A Hsp70 mitocondrial humana (mtHsp70 ou mortalina) está envolvida em diversos processos celulares: na matriz mitocondrial atua na importação de proteínas produzidas no citoplasma; no citoplasma, pode atuar sequestrando a p53, estando assim envolvida na proliferação de alguns tipos de câncer. A literatura ainda aponta que a mortalina participa na manutenção de várias doenças causadas pelo envelhecimento, como mal de Parkinson e de Alzheimer. Desse modo, o estudo estrutural e a investigação das principais funções da mortalina in vivo e in vitro, além de sua interação com outras chaperonas e co-chaperonas é de grande relevância científica, podendo proporcionar um maior entendimento de seu papel celular e da maquinaria bioquímica nas doenças onde ela está inserida. Apesar de ser conhecida há bastante tempo, as tentativas de expressão heteróloga da mortalina recombinante resultam na sua produção na forma insolúvel, inviabilizando estudos estruturais e funcionas in vitro. Assim, as informações estruturais e funcionais desta proteína permaneceram limitadas até então. Em 2005, foi descrita uma co-chaperona da mortalina que atua auxiliando o seu enovelamento correto e em sua manutenção na fração solúvel, esta proteína mitocondrial foi denominada de hHep1 (Hsp70-escort protein 1) e por meio de sua co-expressão com a mortalina foi possível obter esta última na sua forma monomérica, solúvel e estável. Isso possibilitou realizar ensaios de caracterização estrutural e funcional da mortalina, sendo o foco principal deste trabalho de doutorado. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a mortalina se apresenta como um monômero ligeiramente alongado em solução, sendo formada por 2 domínios com estabilidades distintas. Os ensaios funcionais revelaram uma constante de dissociação (KD) para interação com nucleotídeos adenosina da ordem de 1 µM. A mortalina apresenta atividade ATPásica com valores de Vmáx e KM da ordem de 0,21 pmol de ATP por min e 190 ± 20 µM, respectivamente. Este trabalho é pioneiro na caracterização estruturale funcional da mortalina humana e espera-se que estudos posteriores, elucidem mais detalhedamente os mecanismos de interação da mortalina com proteínas clientes nos diversos compartimentos celulares onde ela atua. / The human mitochondrial Hsp70 (mtHsp70 or mortalina) is involved in many cellular processes: in the mitochondrion matrix, mortalin acts in the process of protein importation from cytoplasm; in the cytoplasm may act by sequestering p53, protein involved in the proliferation of some kinds of cancer. The literature also shows that mortalin participates in the maintenance of various diseases caused by aging, such as Parkinson\'s and Alzheimer\'s. Thus, the structural study and research of the main functions of mortalin in vivo and in vitro, and its interaction with other chaperones and co-chaperones is of great scientific importance and may provide a greater understanding of their role and cellular biochemical machinery in diseases where it is inserted. Despite being known for a long time, the expression of heterologous mortalin resulted in an insoluble form of the protein, which precludes its in vitro structural and functional studies. Thus, structural and functional information of this protein, along with its interaction with chaperones, co-chaperones and client proteins, remained unknown. By 2005, it was described co-chaperone that acts on mortalin helping its correct folding and its maintenance in the soluble fraction, this mitochondrial protein was called hHep1 (Hsp70-escort protein 1) and through its co-expression with mortalin it was possible to obtain the recombinant mortalin in its monomeric, soluble and stable. With this protein, it was possible to perform tests of structural and functional characterization of recombinant mortalin, the main focus of this doctoral work. The results suggest that mortalin behaves as a slightly elongated monomer in solution, formed by two domains with different stabilities. Functional assays showed that the dissociation constant for interaction with adenosine nucleotide of the order of 1 µM. Mortalin has ATPase activity with Vmax and KM values of 0.21 pmol ATP per min and 190 ± 20 µM, respectively. It is expected that these results provide information for further studies, such as for elucidating the mechanisms that mortalin interacts with client proteins in various cellular compartments in which it operates.

