. A produção do morango (Fragaria x Ananassa Duchesne.) apresenta grande importância para a região Sul e Sudeste do Brasil com a cultura, tendo o Estado de Minas Gerais como maior produtor. A conscientização sobre os riscos decorrentes do uso de agrotóxicos nesta cultura tem levado ao desenvolvimento e aperfeiçoamento de sistemas de produção. Além da ação de fatores ambientais atuando sobre a fisiologia da cultura, a adubação é outro fator que interfere na produção e qualidade dos frutos. A nutrição mineral parece ser um fator decisivo na resistência das plantas contra pragas. Dentro de todas as pragas do morangueiro o ácaro-rajado Tetranychus urticae é a principal praga, podendo reduzir a produção de frutos em até 80%, quando não controlado. O presente trabalho foi realizado no IFSULDEMINAS - Campus Inconfidentes e teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da aplicação via fertirrigação dos nutrientes nitrogênio e potássio em dosagem diferenciada, na formação, produção e incidência de pragas em plantas de morangueiro da cultivar Oso Grande . O experimento foi montado em uma área de 132,5m², com 780 plantas. Empregou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com 5 tratamentos e 4 repetições, sendo cada parcela composta por 15 plantas. Durante o ciclo as plantas receberam as diferentes doses em fertirrigação. Os artrópodes-praga foram identificado e contado, realizou a pesagem dos frutos, da parte aérea e raiz das plantas e da perda de peso dos frutos. Os resultados demonstraram que tanto o excesso quanto a falta de N e K são prejudiciais as plantas tanto na produção quanto na incidência de pragas, demonstrando que o tratamento mais equilibrado 200;400 kg/ha de N e K é que apresentou melhor resposta para a produção, qualidade dos frutos e menor incidência de insetos na cultura do morangueiro.
6

Neoseiulus idaeus (Phytoseiidae): um candidato para o controle biológico de Tetraniquídeos na cultura da soja da região noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul

Reichert, Marliza Beatris 20 December 2016 (has links)
Submitted by FERNANDA DA SILVA VON PORSTER (fdsvporster@univates.br) on 2017-07-06T18:48:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 2016MarlizaBeatrisReichert.pdf: 995157 bytes, checksum: 0f061a47e5c2ae97ba4b83d5d3f88ab4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Lisboa Monteiro (monteiro@univates.br) on 2017-07-13T13:50:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 2016MarlizaBeatrisReichert.pdf: 995157 bytes, checksum: 0f061a47e5c2ae97ba4b83d5d3f88ab4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-13T13:50:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 2016MarlizaBeatrisReichert.pdf: 995157 bytes, checksum: 0f061a47e5c2ae97ba4b83d5d3f88ab4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07 / CAPES / A soja (Glycine max (L.): Fabaceae) é considerada a cultura agrícola mais importante para o agronegócio brasileiro. Diferentes herbívoros podem alcançar o nível de praga, sendo os tetraniquídeos Mononychellus planki McGregor, Tetranychus ludeni Zacher e Tetranychus urticae Koch considerados pragas na cultura recentemente. Neoseiulus idaeus Denmark & Muma é um dos principais ácaros predadores na cultura da soja do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar o potencial de N. idaeus, como inimigo natural de T. urticae, T. ludeni e M. planki na cultura da soja transgênica na região Noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Inicialmente foi avaliado o desempenho biológico de N. idaeus quando alimentado com os três fitófagos onde ovos do predador foram individualizados em arenas com as diferentes presas. Para avaliar a preferência alimentar foram individualizados em gaiolas cinco espécimes de cada um dos fitófagos com a possibilidade de escolha do predador. Para o teste de preferência para estádios da presa e taxa de predação foram individualizados em arenas predadores e oferecidos como alimentos diferentes estádios da presa, durante os estádios imaturos de N. idaeus foram realizadas observações para monitorar a sobrevivência do predador e garantir a disponibilidade de alimento ao longo do período de estudo. Para todos os testes foram realizadas 30 repetições. No estudo da biologia, a duração média de ovo-adulto do predador foi semelhante utilizando as três presas como alimento. A viabilidade da fêmea foi de 90% quando alimentadas com M. planki e 100% com T. ludeni e T. urticae. A fecundidade média, a duração média de cada geração (T), a taxa líquida de reprodução (Ro) e a capacidade de aumento em número (Rm) de N. idaeus foi menor quando alimentado com M. planki, e maior quando