In this dissertation novel work is presented showing the performance and device physics of Organic Field Effect Transistors (OFETs) and bulk heterojunction Organic Photovoltaic (OPV) devices fabricated using novel acceptor small molecules. Pentacene and N,N’-bis(n-octyl)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI-8CN₂) were used as the active layer in p-channel and n-channel Organic Field Effect Transistors (OFETs), respectively, and novel pulsed voltage transient measurements were developed in order to extract transient mobilities and carrier velocities from the transistor response of the device, which were well correlated with the corresponding DC OFET characteristics. A distributed RC network was used to model the OFET’s channel and the transient and DC characteristics of the devices were successfully reproduced. Temperature dependent studies of the DC field effect mobilities and transient mobilities of these two materials were carried out and the results used to extract information on charge carrier transport in the materials at varying time scales. Open-circuit voltages of the OPV devices are correlated with the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) levels various acceptor small molecules and donor polymers comprising the active layers of the devices. / text

It has often been claimed that contemporary societies are shaped by globalization; the rapid interconnections of societies, economies, markets, flows and information potentially linking all places in the world to each other. In search for experiences, variation, escape or comfort, individuals are travelling, circulating, and migrating between places, challenging the notions of ‘home’ and ‘away’, ‘everyday’ and ‘extraordinary’. This thesis addresses the ways lifestyle-led mobilities are produced and performed, by studying the mobility trajectories and experiences of Swedes dividing their time seasonally between Sweden and Malta. It explores how movers are faced with a structural framework that both facilitates and directs their choices concerning mobility, and how they interpret and respond to these structures. It also explores the imaginaries, meanings, and feelings for place, identity, and lifestyle that the movers negotiate through their mobility practices and through the links they create and sustain in places. Thus, this thesis is situated in an evolving field of research on lifestyle mobilities. Lifestyle mobilities are here defined as those mobility practices undertaken by individuals based on their freedom of choice, of a temporal or more permanent duration, with or without any significant ‘home base(s)’, that are primarily driven by aspirations to increase ‘quality of life’, and that are primarily related to the individuals’ lifestyle values. The thesis is based on four individual papers exploring different aspects lifestyle mobility. The aim is to understand how production and performance aspects of lifestyle mobilities are related, and how notions of identity and belonging are negotiated in relation to lifestyle mobility practices. The production aspect relates to those structures and frameworks that create, facilitate, or sometimes delimit opportunities for lifestyle mobility while the performance aspect focuses on individual agency and meaning of lifestyle mobility practices. The studies are based on in-depth interviews with Swedish movers in Malta, and focus on how structural frameworks and mediations influence the ways that movers manoeuvre, manipulate or adapt to structures and influences in order to arrange their life context to achieve ‘quality of life’. A second aim focuses on the ways that movers reflect upon their identities and belongings as they travel routinely between two (or more) significant places, and how this may influence mobility practices. It is concluded that structures and mediations are both facilitating and delimiting movers’ space of choice regarding mobility decisions. Through their agency, movers negotiate their space of choice by allocating resources and experience, accessing supportive networks and tailoring their access to entitlements. The production and performance aspects of lifestyle mobility practices are interlinked in complex ways.

In the period 1999-2007, more than half a million Burkinabe returned to Burkina Faso due to the persecution of immigrant labourers in neighbouring Côte d’Ivoire. Ultranationalist debates about the criteria for Ivorian citizenship had intensified during the 1990s and led to the scapegoating of immigrants in a political rhetoric centred on notions of autochthony and xenophobia. Having been actively encouraged to immigrate by the Ivorian state for generations, Burkinabe migrant labourers were now forced to leave their homes and livelihoods behind and return to a country they had left in their youth or, as second-generation immigrants in Côte d’Ivoire, had never seen. Based on 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Burkina Faso and Côte d’Ivoire, the thesis explores the narratives and everyday practices of returning labour migrants in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso’s second-largest city, in order to understand the subjective experiences of displacement that the forced return to Burkina Faso engendered. The analysis questions the appropriateness of the very notion of “return” in this context and suggests that people’s senses of home are multiplex and tend to rely more on the ability to pursue active processes of emplacement in everyday life than on abstract notions of belonging, e.g. relating to citizenship or ethnicity. The study analyses intergenerational interactions within and across migrant families in the city and on transformations of intra-familial relations in the context of forced displace-ment. A particular emphasis is placed on the experiences of young adults who were born and raised in Côte d’Ivoire and arrived in Burkina Faso for the first time during the Ivorian crisis. These young men and women were received with scepticism in Burkina Faso because of their perceived “Ivorian” upbringing, language, and behaviour and were forced to face new forms of stigmatisation and exclusion. At the same time, young migrants were able to exploit their labelling as outsiders and turn their difference into an advantage in the competition for scarce employment opportunities and social connections.

