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This thesis investigates whether beliefs acquired by way of prophecy are safe. By ‘prophecy’ I have in mind the presentation of the prophetic method as found in the Guide of the Perplexed, which was Moses Maimonides’ philosophical masterpiece. And by ‘safe’ I have in mind the work by Timothy Williamson on the safety condition for knowledge. Both authors have proven to be dominant forces on these respective topics. The significance of this investigation derives from the centrality of prophecy to the three monotheistic religions. My main goal in this thesis is to identify those safety risks associated with the prophetic method. In this manner I aim to undermine any presumption in favor of prophetic beliefs as a whole being safe. Importantly, this general conclusion does not entail of a specific prophetic belief p that p is unsafe. Additionally, the scope of these results is restricted to the model of prophecy found in the Guide. The thesis begins with a critical elucidation of Williamson’s extensive work on the safety condition for knowledge. Particular attention is paid to those issues related to method individuation and Williamson’s cumulative conception of bases. Matters concerning these two topics inform the reading of Maimonides on prophecy found in the second chapter. In particular, I argue that Maimonides should be read as defending a cumulative conception of prophecy. As I emphasize several times during the chapter, the epistemology of prophecy cannot be reduced to the epistemology of testimony since prophecy for Maimonides does not involve the transfer of a proposition from God to the prophet. The third chapter is devoted to identifying those elements of the prophetic method that involve room for error. I argue that while all belief-forming methods in a fallibilist epistemology contain room for error, some are riskier than others. Prophecy should be considered one of the riskier sort. The fourth and final chapter shifts attention to non-standard semantics for ‘knows,’ David Lewis’s in particular. I argue that the interaction between such semantics and the laws governing prophecy in Jewish law is problematic. In particular, I demonstrate that such semantics destabilize the prophetic phenomenon. As such, we must either choose invariantism and gain stability, or choose non-standard semantics for ‘knows’ and live with this lack of stability.

