Cette thèse analyse les formes et les conditions de l’action collective dans des contextes contraignants à partir des mobilisations de la jeunesse en faveur et contre l’ordre politique établi en Russie et en Biélorussie dans les années 2000. En confrontant mouvements contestataires et organisations loyales au pouvoir et en les analysant dans leurs rapports asymétriques à l’État, ce travail saisit l’émergence de ces structures à la faveur des « révolutions de couleurs » et des évolutions internes aux deux pays. Il distingue trois formes de militantisme : militantisme contestataire à conflit frontal avec le pouvoir, militantisme du pouvoir en Biélorussie vécu sur le mode consensuel du souci des autres (zabota) et, enfin, militantisme du pouvoir en Russie qui associe conflictualité et zabota dans le cadre du conflit « négocié ». Conflit et zabota déterminent ensuite le rapport des jeunes au politique et leurs projets de société, leur attitude à la rue, leurs formes d’action et leurs logiques d’engagement. Cette recherche met aussi en évidence l’action des organisations qui mobilisent la jeunesse, tout en entretenant des relations consensuelles avec le pouvoir et envisageant leur action dans la continuité de l’État, mais qui promeuvent la loyauté politique parmi les jeunes à travers la mobilisation politique dans la rue en Russie et l’encadrement social en Biélorussie. Ce travail appréhende enfin les effets des contextes contraignants tant sur les jeunes contestataires, qui sont obligés d’adapter leurs modes de structuration, leurs répertoires d’action ainsi qu’à se socialiser à la répression, que sur les militants du pouvoir, qui doivent s’adapter aux objectifs des autorités. / This research endeavors to analyze forms and conditions of the collective action in constraining contexts on the example of youth mobilization in favor or against the government in Russia and Belarus throughout 2000’s. By confronting protest movements and loyal organizations and by analyzing them in their asymmetric relations with the State, this dissertation shows how those structures emerge following the “color revolutions” and internal political events. It also makes a distinction between three forms of youth activism: protest activism that is based on a frontal conflict with authorities, “power” activism in Belarus that is experienced in a consensual way of caring about others (zabota) and, finally, “power” activism in Russia that associates conflict with zabota in the frame of what we called a “negotiated conflict”. Conflict and zabota determine then the youth’ relations to the politics, their societal projects, their forms of action and individual logics of engagement. This research highlights also the existence of organizations that mobilize the youth, while maintaining consensual relations with the government and conceiving their action in continuity with the State, but that promote political loyalty among the young through their mobilization in the streets in Russia and social supervision and support to them in Belarus. Finally, this research apprehends effects of constraining contexts both on young protestors, who have to adapt their structuration modes, their repertoires of action and to socialize their members to the repression, and on “power” activists who have to adjust to new objectives set by the government.

AbstractThis thesis critically examines the impact of print and social media in a social movement by using Bring Back Our Girls as a case study, which depicts the abduction of girls by warlords in Africa. Today, due to social inequality, activists do not possess the same budget as larger companies for advertising and mass communications. Social movement campaigners depend on media coverage to gain public attention so that their voice can be heard. This study explores the role of print and social media in a social movement - the case of Bring Back Our Girls in Nigeria. A digital signage prototype was designed and developed to solve the issue of digital divide experienced by the Bring Back Our Girls advocacy group during the campaign. However, the digital signage turns the four stages of conventional social movements, which are Emergence, Coalescence, Bureaucratisation, and Decline. For example, if the movement is on bureaucratisation and a new channel is added, people will go back to emergence stage. This prototype, when fully developed, could be used to create awareness and to reach people in rural areas. This study used two research paths, primary and secondary. Primary research is conducted using two main methods: interviews (focus group interview) and a questionnaire. The focus group consisted of fifteen people, fourteen males and one female, although many female activists were invited, only one attended the meeting because of the socio-economic factor in Nigeria and the focus questions were open-ended. In addition, a questionnaire was designed for the evaluation of the prototype. The focus group interview focused on the examination of the role played by the print and social media platforms during the BBOG campaign and the questionnaire focused on the digital signage. The study also examined how a prototype of digital signage is designed by using the Microsoft PowerPoint Application. Secondary research was conducted using literature, online material, articles, e-books, etc., to gain an in-depth understanding of the role of print media, social media, social movement, design science, prototype design, resource mobilisation theory (RMT), social mobilisation, and digital divide. Specific research methods were identified based on the theoretical perspective chosen by the author. Both quantitative and qualitative data gathered in this study suggest that print and social media have some positive impacts on social movement and some of the participants claimed that they had been informed of Boko Haram’s rampage and the abduction of the Chibok girls through print media, such as newspapers, magazines, roadside posters, and billboards.Moreover, some participants claimed that they became aware of the BBOG campaign through social media like Facebook, Twitter, etc. The focus group interviews led to identification of six key themes. These were, information and intelligence gathering, social and print media education, information sharing, religious or tribal sentiment, communication, and networking and advocacy. Also, there are a number of sub-themes, which are discussed at length within the analysis of the report. The general findings are that the BBOG campaign movement was first noticed on electronic media, but became viral and sporadic in print and social media. Despite the cultural and religious differences in Nigeria, the campaigners came together to solicit for the rescue of the Chibok Girls.