In the period 1999-2007, more than half a million Burkinabe returned to Burkina Faso due to the persecution of immigrant labourers in neighbouring Côte d’Ivoire. Ultranationalist debates about the criteria for Ivorian citizenship had intensified during the 1990s and led to the scapegoating of immigrants in a political rhetoric centred on notions of autochthony and xenophobia. Having been actively encouraged to immigrate by the Ivorian state for generations, Burkinabe migrant labourers were now forced to leave their homes and livelihoods behind and return to a country they had left in their youth or, as second-generation immigrants in Côte d’Ivoire, had never seen. Based on 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Burkina Faso and Côte d’Ivoire, the thesis explores the narratives and everyday practices of returning labour migrants in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso’s second-largest city, in order to understand the subjective experiences of displacement that the forced return to Burkina Faso engendered. The analysis questions the appropriateness of the very notion of “return” in this context and suggests that people’s senses of home are multiplex and tend to rely more on the ability to pursue active processes of emplacement in everyday life than on abstract notions of belonging, e.g. relating to citizenship or ethnicity. The study analyses intergenerational interactions within and across migrant families in the city and on transformations of intra-familial relations in the context of forced displace-ment. A particular emphasis is placed on the experiences of young adults who were born and raised in Côte d’Ivoire and arrived in Burkina Faso for the first time during the Ivorian crisis. These young men and women were received with scepticism in Burkina Faso because of their perceived “Ivorian” upbringing, language, and behaviour and were forced to face new forms of stigmatisation and exclusion. At the same time, young migrants were able to exploit their labelling as outsiders and turn their difference into an advantage in the competition for scarce employment opportunities and social connections.

The figure of the human body and notions of its sustenance, wellbeing and need for change are central, if often latent, within discussions of contemporary eco-social 'crises'. This dissertation considers cycling practices in Los Angeles as a 'case' to ask how conceptions of human bodies - the intertwined ideas and materials that constitute them - need reconsidering. Cycling, particularly when replacing car journeys, is increasingly promoted as a solution for some of these 'crises': Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, traffic congestion and alleviating health concerns associated with sedentary lifestyles and mental health. Much cycling advocacy and research is focused on improving the cycling experience and enhancing rates of cycling in cities, yet rests on dominant ontological presumptions around human bodies, their categories of identity and their normativity - both what is considered 'normal' as well as aspirations of 'good' in terms of health and sustainability. In this dissertation, I work through a methodology of 'riding theory' by bringing together (material) feminist, queer and critical race theories with multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork on cycling practices, focusing mainly on Los Angeles, California. Rather than building on automatic assumptions of cycling as a 'solution', I ask in what ways cycling practices manifest through relations of power. This rests on an ontology of 'flesh' and 'enfleshment' - indebted to the work of corporeal and black feminist theorists - whereby cycling is understood not as modulated by relations of power, but becoming-as and through these relations in highly uneven ways. Through cycling in Los Angeles, intertwined techniques of power are discussed as: categorization (the naming and reproduction of identities and bodily difference); configuration of matter and meanings through spacetime (the configuration and affordances of cycling lungs, exposures, taking up spacetimes, speeds and locomotion) and valuation (the enrolment of cycling subjectivities and energies within the reproduction and circulation of value). As opposed to cycling futures reconfigured to fulfil alternative criteria of valuation, I consider what a cycling ethic of response-ability might do: An ethic that arises from the ontologies of enfleshment and that requires a working-with the affordances of cycling. Thinking through these ontologies and/as ethics, I argue, forces emergent reconsideration of how cycling subjectivities and responsibilities, justice, health and sustainability are understood.

xix, 141 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / The constant drive to improve material properties has recently led researchers towards metastable nanostructured materials, increasing the need for new synthetic pathways capable of rationally accessing targeted compounds. A method is demonstrated for using physical vapor deposition to create elementally modulated precursors targeting specific compounds. Controlling the modulation length scale of the precursor allows entire families of misfit layered compounds to be synthesized with atomic level control of the structure. Over 100 new misfit layered compounds were synthesized in the [(BiSe) 1.10 ] m (NbSe 2 ) n , [(PbSe) 1.10 ] m (NbSe 2 ) n , [(PbSe) 1.00 ] m (MoSe 2 ) n , and [(SnSe) 1.10 ] m (MoSe 2 ) n , families. The three-dimensional structures of these compounds are examined. These materials are shown to form turbostratically disordered sheets of transition metal dichalcogenide layers interwoven between blocks of rock salt layers. These layers have very small in-plane grain sizes on the order of 10 mn. The interfaces between these layers lack any epitaxial relationship and yet are atomically abrupt and indicate no strain present. The unique metastable structures lead to fascinating properties in these compounds. The turbostratic disorder leads to extremely low thermal conductivity perpendicular to the layering. Thermal conductivities as low as 0.07 W/m/K were measured. Because of the flexible chemistries, a wide range of electrical properties are accessible in these materials, with electrical conductivities ranging from metallic to semiconducting and carrier concentrations ranging from 10 17 to 10 21 cm -3 . Despite the small grain sizes, respectable mobilities have also been measured, up to 21 cm 2 V -1 s -1 . This work consists, in part, of previously published and coauthored material. / Committee in charge: James Hutchison, Chairperson, Chemistry; David Johnson, Advisor, Chemistry; David Tyler, Member, Chemistry; Geraldine Richmond, Member, Chemistry; Richard Taylor, Outside Member, Physics