A. fumigatus é um patógeno oportunista que causa infecções invasivas em hospedeiros imunocomprometidos. Estudos de respiração mitocondrial sugeriram a presença de componentes alternativos em sua cadeia respiratória envolvidos com processos de adaptação a ambientes adversos, como a proteína desacopladora (UCP). UCPs são proteínas mitocondriais cuja atividade dissipa o potencial de membrana gerado durante o transporte de elétrons. Um gene contendo características das três assinaturas moleculares das Proteínas Transferidoras de Energia foi clonado e sequenciado. O alinhamento das sequências genômica e de cDNA mostrou a presença de dois íntrons que, após o splicing, codifica uma proteína contendo 341 aminoácidos, com uma massa molecular de 37 kDa e um pI de 10,02. A fim de se avaliar as propriedades bioenergéticas da UCP-like, essa sequência foi clonada no vetor pYES2 e leveduras S. cerevisiae foram transformadas. Esferoplastos foram preparados e o potencial elétrico transmembrana mitocondrial foi estimado. Os resultados mostraram que o potencial de membrana de esferoplastos de leveduras expressando a proteína UCP-like foi ligeiramente menor e que o decréscimo momentâneo do potencial associado com a fosforilação do ADP foi mais lento quando comparado com o controle, indicando desacoplamento da respiração. Além disso, esse comportamento dos esferoplastos recombinantes foi similar ao controle quando GDP foi adicionado ao meio de reação, sugerindo uma inibição da proteína por esse composto. Para sua caracterização funcional em sistemas reconstituídos, a sequência foi clonada no vetor pET SUMO. A expressão foi realizada em E. coli e a proteína recombinante, purificada por cromatografia em resina de níquel, foi analisada por Western blot com anticorpos anti-(His)6-tag e anti-UCP2 e por espectrometria de massas. A formação dos lipossomos foi confirmada através de medidas de distribuição de partícula por espalhamento de luz dinâmico, as quais sugeriram a formação de vesículas estáveis. Em adição, foi investigada a participação da UCP-like na proteção do A. fumigatus contra danos oxidativos. O nível de mRNA foi determinado por PCR em tempo real na presença de paraquat e menadiona. Em A. fumigatus, a presença dessas drogas pró-oxidantes resultou em um aumento no nível de mRNA desse gene, sugerindo que essa proteína possa também fazer parte de um sistema de defesa antioxidante do fungo. / A. fumigatus is an opportunistic pathogen that causes invasive infections in immunocompromised hosts. Mitochondrial respiration studies suggested the presence of alternative components on its respiration chain, which are involved with the adaptation to hostile environments, such as the uncoupling protein (UCP). UCPs are mitochondrial proteins whose activity dissipates the membrane potential generated during electron transport. A gene containing features of three molecular signatures of Energy Carrier Protein was cloned and sequenced. The alignment between the cDNA and genomic DNA sequences revealed the existence of two introns which after splicing encodes a 341 amino acids protein with a molecular mass of 37 kDa and a pI of 10.02. In order to study bioenergetics properties of UCP-like, the cDNA sequence was cloned into pYES2 vector and transformed in S. cerevisiae. Spheroplasts were prepared and the mitochondrial electrical transmembrane potential was estimated. The results showed that, compared with control cells, mitochondrial electrical transmembrane potential of transformant spheroplasts was slightly smaller and the transient potential decrease associated with ADP phosphorylation was longer, indicating uncoupling of respiration. Moreover, this behavior of recombinant spheroplasts was similar to control cells when GDP was added to the reaction medium, suggesting the inhibition of uncoupling protein. For its functional characterization in reconstituted systems, the cDNA sequence was cloned into pET SUMO vector. The expression was carried out in E. coli and the recombinant protein, purified by chromatography on a nickel-chelating resin, was analyzed by Western blot using anti- (His)6-tag or UCP2 antibodies and by mass spectrometry. Liposome formation was confirmed by light scattering, suggesting the formation of stable vesicles. In addition, the participation of UCP-like in A. fumigatus protection against oxidative damage was investigated. mRNA level was determined by real time PCR in the presence of paraquat and menadione. In A. fumigatus, the presence of these pro-oxidants drugs resulted in increased mRNA level of this gene, suggesting that this protein might also be part of an antioxidant defense system of this fungus.

