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In this essay the author analyzes three literary works of fiction that all belong to the genre‘historical fiction’. The three works are: Akhnaton (1937) by Agatha Christie, The TwelfthTransforming (1984) by Pauline Gedge, and Nefertiti (2007) by Michelle Moran. All theseworks center around the life and regency of the Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten. The study hasbeen done with a perspective of gender studies. The questions asked are as follows: 1. What is attributed as masculine and feminine in these stories and how is the dynamicbetween the genders presented? 2. How do the works’ presentation of gender differ, or agree, with the established gendernorms of the time the works were written? 3. How have these presentations evolved over time? These questions have been answered with the help of Robert W. Connells categorical systemof masculinity. This system consists of hegemonic masculinity (the ideal), participatingmasculinity (supporting the hegemonic project but not fully a part of the ideal), subordinatemasculinity (a discriminated group and not seen as a part of the hegemonic project, for example:the relationship between homosexuals and heterosexuals), and marginalised masculinity (agroup that is not allowed a full part of the hegemony in a given society because of other aspectsof their identity than their masculinity, for example: the afro american population in the USA).These categories have been slightly modified to also be applicable on the feminine, which hasmade it possible to compare women to each other and consider their position relative to themasculine. Connells system is the theoretical basis for this essay, as well as a primary method.The study has been done with a qualitative text analysis. The three works have been read insearch of overarching narrative themes, and subsequently been read again in detail in search ofgender applied attributes, and behavior, and how these are valued in relation to each other andthe ruling social structures. The texts have been studied partly with an inside perspective, wherethe texts speak for themselves, and partly with an outside perspective, where the gender normsof the time of publication are taken into account.The results show that the works mostly follow the norms of the time they are written. Theyrepresent their times and the discourse around gender and are narratively affected by these.Many aspects change between the works, but some norms seem to be more timeless. Men’sposition as the official rulers is dominating all works and is seen as status quo. The drama inthe narrative is fueled by the deviating behavior of some key characters which makes gender acentral question. The changes of what attributes are prescribed the genders have been somewhatsuperficial, while more foundational structures seem to not have changed much. The sexualityof women has become more open over time, but they are relegated to a more passive andsubordinate role in the official setting, while men have the official power and rule over amonopoly of violence and possess a tendency to use it to climb the social ladder and distinguishthemselves in the eyes of society.

Sabe-se que a profunda ligação existente entre deuses e o soberano do antigo Egito é tida como um dos elementos mais significativos na legitimação do poder faraônico, notadamente divinizado naquela civilização. Valendo-se desse contexto e se aproveitando do período Amarniano como um estudo de caso privilegiado (Antigo Egito, 1353 a.C. - 1335 a.C.), o trabalho visa examinar a rearticulação que Amarna propôs a essa relação. Uma rearticulação que implicou em um reposicionamento do rei e em uma readequação do panteão politeísta, privilegiando o deus Aton. Esse processo não se esgota em uma simples abstração mental, ao contrário, ele se textualiza sobretudo nos dois hinos ao deus Aton, e se materializa em imagens do período. A respeito destas, além de tomá-las como fonte primordial de análise, buscaremos permitir que a sua metodologia tradicional de trato dê lugar a uma reflexão mais abrangente, baseada em sugestões da teoria da agência que visam entendê-las como imagens construtoras e modificadoras das realidades nas quais se inserem. / It is known that the deep connection between gods and Ancient Egypts sovereign is considered as one of the most significant elements in pharaonic discourse legitimacys construction, notably divinized in that civilization. Based on the Amarna period (Ancient Egypt, 1353 BC - 1335 BC) this research aims to study the reticulation to this relationship proposed on that period. A reticulation that implied on kings repositioning and on a polytheistic pantheons readjustment, privileging the god Aten. This process is not exhausted in a simple mental abstraction, on the contrary, it is textualized, especially in the two hymns to the god Aten, and materialized in images of that period. Regarding these images, besides taking them as analysis primary source, we will also seek to allow its traditional treatment methodology to lead into a more comprehensive reflection, based on suggestions from the Agency Theory that aim to understand images as a constructive power, being able to modify the realities in which they are inserted on.