This study explores the phenomenon of "Mission Mobilisation" and formulation of a contextual approach toward a successful and effective Church Mission Mobilisation in Africa that results an active involvement of the local church in missions. Using a qualitative exploratory case study method, the study of "Church Mission Mobilisation: the case of WMC in the Niassa Province of Mozambique" has served as a practical way to engage with the subject. Hence, the study demonstrates that the absence of contextualisation of the content and approach used by westerners to mobilise local churches, has left most African churches without interest for missions or involvement of any nature. There is a need for a paradigm shift in the way church mission mobilisation is carried out in modern society (specifically African churches) in order to effectively get the whole church involved in missions. The study concludes with practical recommendations on how the issues raised through this study can be applied to a broader field than the Niassa Province of Mozambique. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

Amid the 2011 Arab Revolts, and the subsequent worldwide Occupy movement, social movement scholars faced sudden, powerful mass mobilisations without easily identifiable resources, networks, or forms of organisation underlying them. These instances of mobilisation beyond the scope of what we traditionally consider ‘the movement’ have stretched existing theories of social movements to their limits, defying both conventional theoretical frameworks and existing approaches. This work undertakes a novel analysis of mobilisation which accounts for these new, disruptive cases. It advances the concept of Affinity: a predisposition to participate in certain causes based on social or psychological traits. Alongside this concept, it outlines conditions of Convergence: emergent situations, frames and spaces which encourage those with such Affinity to temporarily participate in mass mobilisations. These two concepts are advanced and developed through a study of the 2011 Egyptian Revolt and Occupy Wall Street movement, alongside the classic case of the 1789 French Revolution. These cases are analysed in comparative perspective to develop a powerful analytical tool with which scholars can augment conventional analyses: The Affinity-Convergence Model of Mobilisation.

