La mycotoxine déoxynivalénol (DON) et son métabolite déépoxy-déoxynivalenol (DOM-1) ont des effets significatifs sur la modification de la fonction des cellules thècales de l’ovaire bovin. L'objectif de cette étude était d'identifier les différentes voies de signalisation impliquées dans le mécanisme d'action de DON et DOM-1 par la spectrométrie de masse. Méthodes: Les cellules thécales de l'ovaire bovin ont été récoltées à partir des vaches adultes, indépendamment du stade du cycle œstral, et ont été cultivées à une densité de 500000 cellules viables dans 1 ml de milieu de McCoy pendant 5 jours. Les cellules ont ensuite été traitées au jour 5 de la culture avec 1 ng/ml de DON ou DOM-1 pendant 30 minutes et des échantillons cellulaires de protéins totales ont été préparés pour spectrométrie de masse. Résultats: la spectrométrie de masse a montré que DON et DOM-1 induisent une surexpression simultanée de ERK1/2, MAPK14 (p38alpha) et MAPK13 (p38delta). La spectrométrie de masse a également indiqué que 94 peptides ont été surexprimés tels que GNGT1, EDN1 et YWHAB. Ils régulent la plupart des voies de prolifération des cellules et sont impliqués dans la biosynthèse des lipides et des glucides. Néanmoins, 255 peptides ont été régulés à la baisse, tels que CALR3, PTGES3, RAD21, ACVR2B et TGFBR1 dont leurs activités sont principalement l'activation ou la désactivation des processus apoptotiques, et le métabolisme du glucose et de la choline. Nos résultats montrent que DON et DOM-1, à une dose de 1 ng/ml, ont le potentiel de stimuler la surexpression de MAPK distinctes et réguler négativement les voies de signalisation spécifiques qui stimulent la prolifération les cellules de la thèque de l’ovaire de bovin. / The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) and its metabolite deepoxy-DOM-1 have significant effects on bovine ovarian theca cell function. The objective of this study was to identify different signaling pathways involved in the mechanism of action of DON and DOM-1 by mass spectrometry. Methods: bovine ovarian theca cells were harvested from adult cows independently of the stage of the estrous cycle, and were cultured at a density of 500000 viable cells in 1 ml McCoy’s medium for 5 days. The cells were then treated on day 5 of culture with 1 ng/mL DON or DOM-1 for 30 minutes and total cell protein was collected for mass spectrometry. Results from mass spectrometry showed that both DON and DOM-1 induce simultaneous upregulation of ERK1/2 , MAPK14 (p38alpha) and MAPK13 (p38delta). Mass spectrometry also indicated that 94 peptides such as GNGT1, EDN1 and YWHAB were upregulated. They mostly regulate cell proliferation pathways and are involved in biosynthesis of lipid and carbohydrates. Nevertheless, 255 peptides such as CALR3, PTGES3, RAD21, ACVR2B and TGFBR1 were downregulated whose activities are mainly activation or deactivation of apoptotic processes, and glucose and choline metabolism. Our findings show that both DON and DOM-1 at least at a low dose (1 ng/ml) have the potential to stimulate upregulation of distinct MAPKs and downregulate specific signaling pathways that stimulate bovine ovarian theca cell proliferation.

