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One of the key challenges the world will need to face during the 21st century is global warming and the consequent climate change. Its presence is indisputable, and decarbonizing the gird emerges as one of the required pathways to achieve global sustainable objectives. Solar energy power plants have the potential to revert this situation and solve the problem. One way to harness this energy is through Concentrated Solar Power plants. The major advantage and potential of this technology is its ability to integrate cost-effective Thermal Energy Storage (TES), which is key with such an inherently intermittent resource. On the other hand, the drawback is the high current Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE). The other main way to harness that highlighted solar energy is the use of Photovoltaic panels, which have recently achieved very competitive LCOE values. On the other hand, the storage integration is still a very pricey option, normally done with Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). As a conclusion, a hybrid power plant combining the LCOE of the PV and the TES of the CSP emerges as the key way of achieving a very competitive solution with a big potential. This master thesis aims at exploring the possibilities of a hybrid CSP and PV power plant with a sCO2 power cycle, integrated in the primary, secondary and tertiary electricity markets. To achieve this purpose, firstly, a Python-based Energy Dispatcher was developed to control the hybrid power plant. Indeed, the Dispatcher is the tool that decides when to produce, when to store… following an optimization problem. This can be formulated mathematically, and that was done and integrated into the Python code using Pyomo, a software for optimization problems. As a result, the Dispatcher achieved an effective control of the plant, showing intelligent decisions in detailed hourly analyses. The results were very promising and included optimization functions as maximizing the profitability of the plant or the total production, among others. To proceed with the Techno-economic assessment of the hybrid plant, the electricity markets were studied. The main source of income of any power plant is normally the revenue from selling electricity to the grid, but since there are several markets, there are also other possibilities. In this thesis, it was assessed from a Techno-Economic perspective how the performance and optimal design of the plants vary when providing different services extra to selling electricity to the grid. The conclusion was that even though the Net Present Value (NPV) achieved working on the spot market was already very high, the extra value added from participating in the secondary or tertiary markets was indisputable. Indeed, the profits attained in those markets were between two and four times higher than the ones of the spot market. This is a specific case, but a trend was identified: these hybrid power plants have a huge possibility and a bright future on the service markets. As a consequence, this thesis shows the huge potential of hybrid power plants integrated in the grid participating in several markets. It also lays the foundation for future studies in other locations, under different conditions and with different technologies, among others.