alimentado com T. ludeni e T. urticae. Quanto à preferência alimentar Neoseiulus idaeus preferiu T. urticae quando oferecido T. ludeni e M. planki e preferiu T. ludeni quando avaliado com M. planki. Quanto ao local para oviposição a preferência por T. urticae foi observada quando oferecidos T. ludeni ou M. planki. Entretanto, quando oferecido T. ludeni e M. planki preferiu T. ludeni. Em todos os estádios imaturos e quando adulto, N. idaeus preferiu ovos de T. urticae. Nos estádios de protoninfas, deutoninfas e adulto também consumiu larvas e ninfas. Somente no estádio adulto este predador consumiu presas adultas. A taxa de predação total para ovos, larvas, ninfas e adultos de T. urticae foi respectivamente de 55,90%, 14,34%, 22,11% e 7,65%. A duração média de vida das fêmeas desse predador foi de 16,07 dias, período em que consumiram 3,05 presas/fêmea/dia. Os resultados do teste biológico demonstra que T. ludeni e T. urticae são presas adequadas para N. idaeus enquanto M. planki foi menos adequada. No entanto, N. idaeus atingiu a fase ovo-adulta, apresentando um rápido ciclo de vida quando alimentado apenas com M. planki. As populações de N. idaeus são capazes de se alimentar e completar seus estádios de desenvolvimento com as três presas de ácaros fitófagos. M. planki demonstrou ser presa menos adequada a este predador do que T. ludeni e T. urticae e N. idaeus tem potencial para ser utilizado em programa de controle biológico aplicado de T. urticae. / Soybean (Glycine max (L.): Fabaceae) is considered the most important agricultural crop in the Brazilian agribusiness. Different herbivores might rise to pest status, and tetranychidae Mononychellus planki McGregor, Tetranychus ludeni Zacher, and Tetranychus urticae Koch have recently been considered pests of this crop. Neoseiulus idaeus Denmark & Muma is one of the top predatory mites in soybean crops in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This study which aim to investigate the potential of N. idaeus as a natural enemy of T. urticae, T. ludeni, and M. planki in soybean crops in the Northwest region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The biological performance of N. idaeus was initially assessed when it fed on the three phytophagous mites; predator eggs were separated in arenas with different prey species. In order to analyze feeding preference, five specimens of each phytophagous mite were placed in each cage so that the predator could choose between prey species. In order to test prey-stage preference and predation rate, predators were separated in cages and were offered several prey stages as food. During the immature stages of N. idaeus, observations were performed to monitor predator survival and ensure food availability throughout the study period. Thirty replicates were performed for all tests. Regarding biological development, mean predator egg-adult period was similar using the three prey species as food. Female viability was 90% when N. idaeus fed on M. planki and it was 100% with T. ludeni and T. urticae. Mean fecundity, mean duration of each generation (T), net reproduction rate (Ro), and capacity to increase in numbers (Rm) of N. idaeus were lower when it fed on M. planki, and higher when it fed on T. ludeni and T. urticae. Regarding feeding preference, Neoseiulus idaeus preferred T. urticae over T. ludeni and M. planki, and it preferred T. ludeni over M. planki. Regarding oviposition site, the preference for T. urticae was observed when T. ludeni or M. planki were offered. However, when offered T. ludeni and M. planki, N. idaeus preferred T. ludeni. In all immature stages and as adults, N. idaeus preferred T. urticae eggs. In the protonymph, deutonymph, and adult stages it also consumed larvae and nymphs. Only adults of this predator consumed adult prey. The total predation rates for eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults of T. urticae were 55.9%, 14.34%, 22.11%, and 7.65%, respectively. The average lifespan of females of this predator was 16.07 days, period when they consumed 3.05 prey/female/day. Biological test results show that T. ludeni and T. urticae are suitable prey for N. idaeus while M. planki is not as suitable. However, when feeding only on M. planki, N. idaeus had a shorter egg-adult duration, thus showing a short life cycle. Populations of N. idaeus are capable of feeding on the three phytophagous mites, which allowed this predatory mite to complete its development stages. M. planki proved to be a less adequate prey for this predator than T. ludeni and T. urticae, and N. idaeus has potential to be used in applied biological control programs for T. urticae.