La reproduction est un événement crucial pour la vie des plantes. Ce processus nécessite la formation du pollen et des ovules. Les cellules germinales vont subir la méiose puis une succession de mitoses, deux pour le pollen et trois pour l’ovule, ce qui va leur permettre d’acquérir leurs structures finales. Une fois formés, ces deux gamètes doivent se rencontrer. Pour cela, le grain de pollen va germer sur le stigmate puis former le tube pollinique. Le tube pollinique en croissance va traverser les différents tissus femelles et ainsi tracter les deux cellules spermatiques jusqu’à l’ovule, permettant la reproduction. Un important réseau de signalisation cellulaire est nécessaire pour permettre ces événements. Les cascades des Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) sont l’un des réseaux de signalisation les plus étudiés chez les plantes. Ces kinases sont impliquées dans de très nombreux processus développementaux tels que la formation de l’embryon ou des stomates. Pour autant, leurs rôles restent encore peu caractérisés pendant de la fécondation. Ce projet a pour objectif de mieux comprendre le rôle que jouent les MAPK lors de la formation des gamètes mâles et femelles ainsi que lors de la croissance des tubes polliniques. Plusieurs membres de la superfamille des MAPKs ont été caractérisés pour leurs rôles dans la reproduction sexuée des végétaux. De précédents travaux dans le laboratoire de Daniel P. Matton, ont démontré l’implication de deux MAPK Kinases Kinases (MAP3K), la Solanum chacoense Fertilization-Related Kinase 1 (ScFRK1) et ScFRK2. Ces deux kinases sont nécessaires pour le développement de l’ovule et du pollen chez S. chacoense, une espèce de pomme de terre sauvage diploïde. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié la fonction d’une nouvelle ScFRK, la ScFRK3. Ce troisième membre de la classe des FRKs chez S. chacoense, est, elle aussi, impliquée dans le développement des gamétophytes mâles et femelles. Du patron d’expression jusqu’à l’établissement d’une voie de signalisation potentielle, en passant par la caractérisation phénotypique des mutants, plusieurs expériences ont été réalisées dans le but de comprendre le rôle de ScFRK3 lors de la formation des gamètes chez Solanum chacoense. Nous montrons que la ScFRK3 est impliquée dans la formation du pollen ainsi que celui des ovules. Nous avons ensuite poursuivi nos recherches en affinant le phénotypage du mutant de surexpression ScFRK2. En effet, les précédentes études ont permis de montré que la surexpression de ScFRK2 conduit le primordium ovulaire à la formation de structures carpéloïdes. Pour autant, les ensembles des primordius ovulaires ne sont pas devenu des strutures capéloïde. Nous montrons ici que seulement 10 % des ovules dans l'ovaire sont devenu 4 des carpéloïde. Notre étude montre qu’en plus des structures carpéloïdes, un grand nombre d'ovule n'ont pas de sac embryonnaire à l'anthèse ce qui explique le faible nombre de graines par fruit. L’analyse du développement des sacs embryonnaires monte que la surexpression de ScFRK2 entraine l’arrêt au stade mégaspore fonctionnelle. Ce phénotype est similaire à ce qui a pu être observé dans les lignées ARN interférant pour la ScFRK1 et la ScFRK3. De précédentes études faites chez Arabidopsis thaliana semblent montrer que les membres de la superfamille des MAPK ne sont pas essentiels pour la croissance du tube pollinique. Pour comprendre le rôle que jouent les MAPK dans l’élongation du tube pollinique, nous avons utilisé un inhibiteur des MAP Kinase Kinase (MKK), appelé U0126. La présence de cette drogue dans le milieu de croissance des grains de pollen provoque une diminution de la germination et de l’élongation du tube pollinique. L’utilisation de la méthode semi-in vivo montre une perte de la polarisation de la croissance des tubes polliniques causée par l’inhibition des MKK. La présence de l’inhibiteur conduit à la diminution de la quantité de filaments d’actine ainsi qu’à leur désorganisation à l’apex du tube. L’exocytose est aussi affectée par l’inhibition des MKK. Les cascades MAPK sont nécessaires à la croissance polarisée du tube pollinique chez Arabidopsis thaliana. Pour finir, nous avons voulu identifier certains membres de la superfamille des MAPK impliqués dans la croissance du tube pollinique. Nous nous sommes intéressés en premier lieu aux orthologues de la famille ScFRK chez Arabidopsis thaliana. Les AtMAP3K19-20-21 sont les orthologues les plus proches de ScFRK3. Ces AtMAP3K sont exprimées lors du développement des grains de pollen et lors de l’élongation de tube pollinique. L’analyse du pollen des différentes lignées mutantes montre qu’en leur absence, le pollen ne présente aucun problème de développement contrairement à ScFRK3. Par contre, les doubles mutants et le triple mutant pour les AtMAP3K19-20-21 montrent