La thèse a pour objet la culture juive à Candie au cours des XIVe-XVIe siècles et, en particulier, l’influence exercée par la culture et les traditions des juifs sépharades et ashkénazes, qui s’établirent sur l’île dès la moitié du quatorzième siècle. La thèse se base d’un côté sur des sources administratives et notariales et, de l’autre, sur les manuscrits hébreux produits à Candie ou apportés là-bas par les immigrés pendant la période considérée. Le premier chapitre porte sur la communauté juive de Candie dans la première moitié du XVIe siècle, et fournit de nouvelles informations à l’égard de la situation du quartier juif, de ses synagogues, de sa composition sociale, de sa démographie et de la biographie d’Élie Capsali, qui représentait la principale autorité spirituelle à cette époque. Le deuxième chapitre rassemble les informations disponibles concernant l’immigration juive à Candie des siècles XIV-XV. Le troisième chapitre examine certaines particularités de la liturgie synagogale élaborée par les Juifs de Candie sous l’impulsion de la tradition française et ashkénaze. Le quatrième chapitre analyse deux listes de livres religieux et médicaux: les deux listes, qui remontent à la deuxième moitié du quinzième siècle, sont ici interprétées comme un indice de la diffusion de la culture médicale sépharade à Candie, qui se vérifia par le moyen des immigrés catalans. Le cinquième chapitre est dédié à Mosheh ben Yehudah Galiano, un médecin, philosophe et astronome de Constantinople qui séjourna à Candie de 1526/27 jusqu’à1543. Le dernier chapitre porte sur les effets provoqués dans le quartier juif par l’épidémie de peste qui s’abattit sur Candie en 1592. / The thesis investigates the culture of the Cretan Jews in the XIV-XVI centuries and concentrates on how the Sephardi and Ashkenazi immigrants who began to settle on the island around mid-XIV century contributed in shaping a shared culture. The thesis is based both on the administrative and notarial documents preserved in the State Archive in Venice and on the Hebrew manuscripts produced by Candiote Jews or brought there by the new settlers. The first chapter offers a reconnaissance of the Jewish community of Candia in the early XVI century and brings new information on the geography of the zudeca, its administration, its social composition, the amount of its population, and the biography of its main leader at the time: Elijah Capsali (d. 1550). The third chapter illustrates some of the peculiarities that the Candiote synagogal liturgy developed under the influence of Ashkenazi settlers. The fourth chapter deals with two lists of books found in a manuscript preserved in the University Library of Bologna, and shows how they can be viewed as a testimony of the role played by Catalonian immigrants in the spread of Sephardi medical lore among Candiote Jews. The fifth chapter is dedicated to Mosheh ben Judah Galiano, a physician, philosopher and astronomer who settled in Candia in the late ’20s of the Sixteenth century and left the island on 1543. The sixth chapter offers an examination of the plague that struck Candia in 1592 and its impact on the Jewish community.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ivy.pdf: 855811 bytes, checksum: 6f07144d1f7bf9389a83793b74d4ea3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The concept of soul, implied in The Treatise about the Immortality of the Soul written by Rabi Mosseh Rephael d Aguilar, is a by-product of the specific social and historical conditions that surrounded the Jewish community in Holland, by the time of the Renaissance in the 1600. It is also the result of the arguments among the natural philosophers of the time about the old and the modern . By combining natural philosophy and religion, added to the magic character provided by the Cabala and hermetic writings, the efforts of the renaissance magician can be seen clearly, as his attempts to blend different views, and finding the unity underlying the differences. The net of relations among Aristotelian, Platonic and neo-Platonic schools, as well as the magic that perpetuated the Renaissance through the hermetic writings, sets the tone to the Treatise, and explains much of the rationale used by Rabi Mosseh Rephael d Aguilar in proving the immortality of the soul / A concepção de alma implícita no Tratado sobre a Imortalidade da Alma, de autoria do Rabino Mosseh Rephael d Aguilar, é resultado de condições específicas do entorno histórico-social da comunidade judaica na Holanda renascentista, nos Seiscentos. Também é fruto do debate sobre o antigo e moderno entre os filósofos naturais do período. A combinação da filosofia natural com a religião natural, adicionada ao caráter mágico advindo dos textos herméticos e da Cabala, evidenciam o esforço do mago renascentista em conciliar distinções, acolhendo a unidade subjacente às diferenças. As redes de relações entre aristotelismo, platonismo e neoplatonismo, bem como a magia que impregnou a Renascença através dos textos herméticos, dá o tom ao Tratado e explica muitos dos argumentos usados pelo Rabino Mosseh Rephael d Aguilar para provar a imortalidade da alma

<p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att titta närmare på skillnaderna mellan den judiska och den kristna bilden av och resonemangen avseende Messias, så som de kom till uttryck i medeltidens mest berömda disputation i Barcelona år 1263.</p><p>Det är intressant att försöka förstå hur en medeltida judisk lärd såg på Messias och hur en dominikan försökte få honom på andra tankar om Messias. Dessutom har ämnet större aktualitet idag än tidigare, eftersom antalet och storleken av de messianska judiska församlingarna i världen, de flesta naturligtvis i Israel, växer. I de messianska församlingarna behöver det judiska och det kristna inte längre vara åtskiljande utan förenande faktorer.  </p><p>Disputationen i Barcelona var en sista uppflammande påminnelse om den tid som varit, den sista gången som den rika judiska kulturens representant fick någorlunda fritt framträda och uttrycka sig. Enligt Maccoby var Barcelonadisputationen den mest högklassiga, relevanta och bäst återgivna av alla disputationer. Därför bör den också vara bäst ämnad till att nå syftet genom följande frågeställningar:</p><p>1.      Vilken bild av Messias gav Paulus Christianus?</p><p>2.      Vilken bild av Messias gav Moses Nahmanides?</p><p>3.      Väsentliga skillnader mellan Paulus Christianus och Moses Nahmanides uppfattning om Messias</p>