The global need to eliminate CO2 emissions and its consequent reduction in the use of fossil fuels drives the ongoing energy transition that highly involves the research achievements of the scientific community to reach the goals of this purpose. Renewable sources like photovoltaic and wind energy, are central to this endeavor, however, the intermittency of natural resources makes it non-dispatchable and energy storage is fundamental. According to the European Roadmap [1] just a 60% of the CO2 emissions reduction goal can be achieved with available technologies and existing energy. However, the production, use and specially storage opportunities that hydrogen offers can drive non-dispatchable renewable sources to achieve its full potential by clearing up the intermittency problem as well as covering the remained 40% gap. This master's thesis aims to investigate the techno-economic feasibility of integrating a Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (SOEC) into a hybrid PV-CSP(sCO2) plant. The study focuses on assessing various indicators related to electricity, energy, and hydrogen production prices. To achieve this, three different integration strategies within the hybrid PV-CSP(sCO2) plant were selected for analysis: Soec using heat from the particles coming from the receiver, soec using heat coming from the particles available in the thermal energy storage (TES) and soec recovering heat from the sCO2 power block. A sensitivity analysis was conducted on different PV sizes (MWp), battery capacities (MWh), and SOEC installed capacities (MWh) to investigate the technology's potential in the plant and determine optimal sizing of subsystems. However, the individual optimization of economic indicators presented technical and economic challenges. Scenarios allowing individual optimization of hydrogen production prices (€/kg H2) resulted in 10.9, 11.7, and 14.6 €/kg h2 for receiver, TES, and sCO2 integration strategy, respectively. These scenarios, however, require high SOEC installed capacities, leading to elevated electricity and energy production prices. On the other hand, the individual optimization of electricity and energy production prices led to better and lower results when no hydrogen production presence within the plant. However, this analysis also showed that soec capacities below 5MWh together with no installation of batteries and a new definition for calculating hydrogen production prices (LCOH) allows feasible integration of hydrogen production within the plant. LCOH(€/kg h2) results were 10.2€/kg h2, 7.6€/kg h2, and 9.4€/kg h2 for receiver, TES, and sCO2, respectively, for a soec installed capacity of 0.5MWh (119m2 size) along with energy production values not exceeding 101€/MWh. While the results present a favorable outlook for SOEC installations based on literature review data [2] [3] [4] they still face challenges when competing with the cost-efficient PEM technology, which offers 4.5-5.5€/kg H2 [5] without storage. Nonetheless, this research contributes valuable insights into the integration of SOEC technology within hybrid renewable energy systems and provides a comprehensive analysis of the techno-economic aspects related to hydrogen production following different integration strategies. The findings may inform decision-making processes and promote further advancements in sustainable energy solutions. / Det globala behovet av att eliminera CO2utsläpp och därmed minska användningen av fossila bränslen driver pågående energiomställning, som starkt involverar forskningsresultaten från vetenskapssamhället för att nå syftet med detta mål. Förnybara källor som solceller och vindkraft är centrala i detta arbete, men intermittensen hos naturliga resurser gör dem icke disponibla och energilagring är grundläggande. Enligt den europeiska vägkartan [1] kan endast 60% av målet att minska CO2-utsläppen uppnås med tillgängliga teknologier och befintlig energi. Produktionen, användningen och särskilt lagringsmöjligheterna som väte erbjuder kan emellertid driva icke-disponibla förnybara källor att nå sin fulla potential genom att lösa intermitt ensproblemet och täcka den återstående 40% klyftan. Detta examensarbete syftar till att undersöka den tekniskekonomiska genomförbarheten av att integrera en fastoxid elektrolysör (SOEC) i en hybrid PV CSP(sCO2)-anläggning. Studien fokuserar på att utvärde ra olika indikatorer relaterade till el-, energi- och vätgasproduktionspriser. För att uppnå detta har tre olika integrationsstrategier inom hybrid PV CSP(sCO2) anläggningen valts för analys: SOEC med hjälp av värme från partiklar som kommer från mottagaren, SOEC med hjälp av värme från partiklar som finns i termisk energilagring (TES) och SOEC som återvinner värme från sCO2-kraftblocket. En känslighetsanalys har genomförts för olika PVstorlekar (MWp), batterikapaciteter (MWh) och SOEC installerade kapacit eter (MWh) för att undersöka teknologins potential i anläggningen och bestämma optimal dimensionering av delsystem. Resultaten från individuell optimering av ekonomiska indikatorer ledde dock till flera tekniska och ekonomiska utmaningar. Scenarier som tillåter individuell optimering av vätgasproduktionspriser (€/kg H2) resulterade i 10, 9, 11, 7 respektive 14,6 €/kg H2 för mottagare, TES och sCO2 integrationsstrategi. Dessa scenarier kräver dock höga SOEC installerade kapaciteter, vilket leder till höga el och energipriser. Å andra sidan ledde individuell optimering av el och energiproduktionspriser till bättre och lägre resultat när ingen vätgasproduktion fanns i anläggningen. Denna analys visade också att SOEC kapaciteter under 5MWh tillsammans med ingen installation av batterier och en ny definition för beräkning av vätgasproduktionspriser (LCOH) möjliggör genomförbar integration av vätgasproduktion i anläggningen. LCOH (€/kg H2) resultaten var 10,2 €/kg h2 , 7 ,6 €/kg h2 respektive 9,4 €/kg h2 för mottagare, TES och sCO2, för en SOEC installerad kapacitet på 0,5 MWh (storlek 119m2) tillsammans med energiproduktionsvärden som inte överstiger 101 €/MWh. Medan resultaten visar en gynnsam utsikt för SOECinstallationer baserat på data från litteraturöversikter [2] [3] [4], står de ändå inför utmaningar när de konkurrerar med den kostnadseffektiva PEM teknologin, som erbjuder 4,5-5,5 €/kg H2 [5] utan lagring. Trots detta bidrar forskningen med värdefulla insikter i integrationen av SOEC teknologi i hybrid förnybara energisystem och ger en omfattande an alys av de teknisk-ekonomiska aspekterna relaterade till vätgasproduktion enligt olika integrationsstrategier. Resultaten kan informera beslutsprocesser och främja ytterligare framsteg inom hållbara energilösningar.