Cette thèse porte sur la progressive prise en charge et gestion de l’urbanisation entre les années 1930 et la fin des années 1960. Sur la base d’une enquête portant principalement sur la région lyonnaise, ce travail a permis d’étudier les interactions existantes entre Etat et autorités locales et les modes d’action qui se dégagent pour prendre en compte et maîtriser la croissance urbaine.En suivant l’évolution des découpages territoriaux sous le poids du développement urbain, il s’agissait d’abord de retracer les étapes de la constitution et de l’institutionnalisation d’un territoire solidaire autour de Lyon. Ensuite, l’étude des premières réflexions sur la prise en charge des politiques urbaines a permis de comprendre les hésitations de l’Etat et les difficultés des responsables locaux des années 1930 au début des années 1960. Plusieurs dynamiques ont été repérées qui signalent une prise en compte parfois précoce des problèmes d’urbanisation par les autorités locales allant dans certains cas jusqu’à un repositionnement des services de l’Etat autour des problématiques urbaines. Si ces moments ne sont pas marqués par des évolutions institutionnelles et décisionnelles emblématiques, c’est sur ces premières réflexions et expériences, que s’appuieront les décisions prises à partir des années 1960. Cette décennie joue un rôle clé dans la mise en place d’une politique publique en matière d’aménagement urbain. En parallèle, nos analyses de terrain sur ces métropoles montrent que le parcours et le travail des hommes en charge de ces aménagements illustrent aussi les bouleversements que connaît le monde professionnel autour de l’urbain. Le cadre et la façon de penser l’aménagement des espaces urbains sont profondément modifiés que ce soit en termes de structures, de carrières, ou de modes de constitution et d’échange des savoirs. Notre travail s’arrête au seuil des années 1970 qui marquent le retrait progressif de l’Etat, et signalent une stabilisation des cadres de décision des politiques urbaines (agences d’urbanisme, renforcement des échelons intercommunaux). / This thesis examines the progressive handling and management of urbanization between the 1930s and late 1960s. Starting from a study concentrating on the Lyons region, this work managed to study existing interactions between the State and local authorities and subsequent actions to take into account and control urban growth.Following the development of territorial divisions against the challenge of urban development, the first objective was to track the constitution and institutionalisation of a solidary territory around Lyons.Secondly, early studies of the management of urban policies made it possible to understand the reluctance of the State and the difficulties local officials were facing from the 1930s to early 1960s. Several dynamics were identified showing that local authorities sometimes prematurely took into consideration problems of urbanization with State services taking a new position towards urban issues in some cases. Although these moments were not marked by emblematic institutional and decisional changes, these initial thoughts and experiences formed the basis of decisions taken from the 1960s. This decade plays a key role in the development of public policy within the field of urban planning. It is marked by the renewal of discussions on this issue for several years.In parallel, our fieldwork on these cities shows that the careers and the work of the men in charge of these developments also illustrate the turmoil in the professional realm of the city. During the period under examination, the framework and the way of planning urban spaces profoundly changed both in terms of structures, careers, tools, or methods of creation and exchange of knowledge. Our study ends in the early 1970s that marked the gradual withdrawal of the State from these issues, and indicated the stabilization of decision frameworks in urban policy, particularly around the implementation of town planning agencies and the strengthening of intercommuncal hierarchies.

This study explores the phenomenon of "Mission Mobilisation" and formulation of a contextual approach toward a successful and effective Church Mission Mobilisation in Africa that results an active involvement of the local church in missions. Using a qualitative exploratory case study method, the study of "Church Mission Mobilisation: the case of WMC in the Niassa Province of Mozambique" has served as a practical way to engage with the subject. Hence, the study demonstrates that the absence of contextualisation of the content and approach used by westerners to mobilise local churches, has left most African churches without interest for missions or involvement of any nature. There is a need for a paradigm shift in the way church mission mobilisation is carried out in modern society (specifically African churches) in order to effectively get the whole church involved in missions. The study concludes with practical recommendations on how the issues raised through this study can be applied to a broader field than the Niassa Province of Mozambique. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