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Renan Frighetto / Coorientadora : Profª Drª Liliane C. Coelho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História. Defesa: Curitiba, 10/03/2017 / Inclui referências / Resumo: No Antigo Oriente Próximo, vimos nascer civilizações, línguas, culturas e manifestações que conectavam diferentes territórios. Da integração dos povos antigos desenvolveu-se a Idade do Bronze, por exemplo. As relações, porém, precisaram ser reguladas e moldadas para atender as necessidades que cada reino envolvido possuía. A normatização dos contatos, por sua vez, permitiu a troca de cartas por meio de um sistema diplomático, sobre o qual hoje temos as Cartas de Amarna como seu maior reflexo. Contudo, a prática e a teoria nem sempre andam juntas. Por isso, mais do que as leis, é preciso que os estudos levem em consideração as convenções e motivações intrínsecas ao sistema e aos envolvidos. Neste trabalho busco entender o caso entre Egito e Mitani, compreendendo os motivos que o rei mitânio, Tushratta, teria para manter uma aliança com os faraós egípcios, mesmo tendo tantas reclamações sobre eles. Para tanto, foi necessária uma análise interdisciplinar que nos auxiliasse a diferenciar os argumentos políticos, oficiais e retóricos que as correspondências nos apresentam. Com os estudos de variados campos, é possível perceber elementos como a reciprocidade e a economia de oferta, que juntas nos mostram uma visão de caráter individual dos reis. Enquanto oficialmente Grande Reis deveriam tratar-se por iguais, esses aspectos nos apresentam uma hierarquização sutil, ou, ao menos, uma tentativa se mostrar superioridade. Esta pesquisa, então, utiliza-se da linguagem e estilo de escrita usados por Tushratta para buscar respostas sobre suas intenções e anseios. Manter uma relação com o Egito era vantajoso em questões econômicas, primeiro por este ser fornecedor de ouro e, em segundo lugar, por ter domínio de grande parte do Levante e, consequentemente, suas rotas e materias. Tushratta possivelmente acreditava que manter uma aliança com o Egito traria benefícios econômicos e militares, o que auxiliaria nos confrontos com Hatti. Contudo, é preciso convencer os faraós de que tal amizade seria vantajosa também para eles e, por isso, a retórica é utilizada para enaltecer Mitani e as atitudes de Tushratta. Palavras-chave: Mitani; Antigo Egito; Diplomacia; Cartas de Amarna; Oriente Próximo. / Abstract: The Ancient Near East saw the rise of civilizations, languages, cultures, and manifestations that connected different territories. Through the integration of ancient peoples, the Bronze Age was developed, for example. Relationships, however, needed to be regulated and shaped to answer the needs that each kingdom had. The normalization of contacts, on the other hand, allowed letter exchange to occur through a diplomatic system, and, currently, the Amarna Letters are its greatest reflection. Nevertheless, practice and theory do not always walk together. Because of that, beyond laws, it is needed to consider conventions and motivations intrinsic to the system and the ones involved. With this dissertation, I aim to understand the case between Egypt and Mitanni, by comprehending the reasons that the Mitannian king, Tushratta, could have to maintain an alliance with the Egyptian Pharaohs, even after many complaints about them. To help us differentiating political, juridical and rhetorical arguments within the correspondence, an interdisciplinary analysis was needed. With researches from various areas, it is possible to notice elements like reciprocity and gift economy, that together show us the individual character of the kings. While officially Great Kings should be treated as equals, these aspects present a subtle hierarchy or, at least, an attempt to shown superiority. This research, thus, uses Tushratta's writing style and language to investigate his intentions and yearnings. To maintain a relation with Egypt was advantageous in terms of economy, firstly because it was a provider of gold, and secondly, because it controlled many parts of the Levant and, hence, its routes and materials. Tushratta possibly believed that by keeping an alliance with Egypt, economic and military benefits would be guaranteed, and that would help with Mitannian battles against Hatti. However, they needed to persuade the Pharaohs that such friendship would be beneficial for them also, and, to do that, rhetoric would praise Mitanni and Tushratta's acts. Key-words: Mitanni; Ancient Egypt; Diplomacy; Amarna Letters; Near East.