O processo de morte por apoptose pode ser dividido em duas vias: intrínseca e extrínseca. A sinalização via FAS (extrínseca) pode ocorrer independente (células Tipo I) ou dependente da mitocôndria (células Tipo II). É importante considerar que: 1) Resultados prévios mostraram que doses subletais de CHX foram capazes de sensibilizar células Tipo I e Tipo II à apoptose e de converter células Tipo II em Tipo I; 2) Um dos mecanismos envolvidos pode ser o recrutamento de FAS para as \"balsas lipídicas\"; 3) A PGE2 ativa PKA pelo aumento de cAMP via EP2 e EP4, que fosforila ezrina, envolvida nesse processo; 4) A PGE2 pode induzir apoptose em linhagens celulares e sensibilizá-las a esse processo. Assim, formulamos a hipótese de que a PGE2 poderia, assim como a CHX, sensibilizar certas células à apoptose e converter células Tipo II em Tipo I. Esse efeito não foi observado em células DO11.10 nas quais a apoptose foi induzida por CD95L solúvel e em células Tipo I e Tipo II, nas quais a apoptose foi induzida pelo anticorpo agonista anti-FAS. / The death process by apoptosis can be divided into two pathways: intrinsic and extrinsic. The signaling by FAS (extrinsic) may occur in a mitochondrial independent (Type I cells) or dependent (Type II cells) manner. It is important to consider that: 1) Previous results demonstrated that sub-lethal doses of CHX were able to sensitize type I and type II cells to apoptosis and to convert type II cells into type I; 2) One of the mechanisms involved can be FAS recruitment to \"lipid rafts\"; 3) PGE2 activates PKA by increasing cAMP via EP2 and EP4, which phosphorylates of Ezrin, involved in this process; 4) PGE2 can induces apoptosis in cell lines and can to sensitize them to this process. So, we hypothesized that PGE2 could, similarly to CHX, sensitize certain cells to apoptosis and convert type II cells into type I. This effect was not observed in DO11.10 cells in which apoptosis was induced by soluble CD95L and in type I and type II cells, in which apoptosis was induced by agonist anti-FAS antibody.

Os éteres de bifenilas polibromados (PBDEs) são largamente usados como retardadores de chama e têm sido detectados no sangue humano, tecido adiposo e leite materno devido às suas propriedades físico-químicas e bioacumuladoras e à sua elevada persistência no meio ambiente. Muitos estudos têm relatado toxicidade hepática relacionada à exposição aos PBDEs. Como efeitos citotóxicos são frequentemente associados à disfunção mitocondrial,no presente estudo, investigamos a toxicidade do BDE-47 em mitocôndrias isoladas de fígado de rato. Nos seguintes parâmetros: potencial de membrana mitocondrial, consumo de oxigênio, interação com a membrana mitocondrial, liberação de cálcio, inchamento mitocondrial e os níveis de ATP da suspensão mitocondrial com a finalidade de observar a capacidade do composto em interferir com a bioenergética da organela. Avaliou-se ainda a formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), dos níveis de GSH/GSSG, níveis mitocondriais de grupos sulfidrila de proteínas e níveis mitocondriais de NAD(P)H com o intuito de analisar o estado redox mitocondrial. Os congêneres BDE-47 e BDE-99 foram avaliados em concentrações que variaram entre 0,1 e 50 ?mol/L. Os dois congêneres de PBDEsapresentaram toxicidade mitocondrial afetando todos os parâmetros que avaliam a bioenergética mitocondrial culminandoum uma depleção do ATP. Por outro lado, nos ensaios de avaliação do estresse oxidativo os PBDEs estudados não demonstraram qualquer efeito, no entanto, afetaram a cadeia respiratória mitocondrial, o que normalmente reflete em um acúmulo de espécies reativas de oxigênio. Estes resultados são explicados pelo mecanismo de ação destes compostos como retardante de chama, pois durante a combustão os retardantes de chama bromados realizam a neutralização de radicais livres (OHo e Ho). Conclui-se assim que os PBDEs podem levar à disfunção bioenergética e assim induzir a morte celular pela diminuição do ATP. Observou-se ainda que BDE-47 apresentou maior toxicidade