L'ET-1, un peptide de 21 acides aminés, est un des plus puissants vasoconstricteurs isolés à date. Il est présent dans plusieurs tissus et est responsable de nombreuses actions biologiques. Chez l'humain, ces effets sont relayés par deux récepteurs couplés aux protéines G:ET[indice inférieur A] et ET[indice inférieur B]. Précédemment, notre groupe a démontré que ces récepteurs sont présents au niveau de la membrane plasmique, du cytosol et du noyau incluant les membranes de l'enveloppe nucléaire des cellules endothéliales endocardiques isolées des ventricules gauche (CEEGs) et droit (CEEDs) du coeur foetal humain âgé de 20 semaines. De plus, notre groupe a montré que suite à l'activation des récepteurs à l'ET-1 situés au niveau de la membrane plasmique, l'ET-1 augmente le niveau de Ca[indices supérieurs 2+] intracellulaire libre des CEEs; les CEEGs étant plus sensibles à l'ET-1 que les CEEDs. Basé sur ces résultats, nous allons tester l'hypothèse que les récepteurs de l'ET-1, et en particulier le récepteur ET[indice inférieur B], présents au niveau des membranes de l'enveloppe nucléaire des CEEs augmentent le Ca[indices supérieurs 2+] nucléoplasmique et que la sensibilité de ces récepteurs nucléaires est différente de celle connue pour les récepteurs à l'ET-1 de la membrane plasmique. De plus, il est possible que l'activation des récepteurs ET[indice inférieur A] et/ou ET[indice inférieur B] de la membrane de surface induit leur internalisation, translocation ainsi que leur synthèse de novo. Nous proposons aussi que ces phénomènes peuvent être différents dans les CEEGs et les CEEDs. Dans la première partie de ce mémoire, nous avons étudié l'effet de concentrations croissantes d'ET-1 cytosolique sur le niveau de calcium nucléoplasmique des CEEGs et des CEEDs. Au niveau des noyaux des CEEDs, nous avons observé que la valeur de EC[indice inférieur 50] obtenue est plus élevée (1000 fois) que celle des noyaux des CEEGs suggérant que les récepteurs à l'ET-1 présents au niveau des membranes de l'enveloppe nucléaire sont plus sensibles à l'ET-1 au niveau des CEEGs par rapport aux CEEDs. Nos résultats montrent également que les récepteurs à l'ET-1 des membranes de l'enveloppe nucléaire des CEEDs et des CEEGs sont plus sensibles à l'ET-1 que ces mêmes récepteurs présents au niveau de la membrane plasmique et ce de 1000 fois pour les CEEGs et de 10 fois pour les CEEDs. De plus, nos résultats montrent qu'au niveau des CEEDs et des CEEGs, l'ET-1 cytosolique induit une augmentation du [Ca[indices supérieurs 2+]][indice inférieur n] qui est relayée par le récepteur ET[indice inférieur B]. Dans la deuxième partie de ce mémoire, nous avons démontré que le traitement des cellules avec l'ET-1 à différents temps pouvait induire la mobilisation des récepteurs ET[indice inférieur A] et ET[indice inférieur B]. Nous avons observé une similarité dans le profil de mobilisation des récepteurs ET[indice inférieur A] et ET[indice inférieur B] au niveau des CEEDs suggérant que la cinétique de l'internalisation, de la dégradation et de la synthèse de novo peut être la même indépendamment du type de récepteur activé. De plus, nos résultats montrent que la cinétique et le décours de la mobilisation des récepteurs ET[indice inférieur A] et ET[indice inférieur B] est différent dans les CEEGs par rapport aux CEEDs suggérant qu'il est important de considérer l'origine anatomique des CEEs. Nos résultats montrent également que la plupart des augmentations dans les niveaux du récepteur ET[indice inférieur A] et ET[indice inférieur B] au niveau des CEEs sont dues à des synthèses de novo sensibles à la cycloheximide.

The use of research evidence to improve the practices of teachers is considered one of the ways of improving the educational outcomes for children. This study was focussed on determining how an online approach could be used to increase knowledge mobilisation in education, by giving teachers better access to research knowledge that they could use to support and develop their practices. This study had two aims. The first aim was to investigate what research knowledge and research practices teachers were using and what value they ascribed to those practices; the second was to explore teachers' views and opinions of a new online approach to the presentation of research knowledge. This was a mixed method study using questionnaires, interviews and focus groups to gather a range of both qualitative and quantitative data. The findings of this study show that practitioners value research practices more than they are able to participate in them, and that there is a consistent valuepractice gap across the range of research practices. Exploratory factor analysis revealed five underlying factors; engagement with research, engagement with the research community, promotes professional discussion of research, promotes teacher knowledge generation, and promotes wider engagement of the school with research and the research community. These factors showed that teachers and their schools want to engage both with research knowledge and with the wider research community so that the use of research knowledge can be enhanced in education. The findings also show that practitioners were receptive to the use of an online approach to the delivery of research knowledge and the piloted approach was accessible and intuitive. Practitioners exhibited interest in using the approach in a range of collaborative interactions with colleagues. Overall this study revealed that online approaches to knowledge mobilisation have potential but that teachers need to be supported in their engagement with research and the wider research community. This thesis is a contribution to the knowledge of how online approaches can be developed and deployed to enhance knowledge mobilisation towards teaching being an evidence informed profession. Equally school leaders and policy-makers need to create environments that are supportive of teachers' use of research, if they want teachers to use research knowledge to inform their practices.