Norén, A. 2020. The Reign of Akhenaten: The Inhabitants of Tell el-Amarna through a Religious Perspective. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate the complex religious climate of Tell el-Amarna, the capital city of ancient Egypt in the 18th dynasty, during the reign of Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten (1353–1336 B.C.E.). These complex elements refer to the devotion of pharaoh and his new-established ideology of Atenism and the simultaneously ongoing worship of traditional gods of which many were actively persecuted by the state during this time. The conclusions of this study presents a general picture of the lives of the inhabitants of el-Amarna by drawing on examples of religious objects which have been excavated from the city and what these may suggest about the religious beliefs of the people. However, the study does not focus primarily on the distribution of objects or social stratification. The sources which have been employed in this study consists of books and articles published by Barry J. Kemp and Anna Stevens, among others. The primary source material by Kemp and Stevens comprises archaeological theories and methods which in this study have been employed in an attempt to bring the material one step further, namely to analyse the religious climate at el-Amarna through the perspective of its inhabitants and place the material evidence in relation to the ideologies of Akhenaten. / Norén, A. 2020. Akhenatens regeringstid: Invånarna i Tell el-Amarna ur ett religiöst perspektiv. Syftet med studien är att redogöra för det komplexa religiösa klimatet i Tell el-Amarna, som var huvudstaden i det antika Egypten under den 18nde dynastin, under Amenhotep IV/Akhenatens regeringstid (1353–1336 f.v.t.). Med komplexa element menas den hängivenhet som uttrycktes inför farao och hans nyetablerade ideologi som kallas Atenism samtidigt som det existerade en fortsatt tro på de traditionella gudarna som aktivt förföljdes och raderades av staten under den här tiden. Slutsatserna i den här studien presenterar en generell bild av livet för invånarna i el-Amarna genom att återge exempel på religiösa objekt som har hittats i staden och vad dessa må berätta gällande det religiösa utövandet hos människorna som bodde här. Studien fokuserar inte primärt på spridningen eller mängden av objekt och heller inte på social stratifikation. De källor som använts i den här studien består av böcker och artiklar som publicerats av Barry J. Kemp och Anna Stevens samt andra forskare. Det primära källmaterialet av Kemp och Stevens utgörs av arkeologiska teorier och metoder som används i den här studien med avsikten att ta materialet ett steg längre genom att analysera det religiösa klimatet i el-Amarna ur invånarnas perspektiv och sätta de materiella lämningarna i relation till Akhenatens ideologier.

abstract: The Egyptian New Kingdom city of Akhetaten (modern: Tell el-Amarna, el-Amarna, or simply Amarna) provides a unique opportunity to study ancient biocultural dynamics. It was a disembedded capital removed from the major power bases of Memphis and Thebes that was built, occupied, and abandoned within approximately 20 years (c. 1352–1336 BCE). This dissertation used the recently excavated Amarna South Tombs cemetery to test competing models for the development of disembedded capitals, such as the geographic origin of its migrants and its demographic structure in comparison to contrastive models for the establishment of settlements. The degree to which biological relatedness organized the South Tombs cemetery was also explored. The results suggest that the Nile Valley into the New Kingdom (1539–1186 BCE) was very diverse in dental cervical phenotype and thus highly mobile in respects to gene flow, failing to reject that the Amarna city was populated by individuals and families throughout the Nile Valley. In comparison, the Amarna South Tombs cemetery contained the least amount of dental phenotypic diversity, supporting a founder effect due to migration from larger, more diverse gene pools to the city or the very fact that the city and sample only reflect a 20-year interval with little time to accumulate phenotypic variation. Parts of the South Tombs cemetery also appear to be organized by biological affinity, showing consistent and significant spatial autocorrelation with biological distances generated from dental cervical measurements in male, female, and subadult (10–19 years of age) burials closest to the South Tombs. This arrangement mimics the same orderliness in the residential areas of the Amarna city itself with officials surrounded by families that supported their administration. Throughout the cemetery, adult female grave shaft distances predict their biological distances, signaling a nuclear family dynamic that included many females including mothers, widows, and unwed aunts, nieces, and daughters. A sophisticated paleodemographic model using simulated annealing optimization projected the living population of the South Tombs cemetery, which overall conformed to a transplanted community similar to 19th century mill villages of the United States and United Kingdom. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2018