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The search for a ‘historical Moses’ is one which has been debated for several centuries. In spite of copious archaeological finds in Egypt and other parts of the ancient Near East, no material remains have been found to substantiate the Exodus story. Mythological stories from the ancient Near East bear striking similarities to the Moses narrative found in the Hebrew Bible. The inconsistencies found in the Hebrew Bible further hamper the attempt to find a historical Moses, instead Moses is found only in tradition. Taking these issues into consideration, other possibilities need to be investigated. This dissertation places Moses growing up in the court of Akhenaten an 18th Dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh in the middle of the 14th century BCE. The study investigates the possibility of Moses as a son of Akhenaten with Nefertiti as a stepmother, his own biological mother, a Mitannian princess, having died giving birth to Moses. Several similarities between Akhenaten and Moses are discussed throughout the study. The study moves into the 21st century with the groundbreaking discovery of DNA, which provides new conclusions which before were only debated. / Biblical & Ancient Studies / M.A. (Biblical Archaeology)

The search for a ‘historical Moses’ is one which has been debated for several centuries. In spite of copious archaeological finds in Egypt and other parts of the ancient Near East, no material remains have been found to substantiate the Exodus story. Mythological stories from the ancient Near East bear striking similarities to the Moses narrative found in the Hebrew Bible. The inconsistencies found in the Hebrew Bible further hamper the attempt to find a historical Moses, instead Moses is found only in tradition. Taking these issues into consideration, other possibilities need to be investigated. This dissertation places Moses growing up in the court of Akhenaten an 18th Dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh in the middle of the 14th century BCE. The study investigates the possibility of Moses as a son of Akhenaten with Nefertiti as a stepmother, his own biological mother, a Mitannian princess, having died giving birth to Moses. Several similarities between Akhenaten and Moses are discussed throughout the study. The study moves into the 21st century with the groundbreaking discovery of DNA, which provides new conclusions which before were only debated. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M.A. (Biblical Archaeology)

This Study elaborates the topic of Biblical Trust in the World of Pentateuch. This trust is understood as to rely in a purely subjective way on a word or instruction of some person. In case of God it frequently means a conviction that some humanly unrealizable promises are to be fulfilled. Such attitude secures to the trusting person merits before God. Rely on God is often understood in a confrontational way as opposite to the life of unbelievers. Trust requires courage to make leap in the dark. Meanwhile it is always right to trust in God, trust in a human person is in Pentateuch interpreted as fool. But if the respective man is the spokesman of God, the eventual mistrust is seen as an attack against God himself. In case of God's revelation trust becomes duty. If there is any doubt people can ask some sign of authenticity for the presented God's will. But if the will is known, eventual mistrust is interpreted as disobedience and follows a severe punishment. The same trust which belongs to God is required also for his prophet and for the Law proclaimed in the God's name. If somebody relies on himself in sense of exaggerated self-confidence which does not count on God, it is understood as a crime. In the same manner is valuated the trust directed towards the pagan divinities.

This essay is based on trying to understand the relationship that exists between Josephus’ writings and the pseudepigraph Assumptio Mosis. Although the comparisons made between the texts in this essay are not enough to give a definite answer, none of the examples exclude that Josephus may have used Assumptio Mosis as a primary source. Rather, there are indications in which a direct relationship between Josephus and Assumptio Mosis potentially could explain from where Josephus acquires some of his source material, especially for his narrative of the time period around 4 BCE–6 CE. / Denna uppsats bygger på att försöka förstå relationen som finns mellan Josefus skrifter och pseudepigrafen Assumptio Mosis. Även om jämförelserna som görs mellan skrifterna i denna uppsats inte räcker för att ge ett säkert svar i slutändan, utesluter inga av exemplen att Josefus kan ha använt Assumptio Mosis som direkt källa. Snarare finns indikationer i vilka en direkt relation mellan Josefus och Assumptio Mosis skulle kunna förklara varifrån Josefus hämtar en del av sitt källmaterial, inte minst för hans narrativ om tiden runt 4 f.v.t–6 v.t.