This thesis examined the nature, experience and consequences of humiliation among Dalits (ex-Untouchables) in India (and also among UK students for comparative purposes). Social psychological research looks at humiliation as automatic, extreme and intense emotion which often leads to extreme and irrational behaviors (Lindner, 2002; Otten & Jonas, 2014; Elison & Harter, 2007). The research in this thesis contested this view and underlined the need to look at humiliation as 1) inherently relational or dynamic in nature, 2) a distinguishably group level phenomenon and 3) a mobilised phenomenon. Study 1 analysed the experiences of humiliation among Dalits and conceptualised humiliation as a complex social encounter in which one party attempts to diminish identity of another party. Study 1 also identified important dimensions of humiliating encounters that were examined in subsequent studies. Studies 2 - 3 manipulated perspective (victim or witness) and target of devaluation (personal identity or social identity) in a humiliating encounter and showed that the nature of humiliation and how it is experienced depends upon the way in which identities are defined in a humiliating encounter. Both UK students (Study 2) and Dalit participants (Study 3) confirmed the collective experience of humiliation i.e. one can feel humiliated simply by witnessing humiliation of another group member. Studies- 4 - 7 manipulated victim's response (resistance vs. compliance) during a humiliating encounter. These studies showed that humiliation is an encounter within power relations and victims of humiliation possess choice and agency to change the outcome of humiliating encounters. Study 8 analysed the humiliation rhetoric in the speeches of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the most important of Dalits leaders, and showed that the way in which humiliating encounter is resolved depends upon the mobilisation processes which can even change the nature of identities and, therefore, the nature of experience of the encounter.

Des analyses de génomes avaient suggéré que de nombreux îlots génomiques bactériens seraient des éléments intégratifs conjugatifs (ICE) ou des éléments en dérivant. Les ICE s'excisent sous forme circulaire par la recombinaison site-spécifique, se transfèrent par conjugaison et s'intègrent chez une cellule réceptrice. Les éléments de ce type sont très abondants aux seins des génomes de bactéries et d'archées. Divers îlots génomiques apparentés sont intégrés dans l'extrémité 3' de l'ORF fda chez plusieurs souches de Streptococcus thermophilus. Cette famille inclut 2 éléments intégratifs potentiellement conjugatifs, dont ICESt3, et 4 éléments qui dérivent d'ICE par délétion, les CIME (cis mobilizable elements). Ce travail a montré qu'ICESt3 se transfère entre souches de S. thermophilus et entre espèces proches. Cet élément est le premier élément conjugatif identifié chez ce streptocoque. Le transfert d'ICESt3 vers une cellule portant un ICE ou un CIME intégré a conduit à l'accrétion site-spécifique d'ICESt3 et d'un îlot génomique apparenté. À partir de cellules portant un tandem CIME-ICE, le co-transfert du CIME et de l'ICE ainsi que le transfert du CIME seul ont été obtenus, démontrant la mobilisation conjugative d'un CIME par ICESt3. Ainsi, les îlots génomiques de S. thermophilus évoluent par accrétion site-spécifique et mobilisation conjugative. Par ailleurs, une analyse de séquences disponibles dans les bases de données et une analyse bibliographique suggèrent très fortement que les CIME sont très répandus et que les événements d'accrétion site-spécifique entre îlots génomiques jouent un rôle important dans l'évolution bactérienne. / Analyses of genomes had suggested that numerous bacterial genomic islands would be integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) or elements deriving from them. ICEs excise under a circular form by site-specific recombination, transfer by conjugation, and integrate in a recipient cell. The type of elements is very widespread in genomes of bacteria and archaea. Various related genomic islands are integrated at the 3' of the fda ORF in different Streptococcus thermophilus strains. This family includes 2 integrative and potentially conjugative elements, of which ICESt3, and 4 elements deriving from ICEs by deletion and named CIMEs (cis mobilizable elements). This work has demonstrated that ICESt3 transfers between S. thermophilus and related species. This element is the first conjugative element identified in this streptococcus. The ICESt3 transfer to a cell already carrying an ICE or a CIME leads to the characterization of site-specific accretions of ICESt3 and a related genomic island. Using donor cell harboring a CIME-ICE tandem, the co-transfer of the CIME and the ICE, the transfer of the ICE and the transfer of the only CIME were obtained, demonstrating conjugative mobilization of a CIME by ICESt3. Thus, the genomic islands from S. thermophilus evolve by site-specific accretion and conjugative mobilization. Moreover, an analysis of sequences from databases and an analysis of literature strongly suggest that CIMEs are widespread and that site-specific accretions between genomic islands play a key role in bacterial evolution.