do que o BDE-99 sobre os parâmetros estudados. / Polybrominated biphenyls ethers (PBDE) , widely used as flame retardants, have been detected in human blood, adipose tissue and breast milk due to their physicochemical and high bioaccumulative properties and environmental persistence. Many studies have reported liver toxicity related to exposure to PBDEs. As cytotoxic effects are often associated with mitochondrial dysfunction,in the present study, we investigated the toxicity of the BDE-47 and BDE-99 on isolated rat liver mitochondria. Assessing mitochondrial membrane potential, oxygen consumption, interaction with the mitochondrial membrane, calcium release, mitochondrial swelling and ATP levels of the mitochondrial suspension in order to observe the ability of the compounds to interfere with the bioenergetic organelle, and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), GSH/GSSG levels, mitochondrial sulfhydryl groups and levels of mitochondrial NAD(P)H in order to analyze mitochondrial redox state. The congeners BDE-47 and BDE -99 were evaluated at concentrations ranging between 0.1 and 50 ?mol/L. Both PBDEs congeners showed mitochondrial toxicity affecting all parameters that assess mitochondrial bioenergetics and culminating with ATP depletion. On the other hand, no effect was observed in tests assessing oxidative stress, although they were able to inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which is usually reflected in an accumulation of reactive oxygen species. These results are explained by the mechanism of action of this compounds as flame retardants, because during the combustion brominated flame retardants perform the neutralization of free radicals (OHo and Ho). It follows that PBDEs can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and thus induce bioenergetic cell death. It was also observed that The BDE-47 showed higher toxicity than BDE-99 in the studied model

Introdução e objetivos: Tem sido demonstrado que um moderado desacoplamento mitocondrial em células hepáticas pode reverter a hipertrigliceridemia, a doença de fígado gorduroso e a resistência à insulina. A dissipação da energia conservada no espaço intermembranas mitocontrial, como ocorre no desacoplamento, aumenta o uso de substratos energéticos e também podem reduzir a geração mitocondrial de espécies reativas de O2 (EROs). Duas estratégias de desacoplamento mitocondrial foram estudadas neste trabalho: a primeira consistiu em reduzir a velocidade da via de síntese de triacilgliceróis por meio da triacsin C (inibidor da Acil CoA Sintetase - ACS), e dessa forma aumentar os ácidos graxos livres (AGL) como substratos das proteínas desacopladoras; a segunda foi verificar se clusianona (composto natural das raízes de Clusia congestiflora), análogo estrutural do desacoplador químico nemorosoma, é capaz de promover o desacoplamento químico. Resutados e discussão: A triacsin C, em concentrações até 1 ?M, não apresentou efeito tóxico em mitocôndrias isoladas de fígado e nem em hepatócitos primários. Nesses últimos, aumentou o consumo de oxigênio nos estados de respiração basal e de máxima velocidade respiratória. Além disso, foi verificado um aumento da expressão do fator de transcrição PGC1- alfa e de ?-hidroxiacil CoA desidrogenase (HAD), uma enzima da beta-oxidação de ácidos graxos. A clusianona aumentou o consumo de O2 no estado de repouso, diminuiu o potencial de membrana, reduziu a produção de EROs e preveniu o inchamento mitocondrial induzido por Ca2+ de forma dose dependente, porém menos potente que a nemorosona. Conclusões: Nossos resultados indicam que a triacsin C acelerou o metabolismo mitocondrial, a oxidação de ácidos graxos e a biogênese mitocondrial; a clusianona foi caracterizada como um desacoplador eficaz da fosforilação oxidativa mitocondrial, provavelmente envolvendo um mecanismo protonofórico devido as suas propriedades químicas. Dessa forma, ambas as estratégias estudadas se mostram com potencial terapêutico no tratamento de doenças como esteatose hepática, hipertrigliceridemia e