7

Biological control of Tetranychus urticae Koch in hops by phytoseiid mites : feasibility, spatial aspects of interactions, and management

Strong, Willard Billings, 1959- 27 April 1995 (has links)
Graduation date: 1995
8

Influência de fatores bióticos e abióticos no estabelecimento de Clonostachys rosea em tecidos de roseira e controle biológico de Botrytis cinerea pelo antagonista em restos culturais / Effects of biotic and abiotic factors on Clonostachys rosea establishment on rose tissues and biological control of Botrytis cinerea by the antagonist on rose debris

Morandi, Marcelo Augusto Boechat 06 February 2001 (has links)
Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-06-20T16:31:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 443327 bytes, checksum: 5dacc858720c3f3f3562b9c76b172d07 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-20T16:31:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 443327 bytes, checksum: 5dacc858720c3f3f3562b9c76b172d07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-02-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Objetivou-se avaliar o controle biológico de B. cinerea por C. rosea, como componente do manejo integrado do mofo cinzento em roseiras, com as seguintes hipóteses de trabalho: i- C. rosea pode colonizar endofiticamente, diferentes tecidos de roseira, em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento; ii- C. rosea possui habilidade saprofítica para se estabelecer na comunidade microbiana dos restos culturais de roseira; iii- C. rosea coloniza eficientemente ferimentos nos tecidos de roseira e limita a colonização do patógeno; e iv- C. rosea reduz eficientemente a produção de inóculo de B. cinerea em condições de cultivo protegido. Clonostachys rosea germinou, estabeleceu endofiticamente e esporulou abundantemente, em tecidos maduros, senescentes ou mortos. A germinação foi mais alta em tecidos mortos (>98% de conídios germinados) que em folhas e pétalas maduras e senescentes (31% a 47%). Quando folhas maduras foram feridas antes da aplicação de C. rosea, o número de conídios germinados dobrou, mas a área com esporulação do fungo não se alterou e foi alta (>75%). Em folhas maduras, aplicou-se C. rosea imediatamente ou até 24 h após ferimento, e, a seguir, inoculou-se B. cinerea; a germinação do patógeno reduziu-se em até 41% e a esporulação em mais de 99%. O período de 24h de alta umidade, antes das aplicações em folhas senescentes e mortas, estimulou o crescimento de fungos indígenas presentes e reduziu a esporulação de C. rosea e B. cinerea. Em folhas mortas, a associação de fungos indígenas com C. rosea contribuiu para o controle do patógeno. Entretanto, quando aplicados em alta densidade de esporos, Penicillium sp. e Alternaria alternata interagiram negativamente com C. rosea e reduziram sua eficiência em 16 e 21%, respectivamente. Em folhas, estudou-se o efeito de infestações de pulgões (Macrosiphum rosae L.) e de ácaros (Tetranychus urticae Koch) no crescimento e esporulação de C. rosea e B. cinerea e na supressão do patógeno pelo antagonista. A germinação dos dois fungos foi maior nas folhas previamente infestadas por pulgões e ácaros. Naaplicação combinada C. rosea+B. cinerea, em folhas não infestadas, o antagonista suprimiu a germinação do patógeno em mais que 50%, mas, nas infestadas, a germinação do patógeno foi alta (>75%). A infestação com pulgões e ácaros aumentou significativamente a esporulação de C. rosea, independentemente da presença de B. cinerea, e a de B. cinerea, quando inoculado isoladamente. Entretanto, na aplicação combinada, o antagonista suprimiu quase que completamente a esporulação do patógeno, tanto nas folhas infestadas quanto nas não infestadas. Em condições de casa de vegetação, avaliaram-se os efeitos de C. rosea na esporulação de B. cinerea e de variáveis climáticas sobre a colonização dos restos culturais de roseiras (‘Sônia’ e ‘Red Success’) por ambos os fungos. Em ambas as cultivares, a esporulação do patógeno foi consistentemente reduzida em 30 a 50% nos tratamentos onde se aplicou C. rosea (C. rosea e C. rosea+mancozeb, para ‘Red Success’, e C. rosea, para ‘Sônia’). Na aplicação de C. rosea+mancozeb, a esporulação do antagonista reduziu-se em 10 a 15%, ao longo do ensaio, apesar de não ter reduzido significativamente o controle da esporulação de B. cinerea. Nos tratamentos onde foi aplicado, C. rosea estabeleceu-se eficientemente nos restos culturais de roseira, em vista do incremento da sua esporulação a cada avaliação, pelo alto valor da área abaixo da curva de esporulação do antagonista e pela redução crescente na esporulação de B. cinerea. Entretanto, não houve redução significativa da incidência da doença, provavelmente, porque as aplicações