une diminution de la capacité de germination. L’élongation du tube pollinique est affectée lors de la mutation d’au moins une des AtMAP3K. Ces deux études démontrent que les MAPK sont essentielles dans la formation et l’élongation du tube pollinique. / Reproduction is a crucial event for plant life. This process requires the formation of pollen and ovules. The germ cells will undergo meiosis and then a succession of mitosis, two for the pollen and three for the ovule, which will allow them to acquire their final structures. Once formed, these two gametes must meet each other. For this, the pollen grain will germinate on the stigmas to form the pollen tube. The growth of the pollen tube will pass through the different female tissues and thus pull the two sperm cells to the ovum for reproduction. An important cellular signaling network is necessary to allow these events to occur. The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPKs) cascades are one of the most studied signaling networks in plants. These kinases are involved in a wide range of developmental processes such as embryo formation and stomata. However, their roles remain poorly characterized during fertilization. The aim of this project is to better understand the role played by MAPKs during the formation of male and female gametes as well as during the growth of pollen tubes. Several members of the MAPK superfamily have been characterized for their role in the sexual reproduction of plants. Previous work in Daniel P. Matton's laboratory has demonstrated the involvement of two MAPK Kinases (MAP3K), Solanum chacoense Fertilization-Related Kinase 1 (ScFRK1) and ScFRK2. These two kinases are necessary for egg and pollen development in S. chacoense, a diploid wild potato species. In a first step, we studied the functionality of a new ScFRK, ScFRK3. This third member of the class of FRKs in S. chacoense, is also involved in the development of male and female gametophytes. From the expression pattern to the establishment of a potential signaling pathway, through the phenotypic characterization of mutants, several experiments have been performed in order to understand the role of ScFRK3 in the formation of gametes in S. chacoense. We show that ScFRK3 is involved in the formation of pollen as well as that of the embryonic sac. We then continued our research by refining the phenotyping of the overexpression mutant ScFRK2. Indeed, previous studies have shown that ScFRK2 overexpression leads the ovular primordium to the formation of carpeloid structures. However, the sets of ovular primordia have not become capeloid structures. We show here that only 10% of the eggs in the ovary have become carpeloid. Our study shows that in addition to the carpeloid structures, a large number of ova do not have an embryonic sac in the anthesis, which explains the low number of seeds per fruit. The analysis of the development of the embryonic sacs shows that 7 overexpression of ScFRK2 leads to the cessation of the functional megaspore stage. This phenotype is similar to what has been observed in interfering RNA lines reducing expression of ScFRK1 and ScFRK3. Previous studies in Arabidopsis thaliana suggest that members of the MAPK superfamily are not essential for pollen tube growth. To understand the role that MAPKs play in pollen tube elongation, we used a MAP Kinase Kinase (MKK) inhibitor called U0126. The presence of this drug in the growth medium of pollen grains causes a decrease in germination and elongation of the pollen tube. The use of the semi in vivo method shows a loss of polarization of the pollen tube growth caused by the inhibition of MKK. The presence of the inhibitor leads to a decrease in the number of actin filaments and their disorganization at the apex of the tube. Exocytosis is also affected by MKK inhibition. We show in this chapter that MAPK cascades are necessary for polarized pollen tube growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Finally, we wanted to identify some members of the MAPK superfamily involved in pollen tube growth. We were first interested in the ScFRK family orthologs in Arabidopsis thaliana. AtMAP3K19-20-21 are the closest orthologs to ScFRK3. These AtMAP3K are expressed during the development of pollen grains and during the elongation of the pollen tube. Pollen analysis of the different mutant lines shows that in their absence the pollen does not present any development problems unlike ScFRK3. On the other hand, double mutants and triple mutant for AtMAP3K19-20-21 show a decrease in germination capacity. Pollen tube elongation is affected when at least one of the AtMAP3Ks is mutated. These two studies demonstrate that MAPKs are essential for the formation and elongation of the pollen tube and that AtMAP3K19-20-21 participate in these biological processes.

No description available.

The cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) stimulates the NF-кB, SAPK/JNK, and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways by recruiting Rip1 and Traf2 proteins to the tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1). Genetic studies have revealed that Rip1 links the TNFR1 to the IкB kinase (IKK) complex, whereas Traf2 couples the TNFR1 to the SAPK/JNK cascade. We found TNFα-induced p38 MAP kinase activation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production is impaired in rip1-/- murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) but unaffected in traj2-/- MEF, demonstrating that Rip1 is also a specific mediator of the p38 MAP kinase response to TNFα. Moreover, we demonstrate that endogenous Rip1 associates with the MAP3K, Mekk3 in response to TNFα and that TNFα-induced p38 MAP kinase activation is impaired in mekk3-/- cells, indicating that Rip1 may mediate the p38 MAP kinase response to TNFα by recruiting Mekk3. We also demonstrate that Rip1 is phosphorylated and ubiquitinated in response to Tnfα and that Rip1 phosphorylation is not required for ubiquitination of Rip1. Furthermore, TNFα-induced ubiquitination of Rip1 is impaired in Traf2-/- cells, suggesting that Traf2 is the E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for the TNFα-dependent ubiquitination of Rip1. Finally, recruitment of the ubiquitinated Tak1 complex is dependent on the presence of Rip1, suggesting that Rip1 ubiquitination rather than its phosphorylation is critical in TNFR1 signaling.

Arterial occlusive diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries and represent a huge economic burden. The extent of the native collateral circulation is an important determinant of blood perfusion restoration and therefore the severity of tissue damage and functional impairment that ensues following arterial occlusion. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for collateral artery development may provide avenues for therapeutic intervention. Here, we identify a critical requirement for mixed lineage kinase (MLK) – cJun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling in vascular morphogenesis and native collateral artery development. We demonstrate that Mlk2-/-Mlk3-/- mice or mice with compound JNK-deficiency in the vascular endothelium display abnormal collateral arteries, which are unable to restore blood perfusion following arterial occlusion, leading to severe tissue necrosis in animal models of femoral and coronary artery occlusion. Employing constitutive and inducible conditional deletion strategies, we demonstrate that endothelial JNK acts during the embryonic development of collateral arteries to ensure proper patterning and maturation, but is dispensable for angiogenic and arteriogenic responses in adult mice. During developmental vascular morphogenesis, MLK – JNK signaling is required for suppression of excessive sprouting angiogenesis likely via JNK-dependent regulation of Dll4 expression and Notch signaling. This function of JNK may underlie its critical requirement for native collateral artery formation. Thus, this study introduces MLK – JNK signaling as a major regulator of vascular development. In contrast, we find that JNK in hematopoietic cells, which are thought to share a common mesodermally-derived precursor with endothelial cells, is cellautonomously dispensable for normal hematopoietic development and hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal, illustrating the highly context dependent function of JNK.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disease. ALS is typically adult onset and is characterized by rapidly progressive loss of both upper and lower motor neurons that leads to death usually within 3-5 years. About 90% of all the cases are sporadic with no family history while the remaining 10% are familial cases with mutations in several genes including SOD1, FUS/TLS, TDP43 and C9ORF72. FUS/TLS (Fused in Sarcoma/Translocated in Liposarcoma or FUS) is an RNA/DNA binding protein that is involved in multiple cellular functions including DNA damage repair, transcription, mRNA splicing, RNA transport and stress response. More than 40 mutations have now been identified in FUS that account for about 5% of all the familial cases of ALS. However, the exact mechanism by which FUS causes ALS is unknown. While significant progress has been made in understanding the disease mechanism and identifying therapeutic strategies, several questions still remain largely unknown. The work presented here aims at understanding the normal functions of FUS as well as the pathogenic mechanisms by which it leads to disease. Several studies showed the association of mutant-FUS with structures made up of RNA and proteins, called stress granules that form under various stress conditions. However, little is known about the role of endogenous FUS under stress conditions. I have shown that under hyperosmolar conditions, the predominantly nuclear FUS translocates into the cytoplasm and incorporates into stress granules. The response is specific to hyperosmolar stress because FUS remains nuclear under other stress conditions tested, such as oxidative stress, ER stress and heat shock. The response of FUS is rapid, and cells with reduced FUS levels are susceptible to the hyperosmolar stress, indicating a pro-survival role for FUS. In addition to investigating the functions of endogenous wild-type (WT) FUS, the work presented also focuses on identifying the pathogenic mechanism(s) of FUS variants. Using various biochemical techniques, I have shown that ALS-causing FUS variants are misfolded compared to the WT protein. Furthermore, in a squid axoplasm based vesicle motility assay, the FUS variants inhibit fast axonal transport (FAT) in a p38 MAPK dependent manner, indicating a role for the kinase in mutant-FUS mediated disease pathogenesis. Analysis of human ALS patient samples indicates higher levels of total and phospho p38, supporting the notion that aberrant regulation of p38 MAPK is involved in ALS. The results presented in this dissertation 1) support a novel prosurvival role for FUS under hyperosmolar stress conditions and, 2) demonstrate that protein misfolding and aberrant kinase activation contribute to ALS pathogenesis by FUS variants.

No / Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are the mostly used engineered metal oxide nanoparticles in consumer products. This has increased the likelihood of human exposure to this engineered nanoparticle (ENPs) through different routes. At present, the majority of the studies concerning ZnO ENPs toxicity have been conducted using in vitro and in vivo systems. In this study, for the first time we assessed the effect of ZnO ENPs on the major cellular pathways in the lymphocytes of healthy individuals as well as in susceptible patients suffering from lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Using the differential expression analysis, we observed a significant (P < 0.05) dose-dependent (10, 20 and 40 microg/ml for 6h) increase in the expression of tumour suppressor protein p53 (40, 60 and 110%); Ras p21 (30, 52 and 80%); c-Jun N-terminal kinases; JNKs) (28, 47 and 78%) in lung cancer patient samples treated with ZnO ENPs compared to healthy controls. A similar trend was also seen in COPD patient samples where a significant (P < 0.05) dose-dependent increase in the expression of tumour suppressor protein p53 (26, 45 and 84%), Ras p21 (21, 40 and 77%), JNKs (17, 32 and 69%) was observed after 6h of ZnO ENPs treatment at the aforesaid concentrations. However, the increase in the expression profile of tested protein was not significant in the asthma patients as compared to controls. Our results reiterate the concern about the safety of ZnO ENPs in consumer products and suggest the need for a complete risk assessment of any new ENPs before its use.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important biological molecule within the body, which over production of this molecule in response to different stimulations can cause various inflammatory diseases. Over production of this molecule is caused by the induction of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme. This enzyme uses L-arginine as a substrate and therefore the presence and transport of this amino acid into the cells can be a key factor in regulating NO over production. Different signalling mechanisms have been implicated in the regulation of this pathway and one of which involves the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK). This family of proteins respond to inflammatory conditions and may mediate effects induced by inflammatory mediators. Of the MAPKs, the role of the c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway in the induction of iNOS is still controversial. JNK and its downstream target, the transcription factor Activator Protein-1 (AP-1), have shown contradictory effects on iNOS induction leading to controversies over their role in regulating iNOS expression in different cell systems or with various stimuli. The studies described in this thesis have determined the role of JNK/AP-1 on iNOS expression, NO production, L-arginine uptake and also on the transporters responsible for L-arginine transport into the cells. The studies were carried out in two different cell types: rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) and J774 macrophages which are both critically associated with the over production of NO in vascular inflammatory disease states. The first approach was to block the expression of the inducible L-arginine-NO pathway using SP600125 and JNK Inhibitor VIII which are both pharmacological inhibitors of JNK. The results from these studies showed that the pharmacological intervention was without effect in RASMCs, but inhibited iNOS, NO and L-arginine transport in J774 macrophages. In contrast, the molecular approach employed using two dominant negative constructs of AP-1 (TAM-67 and a-Fos) revealed a different profile of effects in RASMCs, where a-Fos caused an induction in iNOS and NO while TAM-67 had an inhibitory effect on iNOS, NO, L-arginine transport and CAT-2B mRNA expression. The latter was unaffected in RASMCs but suppressed in J774 macrophages by SP600125. Examination of JNK isoforms expression showed the presence of JNK1 and 2 in both cell systems. Moreover, stimulation with LPS/IFN- or LPS alone resulted in JNK phosphorylation which did not reveal