obesidade. / Introduction and Objectives: It has been shown that a mild mitochondrial uncoupling in livers can reverse hypertriglyceridemia, fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. The dissipation of energy stored in mitochondrial intermembrane space as heat, as in uncoupling, increases the use of energy substrates and may also reduce the mitochondrial generation of reactive O2 species (ROS). Two strategies to induce mitochondrial uncoupling were studied in this work: the first consisted of slowing down the route of triacylglycerols synthesis by triacsin C (acyl CoA synthetase inhibitor), and thus increasing the free fatty acids (FFA) as substrates for uncoupling proteins; the second was to determine whether clusianone (natural compound from the roots of Clusia congestiflora), a structural analogue of chemical uncoupler nemorosoma, is capable of promoting the chemical uncoupling. Results and discussion: The triacsin C, in concentrations up to 1 ?M, showed no toxic effect on liver mitochondria and primary hepatocytes. In hepatocytes triacsin C increased oxygen consumption in the states of basal respiration and maximum respiratory rate. In addition, there was an increase in the expression of the transcription factor PGC1 - ? and ? - hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (ADH), an enzyme of ?- oxidation of fatty acids. The clusianone increased O2 consumption in resting state, decreased membrane potential, reduced the production of ROS and prevented the mitochondrial swelling induced by Ca2+ in a dose dependent manner, but less potent than nemorosone. Conclusions: Our results indicate that triacsin C accelerated mitochondrial metabolism, fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis; the clusianone was characterized as an effective uncoupler of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, probably involving a protonoforic mechanism due to its chemical properties. Therefore, both strategies have therapeutic potential in the treatment of diseases such as liver steatosis, hypertriglyceridemia and obesity.

The DNA Mismatch repair (MMR) pathway is responsible for the repair of base-base mismatches and insertion/deletion loops that arise during DNA replication. MMR deficiency is currently estimated to be present in 15-17% of colorectal cancer cases and 30% of endometrial cancers. MLH1 is one of the key proteins involved in the MMR pathway. MMR deficient tumours are often resistant to standard chemotherapies, therefore there is a critical need to identify new therapeutic strategies to treat MMR deficient disease. This study demonstrates that MLH1 deficient tumours are synthetically lethal with the mitochondrial-targeted agent Parthenolide which is known to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as one of its main mechanisms of action. Upon functional analysis, I show for the first time that loss of MLH1 is associated with deregulated mitochondrial function evidenced by a reduction in complex I expression and activity, reduced basal oxygen consumption rate and reduced spare respiratory capacity. This mitochondrial phenotype in the MLH1-deficient cell lines is accompanied by a reduction in mitochondrial biogenesis as evidenced by down regulation of pgc1β and decreased mitochondrial copy number. Furthermore, MLH1-deficient cancer cells have a decreased antioxidant defence capacity with reduced expression of the antioxidant genes NRF1, NRF2, Catalase, Glutathione peroxidase and SOD1 as well as increased ROS production when treated with Parthenolide. I further demonstrate that both MSH2- and MSH6-deficient cell lines also display deficiencies in complex I compared to their MMR-proficient counterparts. Taken together, the results of this study show a novel role for MLH1 in mitochondrial function and biogenesis. The MMR proteins MSH2 and MSH6 are also likely to have a role in the mitochondria. My results suggest that targeting the mitochondria may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of MMR and specifically MLH1 deficient disease.