In contemporary society, distinct traditions are bleeding into one another, blurring traditional lines of inquiry and historically significant boundaries. This phenomenon frames this project and creates the context for the Yoga-Christian praxis dialogue this study constructively critiques. Unfortunately, this dialogue exhibits an Eliadean concern for essentialism and universality. I challenge this trend by juxtaposing two distinct texts, Patañjali‘s Yoga-Sūtra and Gregory of Nyssa’s Life of Moses. These texts point to the similar idea that without striving and personal transformation neither the yogic practitioner nor practicing Christian logically subsists. More importantly, however, from this point of correspondence I constructively critique the Yoga-Christian praxis dialogue by concretely engaging these texts and paying particular attention to the differences inherent in them. My comparison, then, suggests how attention to particularity points to a more authentic dialogue: what I wish to call a dialogue of distinction without separation.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att titta närmare på skillnaderna mellan den judiska och den kristna bilden av och resonemangen avseende Messias, så som de kom till uttryck i medeltidens mest berömda disputation i Barcelona år 1263. Det är intressant att försöka förstå hur en medeltida judisk lärd såg på Messias och hur en dominikan försökte få honom på andra tankar om Messias. Dessutom har ämnet större aktualitet idag än tidigare, eftersom antalet och storleken av de messianska judiska församlingarna i världen, de flesta naturligtvis i Israel, växer. I de messianska församlingarna behöver det judiska och det kristna inte längre vara åtskiljande utan förenande faktorer.   Disputationen i Barcelona var en sista uppflammande påminnelse om den tid som varit, den sista gången som den rika judiska kulturens representant fick någorlunda fritt framträda och uttrycka sig. Enligt Maccoby var Barcelonadisputationen den mest högklassiga, relevanta och bäst återgivna av alla disputationer. Därför bör den också vara bäst ämnad till att nå syftet genom följande frågeställningar: 1.      Vilken bild av Messias gav Paulus Christianus? 2.      Vilken bild av Messias gav Moses Nahmanides? 3.      Väsentliga skillnader mellan Paulus Christianus och Moses Nahmanides uppfattning om Messias

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:26:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaJS_DISSERT.pdf: 2706687 bytes, checksum: 2f98eddad7bbc278c03ee45e4e226d95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This paper we study a random strategy called MOSES, which was introduced in 1996 by Fran?cois. Asymptotic results of this strategy; behavior of the stationary distributions of the chain associated to strategy, were derived by Fran?cois, in 1998, of the theory of Freidlin and Wentzell [8]. Detailings of these results are in this work. Moreover, we noted that an alternative approach the convergence of this strategy is possible without making use of theory of Freidlin and Wentzell, yielding the visit almost certain of the strategy to uniform populations which contain the minimum. Some simulations in Matlab are presented in this work / Neste trabalho estudamos uma estrat?gia aleat?ria chamada de MOSES, que foi introduzida por Fran?ois em 1996. Resultados assint?ticos desta estrat?gia; comportamento das distribui??es estacion?rias da cadeia associada a estrat?gia, foram derivados por Fran?ois, em 1998, da teoria de Freidlin e Wentzell [8]. Detalhamentos destes resultados est?o neste trabalho. Por outro lado, notamos que uma abordagem alternativa da converg?ncia desta estrat?gia ? poss?vel sem fazer uso da teoria de Freidlin e Wentzell, obtendo-se a visita quase certa da estrat?gia as popula??es uniformes que cont?m o m?m?nimo. Algumas simula??es no Matlab s?o apresentadas neste trabalho

In this thesis we analyze machine translation between Czech and Russian languages from the perspective of a linguist. We work with two types of Machine Translation systems - rule-based (TectoMT) and statistical (Moses). We experiment with different setups of these two systems in order to achieve the best possible quality. One of the questions we address in our work is whether relatedness of the discussed languages has some impact on machine translation. We explore the output of our two experimental systems and two commercial systems: PC Translator and Google Translate. We make a linguistically-motivated classification of errors for the language pair and describe each type of error in detail, analyzing whether it occurred due to some difference between Czech and Russian or is it caused by the system architecture. We then compare the usage of some specific linguistic phenomena in the two languages and state how the individual systems cope with mismatches. For some errors, we suggest ways to improve them and in several cases we implement those suggestions. In particular, we focus on one specific error type - surface valency. We research the mismatches between Czech and Russian valency, extract a lexicon of surface valency frames, incorporate the lexicon into the TectoMT translation pipeline and present...