any difference between smooth muscle cells and macrophages. In contrast, expression and activation of AP-1 subunits revealed differences between the two cell systems. Activation of cells with LPS and IFN- (RASMCs) or LPS alone (J774 macrophages) resulted in changes in the activated status of the different AP-1 subunit which was different for the two cell systems. In both cell types c-Jun, JunD and Fra-1 were increased and in macrophages, FosB activity was also enhanced. Inhibition of JNK with SP600125 caused down-regulation in c-Jun in both cell types. Interestingly this down-regulation was in parallel with increases in the subunits JunB, JunD, c-Fos and Fra-1 in RASMCs or JunB and Fra-1 in J774 macrophages. Since, SP600125 was able to exert inhibitory effects in the latter cell type but not in RASMCs, it is possible that the compensatory up-regulation of certain AP-1 subunits in the smooth muscle cells may compensate for c-Jun inhibition thereby preventing suppression of iNOS expression. This notion clearly needs to be confirmed but it is potentially likely that hetero-dimers formed between JunB, JunD, c-Fos and Fra-1 could sustain gene transcription in the absence of c-Jun. The precise dimer required has not been addressed but unlikely to exclusively involve JunB and Fra-1 as these are up-regulated in macrophages but did not sustain iNOS, NO or induced L-arginine transport in the presence of SP600125. To further support the argument above, the dominant negatives caused varied effects on the activation of the different subunits. a-Fos down-regulated c-Jun, c-Fos, FosB, Fra-1 whereas TAM-67 reduced c-Jun and c-Fos but marginally induced Fra-1 activity. Associated with these changes was an up-regulation of iNOS-NO by a-Fos and inhibition by TAM-67. Taken together, the data proposes a complex mechanism(s) that regulate the expression of the inducible L-arginine-NO pathway in different cell systems and the complexity may reflect diverse intracellular changes that may be different in each cell type and not always be apparent using one experimental approach especially where this is pharmacological. Moreover, these findings strongly suggest exercising caution when interpreting pure pharmacological findings in cell-based systems particularly where these are inconsistent or contradictory.

Les opioïdes sont les analgésiques les plus efficaces mais leur utilisation est limitée par la tolérance, un processus lié en partie à la désensibilisation des récepteurs. Le rôle de la présente étude était de mieux caractériser le processus de désensibilisation des récepteurs et plus particulièrement, d’étudier le rôle de la tyrosine kinase Src sur la régulation de la signalisation des récepteurs delta opioïdes. Nos résultats démontrent que l’inhibition pharmacologique avec PP2 (à faible concentration : 20- 40µM) ou encore l’inhibition moléculaire de la kinase avec de faibles concentrations d’ADN d’un mutant dominant inactif de Src (0,2µg/ml) potentialise l’amplitude et la durée de l’activation de la cascade ERK lorsqu’un agoniste, DPDPE (1µM; 5 min), se lie aux récepteurs. Nous avons également démontré que de fortes concentrations d’inhibiteurs de Src (80 et 100µM de PP2 ou 1µg/ml d’ADN du mutant dominant négatif) bloquent la cascade des MAPK suivant la stimulation de DOR par l’agoniste DPDPE. Ces observations indiquent que Src a un effet biphasique sur l’activité de ERK : l’inhibition complète de Src inhibe l’activité de la cascade MAPK alors qu’une inhibition modérée potentialise cette même cascade. Nous pensons aussi que de fortes concentrations des bloqueurs de Src interfèrent avec l’activation de ERK alors que de faibles concentrations interfèrent avec la désensibilisation des récepteurs. Cette possibilité a été testée à l’aide d’essais d’accumulation d’AMPc qui visaient à évaluer l’effet des bloqueurs de Src (PP2, 20 µM; 1h) sur la désensibilisation induite par un agoniste. L'activation de DOR par DPDPE inhibe la production d’AMPc, préalablement stimulée par du forskolin, de façon dose-dépendante. Le maximum d'inhibition observé est de 61%, mais lors d’un prétraitement au DPDPE (1 µM, 30 min) l’inhibition maximale est