L'infarctus du myocarde est une des première cause de mortalité mondiale et l'amélioration de la prise en charge et des techniques de reperfusion ont permis une amélioration de la survie des patients. Les méthodes de cardioprotection se sont développées afin de limiter la taille d'infarctus après l'épisode d'ischémie reperfusion dans le but de limiter les effets délétères de l'infarctus du myocarde, tels que le remodelage ventriculaire et l'insuffisance cardiaque.Dans notre étude, nous nous sommes particulièrement focalisés sur le rôle majeur de la mitochondrie dans les phénomènes de mort cellulaire associés à l'ischémie reperfusion. Au sein de la mitochondrie, notre cible principale était la sirtuine 3 (SIRT3), dont les modifications post-traductionnelles associées ont été montrées comme ayant un rôle potentiel dans la modulation de la mort cellulaire liée à l'ischémie reperfusion. Ainsi, dans la première partie de notre travail, nous avons pu mettre en évidence (1) la nécessité de la SIRT3 dans les mécanismes de cardioprotection chez les souris jeunes et (2) l'importance de la déacétylation par la SIRT3 de la cyclophiline D (CypD) dans la réussite de la cardioprotection.Récemment, de nombreuses études précliniques ont mis en avant de nouvelles techniques de cardioprotection efficace chez différents modèles animaux, qui n'ont pourtant pas fait leur preuve lors de la transposition en étude clinique. Dans une seconde partie de notre travail, nous nous sommes attachés à comprendre une des raisons de ces différents échec cliniques, en nous appuyant sur le simple constat que les études précliniques sont réalisées sur des animaux jeunes, alors que l'infarctus du myocarde est une pathologie des personnes sénescentes. Nous avons ainsi étudié l'impact du vieillissement sur différentes méthodes de cardioprotection utilisées au laboratoire, et avons mis en évidence (3) des modifications mitochondriales impactant la déacétylation de la CypD en réponse aux techniques de cardioprotection chez les souris âgées. Cette étude nous a permis de soulever un problème majeur des études précliniques, à savoir l'âge des modèles animaux utilisés par rapport à la pathologie étudiée.Ce travail a donc permis de déterminer le rôle crucial de la déacétylation de la CypD et de la SIRT3 dans la cardioprotection, mais aussi de soulever la question de l'âge des modèles animaux avant de possibles transferts des avancées thérapeutiques en clinique humaine / Myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of global mortality and improved management and reperfusion techniques have improved patient survival. Cardioprotection methods have been developed to limit the infarct size after ischemia reperfusion episode in order to limit the deleterious effects of myocardial infarction, such as ventricular remodeling and heart failure.In our study, we focused particularly on the major role of mitochondria in cell death phenomena associated with ischemia reperfusion. Within the mitochondria, our main target was sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), whose associated post-translational modifications have been shown to have a potential role in modulating ischemia-related reperfusion cell death. Thus, in the first part of our work, we were able to highlight (1) the need for SIRT3 in cardioprotection mechanisms in young mice and (2) the importance of SIRT3 deacetylation of cyclophilin D (CypD) in the success of cardioprotection.Recently, numerous preclinical studies have highlighted new techniques of effective cardioprotection in different animal models, which have not yet proved their worth after transposition in clinical study. In a second part of our work, we have endeavored to understand one of the reasons for these different clinical failures, based on the simple observation that preclinical studies are carried out on young animals, while myocardial infarction is a pathology of senescent people. We studied the impact of aging on various cardioprotection methods used in the laboratory, and demonstrated (3) mitochondrial changes impacting the deacetylation of CypD in response to cardioprotection techniques in aged mice. This study allowed us to raise a major problem of preclinical studies, namely the age of animal models used in relation to the pathology studied.This work has thus made it possible to determine the crucial role of deacetylation of CypD and SIRT3 in cardioprotection, but also to raise the question of the age of animal models before possible transfer of therapeutic advances in human clinical practice