de C. rosea iniciaram-se ao final de janeiro, quando a epidemia do mofo cinzento já estava em estádio avançado; não se realizaram práticas de saneamento ao longo do ensaio; e nem todas as roseiras da casa de vegetação foram tratadas com C. rosea, o que permitiu a multiplicação do patógeno. Entretanto, espera-se que, em casas de vegetação, mesmo sob condições favoráveis ao patógeno, a aplicação de C. rosea ao longo de vários ciclos produtivos possa reduzir a população de B. cinerea e, conseqüentemente, a incidência do mofo cinzento em botões. A umidade relativa máxima foi o principal fator de estímulo à colonização de ambos os fungos, por sua influência direta no teor de umidade dos restos culturais; enquanto a umidade relativa mínima e a temperatura máxima reduziram a colonização de ambos, por estarem associadas ao dessecamento dos restos. O fato de os requerimentos ambientais para os dois fungos serem similares é relevante em termos do estabelecimento de estratégias de controle biológico de B. cinerea. / To evaluate the biological control of B. cinerea by C. rosea as a component of the integrated management of rose gray mould, the following hypothesis were tested: i- C. rosea is able to grow endophyticaly on different rose tissues at different developmental stages; ii- C. rosea is able to establish on the microbial community of rose debris; iii- C. rosea is able to colonize wounds and restrict the growth of the pathogen in rose tissues; and iv- C. rosea can inhibit B. cinerea sporulation on rose debris in commercial greenhouse. Clonostachys rosea germinated, established, and sporulated abundantly on mature, senescent, and dead tissues. Germination was higher on dead tissues (>98%) than on mature and senescent tissues (31% to 47%). On wounded mature leaves, germination of C. rosea was twice higher than on non-wounded leaves. The area covered by conidiophores was not affected by wounds and was high (>75%) on all instances. On mature leave that were wounded, inoculated with C. rosea immediately or until 24 h after wounded, and challenge inoculated with the pathogen, the germination of B. cinerea was reduced by 41% and the sporulation on more than 99%. When senescent and dead leaves were subjected to a 24h of high humidity before the inoculations, the growth of indigenous fungi was stimulated and the sporulation of both C. rosea and B. cinerea was reduced. The association of the indigenous fungi with C. rosea contributed for the control of the pathogen on dead leaves. However, when applied on high inoculum density, Penicillium sp. and Alternaria alternata interacted negatively with C. rosea and reduced the antagonist efficiency by 16 and 21%, respectively. The effects of aphids (Macrosiphum rosae L.) and mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch) infestations on growth and sporulation of C. rosea and B. cinerea and on the control of the pathogen by the antagonist were evaluated on rose leaves. When applied alone, the germination of both fungi was greater on infested leaves than on the control leaves. In the combined application, C. rosea inhibited the germination of the pathogen on non-infested leaves by 50%. However, on infested leaves the germination of B. cinerea was high (>75%) despite the presence of the antagonist. Similarly, the infestations of aphids and mites increased the sporulation of both B. cinerea and C. rosea when each fungus was applied alone. However, in the combined application C. rosea inhibited the sporulation of B. cinerea on more than 99% on infested and non-infested leaves. The reduction on B. cinerea sporulation by C. rosea and the effects of climatic factors on pathogen and antagonist growth on rose debris of ‘Sônia’ and ‘Red Success’ plants were evaluated in a plastic covered greenhouse. For both cultivars, B. cinerea sporulation was consistently reduced by 30 to 50% on the treatments were C. rosea was applied (C. rosea and C. rosea+mancozeb, for ‘Red Success’, and C. rosea, for ‘Sônia’). When C. rosea was associated with mancozeb, fungal sporulation was reduced by 10 to 15%, but the efficiency of the antagonist in controlling pathogen sporulation was not significantly reduced. C. rosea established efficiently on rose debris, as verified by the increment of the antagonist sporulation at each evaluation, the high values of area under sporulation curve, and the crescent reduction on B. cinerea sporulation. However, the incidence of gray mould was not significantly reduced, probably due to three main reasons: the applications of C. rosea started by the end of January, when gray mould epidemic was advanced; no sanitation practices were performed during the experiment; and the production of B. cinerea spores on border plants (untreated) in the greenhouse. The daily maximum relative humidity was the main factor that stimulated the debris colonization by both fungi, probably by its influence on the humidity content of the debris. The daily minimal relative humidity and maximum temperature, probably because of their association to the debris dryness, reduced the growth of both fungi. The find that the environmental requirements for C. rosea and B. cinerea are similar can be of paramount importance to establish a biocontrol strategy against the pathogen. From the present and previous studies, the continuous applications of C. rosea can be expected to markedly reduce inoculum production by B. cinerea and, consequently, gray mould incidence in rose production systems, regardless the favorable conditions for the pathogen in the greenhouse. / Tese importada do Alexandria
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Potencial acaricida de óleos essenciais de espécies do gênero Piper sobre o ácaro rajado Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari : Tetranychidae) / Acaricide potential of essential oils of species on the genus Piper on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari : Tetranychidae).

ARAÚJO, Mário Jorge Cerqueira de 01 February 2011 (has links)
Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-28T14:21:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mario Jorge Cerqueira de Araujo.pdf: 1656069 bytes, checksum: 568cfe1303eb0f67ec4f2dedc9c2a842 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-28T14:21:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mario Jorge Cerqueira de Araujo.pdf: 1656069 bytes, checksum: 568cfe1303eb0f67ec4f2dedc9c2a842 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-01 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Tetranychus urticae (two-spotted spider mite) is a cosmopolitan species, which may attack crops like tomatoes, beans, papaya, and ornamentals. In Brazil, this pest has been recorded in several states. In Pernambuco, their first record was in 1985, after the beginning of irrigated crops in the municipality of Petrolina. The best way to control this pest is the use of conventional acaricides. Aiming new control practices with lower mammalian toxicity and low persistence in soil, essential oils have been widely investigated as alternatives to these acaricides. This study aims to identify the chemical constituents and evaluate potential acaricide, through lethal and sublethal effects of essential oils from leaves of Piper aduncum, P. arboreum, P. caldense and P. tuberculatum on the mite. Analysis by GC/MS revealed the presence of dillapiol (46.7%), bicyclogermacrene (17.3%), γ-Muurolene (9.6%) and 2-epi-β-Funebrene (10.6%) as the main components in the oils of P. aduncum, P. arboreum, P. caldense and P. tuberculatum, respectively. All oils were toxic and were involved in the behavior of the mite. In the fumigation, the positive control, eugenol was the most toxic and the strongest influence on oviposition. Among the oils tested, the mite was more susceptible to the oils of P. aduncum (LC50 = 0.01 μL/L air) and P. tuberculatum (LC50 = 0.50 μL/L air). The lowest concentration of the oils, which promoted a significant reduction in the number of eggs was 3x10-3 μL /L air for P. aduncum. There was no significant difference among the tested oils and eugenol in contact bioassays. The oils of P. tuberculatum and P. caldense were 25.5 and 5.0 times more repellent than eugenol, respectively. These data suggest that these oils have potential acaricide for T. urticae control. / Tetranychus urticae (ácaro rajado) é uma espécie cosmopolita, podendo atacar culturas como tomate, feijão, mamão, além de espécies ornamentais. No Brasil, essa praga tem sido registrada em diversos estados. Em Pernambuco, seu primeiro registro foi em 1985, após o início dos cultivos irrigados no município de Petrolina. O principal método de controle dessa praga é através de acaricidas químicos sintéticos. Visando à utilização de novas práticas de controle com menor toxicidade aos mamíferos e baixa persistência no solo, óleos essenciais tem sido investigados como alternativas a esses acaricidas. Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar os constituintes químicos e avaliar o potencial acaricida, através de efeitos letais e subletais, de óleos essenciais das folhas de Piper aduncum, P. arboreum, P. caldense e P. tuberculatum sobre o ácaro rajado. A análise por CG/EM revelou a presença de dilapiol (46,7%), biciclogermacreno (17,3%), γ-Muurolene (9,6%) e 2-epi-β-Funebrene (10,6%), como constituintes principais nos óleos de P. aduncum, P. arboreum, P. caldense e P. tuberculatum, respectivamente. Todos os óleos foram tóxicos e atuaram no comportamento do ácaro. Na fumigação, o controle positivo, eugenol foi o mais tóxico e o que mais interferiu na oviposição. Entre os óleos testados, o ácaro rajado foi mais susceptível aos óleos de P. aduncum (CL50 = 0,01 μL/L de ar) e P. tuberculatum (CL50 = 0,50μL/L de ar). A menor concentração entre os óleos, que promoveu uma redução significativa do número de ovos foi 3x10-3 μL/L de ar para P. aduncum. Não houve diferença significativa entre os óleos testados e o eugenol nos bioensaios de contato. Os óleos de P. tuberculatum e P. caldense foram 25,5 e 5 vezes mais repelentes do que o eugenol, respectivamente. Esses dados sugerem que esses óleos apresentam potencial acaricida para o controle de T. urticae.
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Spatial Ecology and Remote Sensing in the Precision Management of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)in Peanut

Holden, Erin 19 December 2002 (has links)
The twospotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a common polyphagous pest in peanut agroecosystems. The mite has caused serious economic losses to peanut farmers in the Virginia-Carolina area, where approximately 20% of the peanuts are produced annually in the United States. Peanut farmers depend on pesticides to control mite populations. Because TSSM has developed resistance to many acaricides and there are restrictions on the use of pesticides, an alternative approach, such as precision pest management, is needed that would reduce the amount of pesticides that must be applied. This study was initiated to determine whether precision pest management is a feasible management strategy for use against TSSM populations in peanut. Two requirements of the precision management approach are that maps of the spatial distribution of TSSM populations can be developed and the pattern of distribution changes little over time to allow management strategies to be implemented. To this end, a study of four commercial peanut fields located in two counties of southeastern Virginia was conducted to characterize the spatial distribution of TSSM populations. Intensive sampling of TSSM populations was conducted within each of the fields. The results showed that there was a general increase in TSSM populations during the early phases of sampling. Fields with low densities of TSSM populations had a spatial distribution that was either uniform or random; in fields with relatively higher densities, TSSM populations usually were aggregated. Little or no change in the spatial distribution of TSSM occurred from week to week in all fields that were sampled. Where changes in the distribution were observed, these were apparently caused by the application of a pesticide by the grower. The study also looked at remote sensing technology as an alternative to intensive sampling within peanut fields. Research was conducted under laboratory conditions to determine whether damage caused by feeding TSSM could be detected spectrally before symptoms become visible. The study showed that after eight days leaves of peanut plants subjected to low soil moisture levels had significantly lower reflectance ratios (mean = 9.4766; a = 0.05) than plants given medium (mean = 10.0186) or high (mean = 10.5413) soil moisture levels. After 10 days, there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the mean reflectance ratios of peanut leaves exposed to four levels of spider mite densities (0, 5, 10, 20 mites/leaf) and the three levels of soil moisture. However, no significant interaction was observed between soil moisture and spider mite density (P = 0.8710). The mean reflectance ratio for 20 TSSM per leaf was found to be significantly lower than 0, 5, and 10 TSSM per leaf at all levels of moisture (low, medium, and high). The results suggested that remote sensing could be used to detect and map plant damage caused by feeding of spider mites before visual symptoms of damage are observed. The study also attempted to develop a platform for using remote sensing technology in the field. An Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) was evaluated that carried a remote sensing system. The UAV remote sensing system was flown over peanut fields where it captured images, which were analyzed to show the spatial distribution of plant stress. Further studies are needed to relate the distribution of plant stress or damage observed by the UAV with the distribution of TSSM densities within peanut fields. Once this has been accomplished, low-altitude remote sensing could be used as an alternative to sampling for building maps of the spatial distribution of TSSM populations for precision pest management. / Master of Science

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