The orthogonal, or rectangular, grid plan arose out of a need to organize the sprawling cities of Ancient Greece. To one particularly enigmatic figure in history, this problem was met with a blueprint and a philosophy. The ancient city-planner known as Hippodamus of Miletus (c. 480-408 BCE) was more of a philosopher than an architect, but his erudite connections and his idealistic theories provided him with numerous opportunities to experiment with the design that has come to bear his name. According to Aristotle, he was commissioned by the city of Athens to redesign its port-city, the Piraeus, and it is likely that he later followed a Pan-Hellenic expedition to an Italic colony known as Thurii (Thourioi). Strabo argues that the architect was also present at the restructuring of the city of Rhodes; however there is some debate on this issue. Hippodamus’ blueprint for a planned, districted city soon came to define the Greek polis in the Classical period, culminating with Olynthus in the Chalcidice, but his ideas were by no means unique to his own mind. There are precedents for the grid plan not only within the large, administrative empires of the Near East, but also within the Greek colonies of the Mediterranean, whose own histories span at least two centuries before Hippodamus’ lifetime. Since the 19th century, when Hippodamus received his title as the ‘Father of Urban Planning’, confusion and mistranslations have plagued the discipline, casting doubt on nearly every facet of Greek urbanism. Although he could not have invented the orthogonal grid plan, as Aristotle claims, it may prove far more effective to focus instead on Hippodamus’ philosophy and to give voice to where he himself excelled: the theoretical side to city planning. / Graduate / 0999 / 0579 / 0324 / aidanbk@uvic.ca

Resin found within Canaanite amphorae from the Late Bronze Age shipwreck discovered off the coast of southwest Turkey at Uluburun has previously been identified as Pistacia sp. Although evidence from Egypt suggests that this resin was in high demand and typically transported in such amphorae, it has also been proposed that the amphorae contained wine, with the resin used to seal the interior surfaces and to flavour and/or preserve the wine. To attempt to resolve this question, we have analysed five samples of pistacia resin found in amphorae from the shipwreck using a range of analytical techniques which have used in the past for the analysis of wine residues: spot tests, FT-IR, and HPLC-MS-MS. As well as the archaeological samples, we have analysed modern samples of pistacia resin, leaves and fruit to determine the effectiveness of each technique and to exclude the possibility of false positive results. In addition to the analyses for wine we also detail analysis (GC-MS) of the terpenoids for the purpose of further molecular characterisation of the resin. Bulk stable isotope analysis was used in comparison with similar resins to attempt to identify the geographical origin of the resin.

Ancient Egyptian human remains, mummified and skeletal, have been studied for centuries by archaeologists and egyptologists, who have focused on mummification techniques, palaeopathology and signs of activity. However, some of these studies have been lacking in taphonomic and osteological knowledge. This dissertation considers if some of the interpretations of osteoarchaeological data in these studies can be better explained by taphonomic processes, a more in-depth knowledge of paleopathology and osteological identification techniques. As a result, the interpretations of terrible working and life conditions at Tell el Amarna, the capital city founded by Akhenaten were created by interpreting common pathologies as indications of forced labor and poor diet, and by ignoring facts about the context.  The identifications of KV55 and KV60-A individuals cannot be considered valid. No reliable radiologic methods exist that can age an individual between the ages of 35-45. A damaged vertebra and a femur were incorrectly said to contain osteophytes. The damages described in the cranium and teeth of this individual may even be of peri-mortem origin. The tooth used to identify KV60-A with Hatshepsut does not have the wear expected for the age group of the individual, while the cranial morphology shows a high indication of masculine traits.  Unknown man E, Unknown woman A and the Greek-roman mummy seemed to have been affected by common taphonomic and archaeothanatological processes. The healing process of the mandibula and maxilla makes it unlikely that the so called “bridges” were used during life. In conclusion, a much deeper knowledge of taphonomy, paleopathology and general osteological knowledge in these studies would have been necessary to avoid misinterpretations.

No / This study examines resinous deposits from the interior surfaces of sherds of imported Canaanite amphorae and locally produced bowls from the 18th Dynasty site of Tell el-Amarna, Egypt. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Canaanite amphorae were used for resin transport, whilst the bowls are associated with burning resin as incense. A number of characteristic triterpenoids identify all the resinous deposits from both vessel types as Pistacia spp. No other resins were observed and there was no evidence of mixing with oils or fats. The composition of the archaeological resins is more complex than that of modern pistacia resin, due to degradation and generation of new components. Experimental heating alters the relative abundance of the triterpenoid composition of modern pistacia resin. One component, the triterpenoid 28-norolean-17-en-3-one, is produced by such heating; however, an increase in its relative abundance in ancient samples is not matched by the archaeological evidence for heating. It is therefore not possible to use this component reliably to identify heated resin. However, additional unidentified components with a mass spectral base peak at m/z 453 have been associated with seven (out of 10) bowls and are not observed in resins associated with Canaanite amphorae. It is proposed that these components are more reliable molecular indicators of heating.