Obesity is a disorder of energy imbalance in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure (EEX). Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is unique in that it can increase whole body EEX when it is adrenergically activated. The thermogenic capacity of BAT is mediated by mitochondrial uncoupling through the activation of Uncoupling Protein 1 which uncouple respiration from ATP production. Mitochondria is a dynamic organelle that undergo continuous cycles of fusion and fission. Alteration in mitochondrial dynamics correlates with changes in energy efficiency in different cell types; however, its role in regulating EEX in BAT has not been investigated. Here we describe that mitochondrial dynamics is a physiological regulator of adrenergically-induced changes in EEX in BAT. Norepinephrine (NE) induces mitochondrial fragmentation in brown adipocytes (BA) though posttranslational modifications - phosphorylation and proteolytic cleavage -of mitochondrial dynamic proteins. NE-induced EEX is reduced in fission-deficient brown adipocytes while forced mitochondrial fragmentation increases the respiration in response to exogenous free fatty acids (FFAs) indicating increase in EEX. We further investigated whether forced mitochondrial fragmentation in BAT could be utilized as an approach to increase whole body EEX is response to FFA in vivo. We found that a mouse model with forced mitochondrial fragmentation in BAT (BAT-Mitofusin2-KO) gained less body weight and less fat mass and remained more glucose tolerant and insulin sensitive under high fat diet (HFD) compared to the wild type. Additionally, FFA oxidation was enhanced in BAT-Mitofusin2-KO mice indicated by lower respiratory exchange ratio. We also found that subcellular heterogeneity in dynamics leads to the generation of subpopulations of mitochondria with diverse bioenergetics characteristics within the same cell. We described that a subpopulation of mitochondria surrounding the lipid droplet in BA had higher ATP synthesis capacity, supported by higher ATP synthase protein expression and elongated morphology. We suggest that this subpopulation of mitochondria is responsible for addressing the ATP demand of the BA when it is not activated. In conclusion, changes to mitochondrial dynamics are required for BAT thermogenic activity and for the control of EEX efficiency from sub-cellular to the whole body level. Additionally, mitochondrial dynamics in BAT can regulate fatty acid oxidation. / 2018-06-15T00:00:00Z

Les mitochondries sont des organites semi autonomes, capables d’autoréplication, qui varient en nombre, en taille et en forme dans le cytoplasme de presque toutes les cellules eucaryotes. Elles sont notamment connues pour être les fournisseurs d’énergie de la cellule. Afin de mener à bien ce rôle, les mitochondries sont capables de fusionner et de se diviser, ce qui permet un contrôle de la forme du réseau mitochondrial. Le contrôle de ces évènements et la forme du réseau qui en résulte sont connus sous le nom de dynamique mitochondriale. Cette dynamique répond à de nombreux stimuli cellulaires et est très régulée. Récemment, il a été montré que le système ubiquitine-protéasome régule la fusion des mitochondries et qu’une des sous unités du protéasome contrôlait la fission des mitochondries. Le système ubiquitine-protéasome est un mécanisme qui repose sur plusieurs acteurs : les enzymes qui vont reconnaître les protéines cibles de ce système, une protéine appelée ubiquitine qui sert pour le marquage des protéines cibles et un complexe multi-protéique appelé protéasome effecteur de la dégradation des protéines cibles. Connu uniquement à l’origine pour son rôle dans la dégradation des protéines cibles, il est apparu dans les dernières années que le rôle de ce système ou de ses composants en dehors de ce système était bien plus vaste. Les études effectuées au laboratoire avaient déjà montré que Rpn11, une sous-unité du protéasome, régulait la fission des mitochondries indépendamment de l’activité protéolytique du protéasome. Le travail présenté ici porte sur le mécanisme d’action du domaine C-terminal de Rpn11 sur divers processus cellulaires tels que l’assemblage du protéasome, la régulation de la fission des mitochondries et des peroxysomes, la longévité cellulaire ou la formation de « Proteasome Storage Granule ». Ce manuscrit présente aussi le travail effectué pour trouver les partenaires qui permettent la régulation de la fission des mitochondries avec le domaine C-terminal de Rpn11 ainsi que l’étude de la localisation in vivo de Rpn11. / Mitochondria are semi-autonomous organelles, which size, shape and number vary in a wide range in almost every eukaryotic cell. They are famous to be the energy producer of the cells. For this purpose, mitochondria are able to fuse and divide. These events of fusion and fission are also known as the mitochondrial dynamic. This phenomenon is highly controlled and answers to many stimuli. Lately, it has been shown that the ubiquitin proteasome system controls the fusion of mitochondria and that a proteasome subunit controls the mitochondrial fission. The ubiquitin proteasome system is a mechanism that relies on many actors: enzymes recognizing the targets of this system, a protein called ubiquitin and a complex called proteasome in charge of the degradation of the targets. Primarily known for the protein degradation, many investigations suggest that this system has other roles. Our previous studies had already shown that the proteasome subunit named Rpn11 controls the fission of mitochondria independently of the proteolytic activities of the proteasome system. The work shown in this manuscript is focused on the mechanism of action of the C-terminus domain of Rpn11 on various cellular processes, including proteasome assembly, control of mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission, yeast lifespan and also the “Proteasome Storage Granule” formation. The in vivo localisation of Rpn11 and the elucidation of its partners on the mitochondrial fission regulation were also investigated.