réduite à 72% de l’inhibition initiale observée. Cependant, un prétraitement des cellules au PP2 (20µM pendant 1 heure) avant d’effectuer la désensibilisation protège contre cette désensibilisation. L’effet protecteur des bloqueurs de Src n’entraîne pas de changement au niveau de l’internalisation des DOR mais l’altération de leur internalisation via un mutant tronqué du DOR ou via un milieu sucré hypertonique (0.4M de saccharose) réduit cette protection. Ces données suggèrent alors que l’internalisation optimale du récepteur est nécessaire pour que l’effet protecteur prenne place. Nous concluons donc que Src contribue à la désensibilisation de DOR après que l’internalisation du DOR soit survenue. / Opioids are the most effective analgesics available but their use is limited by tolerance. Tolerance is related, at least in part, to receptor desensitization. Hence, the role of the present study was to better characterize the desensitization process, in particular concerning the role of the tyrosine kinase Src on regulation of delta opioid receptor signalling. Our results show that pharmacological inhibition with PP2 (administered at low concentration: 20-40µM) or molecular inhibition of the kinase with low expression levels of a dominant negative mutant of Src (0,2µg of DNA) potentiate the magnitude and duration of agonist-dependent (DPDPE; 1µM; 5 min) activation of the ERK pathway. We also showed that higher concentrations of Src inhibitors (80 and 100µM of PP2 or 1µg/ml of dominant negative mutant DNA) block the MAPK cascade following DOR stimulation by DPDPE. These observations indicate that Src has a biphasic effect on ERK activity, respectively potentiating or inhibiting agonist stimulation of the MAPK cascade at low and high levels of Src inhibition. We reasoned that high levels of Src blockers were interfering with ERK activation mechanism while low levels of inhibition were interfering with receptor desensitization. This possibility was tested by using cAMP accumulation assays to evaluate the effect of Src blockers (PP2, 20 µM; 1h) on agonist-induced desensitization. DOR stimulation by DPDPE inhibited forskolin stimulated cAMP production in a dose dependent manner with a maximal reduction of 61%. This inhibitory response was reduced by 72% following pre-exposure to DPDPE (1 µM, 30 min), an effect that was blocked by pre-treating cells with PP2 (PP2, 20 µM; 1 h) before desensitization. The protective effect of Src blockers did not involve changes in DOR internalization but interfering with internalization by using an internalization-deficient DOR mutant or hypertonic medium (0.4M sucrose) reduced this protection, indicating the need for optimal internalization in order for the protective effect of Src blockers to take place. Based on the latter observation it was possible to conclude that Src contribution to DOR desensitization is post-endocytic.

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Šárka Strachoňová Supervisor: PharmDr. Lukáš Červený, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Studium of gene regulation of nucleoside transporters in BeWo cell line Nucleoside transporters (NTs) localized in syncytiotrophoblast control placental uptake of nucleosides. Dysregulation of NTs can disrupt nucleoside homeostasis with a negative consequences on placental and fetal development and can lead to a change in placental pharmacokinetics of nucleoside-derived drugs. Therefore, understanding the expression and function of NTs is necessary for effective and safe pharmacotherapy during pregnancy. The aim of this diploma thesis was to study the adenylate cyclase (AC) activated regulatory pathways of gene expression of concentrative nukleoside transporter 2 (CNT2). For this purpose, qRT-PCR and in vitro accumulation assays using the model substrate [3 H]-adenosine were employed. The human placental choriocarcinoma-derived BeWo cell line has been exposed to an AC activator, forskolin (50 µM), and/or inhibitors of AC/cAMP/PKA, AC/cAMP/MAPK (MEK1/2, p38 MAPK) signaling pathways, PKA inhibitor, KT 5720 (5 μM), an inhibitor of MEK1/2, U0126 (10 μM) and an inhibitor of p38 MAPK, SB202190 (10 μM). The...