This work discusses both mechanisms underlying mitochondrial quality control and cytokinesis in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As these topics are quite different, their presentation has been divided into two parts, "Part I: Mitochondrial Remodeling Through the Proteasome is Critical for Mitochondrial Quality Control in Budding Yeast" and "Part II: Aim44p Regulates Phosphorylation of Hof1p to Promote Contractile Ring Closure During Cytokinesis in Budding Yeast." In Part I, we show that the proteasome is critical for cellular fitness in response to chronic, low levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in budding yeast. Deleting DOA1, which is required for ubiquitin-mediated degradation, UFD5, which promotes proteasome gene expression, or NAS2, which promotes proteasome regulatory particle assembly, increases the sensitivity of yeast to chronic, low levels of mitochondrial ROS. In contrast, deleting ATG32, a gene required for mitophagy, other autophagy genes, non-essential chaperones including prohibitins, or mitochondrial proteins including the Lon protease (Pim1p) or YME1, does not affect cellular fitness under these conditions. Doa1p binds with Cdc48p and Vms1p, which associates with mitochondria and promotes extraction of ubiquitinated proteins from the organelle for proteasomal degradation in a pathway called mitochondria-associated degradation (MAD). Elevated mitochondrial ROS increases protein ubiquitination, ubiquitination of the mitochondrial protein aconitase and expression of key MAD proteins. Interestingly, down-regulating ER-associated degradation (ERAD), which shares some common proteins with MAD, can promote cell growth under conditions of elevated mitochondrial ROS. Finally, deletion of DOA1 results in increased sensitivity of yeast and yeast mitochondria to oxidative stress. Mitochondria in doa1 null cells are more oxidized than mitochondria in wild-type or atg32 null cells under conditions of elevated mitochondrial ROS. Moreover, deletion of DOA1 results in a decrease in chronological lifespan. These findings support a critical role for the proteasome and MAD in mitochondrial quality control, which in turn affects cellular fitness, in response to chronic, low levels of mitochondrial ROS. In Part II, we show that the protein product of YPL158C, Aim44p, undergoes septin-dependent recruitment to the site of cell division. Aim44p co-localizes with Myo1p, the type II myosin of the contractile ring, throughout most of the cell cycle. The Aim44p ring does not contract when the actomyosin ring closes. Instead, it forms a double ring that associates with septin rings on mother and daughter cells after cell separation. Deletion of AIM44 results in defects in contractile ring closure. Aim44p co-immunoprecipitates with Hof1p, a conserved F-BAR protein that binds both septins and type II myosins and promotes contractile ring closure. Deletion of AIM44 results in a delay in Hof1p phosphorylation, and altered Hof1p localization. Finally, overexpression of Dbf2p, a kinase that phosphorylates Hof1p and is required for re-localization of Hof1p from septin rings to the contractile ring and for Hof1p-triggered contractile ring closure, rescues the cytokinesis defect observed in aim44 null cells. Our studies reveal a novel role for Aim44p in regulating contractile ring closure through effects on Hof1p.