Les sociétés rurales sont caractérisées par des modes de vie et de déplacement quotidiens particulièrement dépendants du mode automobile, et la mobilité est, depuis longtemps déjà, un enjeu central des politiques publiques qui leur sont destinées. Les collectivités rurales sont prises dans une tension entre l'injonction à adopter des mobilités plus diversifiées, plus économes, et, en même temps, un climat d'incertitudes et des contraintes politiques et budgétaires qui freinent les choix de rupture. La thèse analyse les conditions d'émergence d'une offre de publique en faveur de l'électromobilité alors qu’une multitude de dispositifs encouragent l'introduction de voitures électriques, de vélos à assistance électrique et de bornes de recharge. Les acteurs ruraux s'en saisissent-ils pour autant ? Et de quelle manière ? La recherche questionne donc les modalités particulières du saisissement des instruments d’incitation liés à l’électromobilité dans les petites collectivités rurales et étudie la manière dont celles-ci acceptent, en la reformulant, cette injonction à la modernité et au changement. L'hypothèse centrale de cette thèse est que l'émergence de l'offre électromobile dans le monde rural fait l'objet d'une construction et d'une mise en forme conjointe, mais loin d'être consensuelle, entre le monde local (usagers, élus, opérateurs privés) et les acteurs extérieurs. En mobilisant une approche pluridisciplinaire, le déploiement très progressif de l’électromobilité est analysé dans le cadre d'une démarche de recherche menée dans la Manche et en Aveyron. Après une contextualisation de l’émergence des politiques électromobiles dans les deux territoires étudiés, la thèse montre comment ce nouveau champ de l'action publique permet aux élus ruraux d'adopter avec prudence et sans renier l'automobilité auxquels ils restent attachés, un nouveau référentiel de mobilité durable. L’électromobilité est une proposition saisie ou détournée, discutée et expérimentée avant d'être éventuellement intégrée à une stratégie territoriale en fonction des ressources et du rôle de l’acteur local. Ensuite, après avoir constaté la très grande diversité des thématiques qui introduisent l'offre politique de l’électromobilité dans les territoires ruraux, la thèse propose une typologie pour mieux comprendre le foisonnement de micro-projets électromobiles et les visées auxquelles est censé répondre du point de vue des élus. L’appropriation de l’électromobilité est engagée via une pragmatique locale par des acteurs à la recherche d’un nouveau modèle d’aménagement rural. Nous montrons, à travers quelques projets de plus grande envergure visant à déployer des bornes de recherche ou des véhicules à hydrogène, que le déploiement électromobile est aussi un objet de pouvoir. Dans deux départements marqués historiquement par la production électrique (l'une d'origine nucléaire, l'autre hydroélectrique) et donc par les proximités historiques de l'industriel et du monde politique local, la thèse montre le saisissement stratégique de l’électromobilité par des acteurs locaux, comme les syndicats départementaux d’énergie. Il s’agit de promouvoir un nouveau modèle économico-énergétique territorial tout en maintenant les proximités politico-industrielles de toujours. L'un des principaux résultats est le constat de l'écart entre l'apparence d'intense renouvellement que relaient les discours et la mise en scène de l'offre politique et le saupoudrage presque anecdotique des projets réels. Ces démarches semblent porter les ferments d’une réinvention économique, territoriale et sociale du monde rural très ambiguë. D'un côté, l'électromobilité est utilisée au profit de stratégies de conservation de rapports de pouvoir, même si certaines formes d'appropriation de l'électromobilité reconfigurent discrètement les cadres de production des politiques publiques d'aménagement rural, débouchant sur une image de la transition mobilitaire rurale plurielle, sinon divergente / Renewed mobility policies have been developed since the mid-2000s in French rural areas, which are particularly car dependent. Local authorities have chosen to offer alternatives to automotive mobility. This thesis analyzes the emergence of public electric mobility policies, while national or European incentives encourage their development (cars, bicycles, charging stations). Do rural actors seize these incentives? And how? This study questions therefore the particular ways in which the incentive mechanisms related to electromobility in small rural communities are taken advantage of and how local authorities consent to this encouragement to change. The main hypothesis of this research is that the emergence of e-mobility in rural territories is elaborated and shaped by both local stakeholders and external actors, not always in consensual ways. With a multidisciplinary approach, we study the gradual deployment of e-mobility in two French territories, the Manche department and the Aveyron department. This study is based on the monitoring of several projects, and on interviews of local stakeholders.Our results show how e-mobility is used by local stakeholders to negotiate the turn toward a more sustainable rural transportation network and to reconsider the automobility system. It is seized, discussed, tested or rejected and might be integrated into a territorial strategy, depending on the resources and on the role of local actors.E-mobility is undertaken in several ways. First, it is implanted in a diversity of local public policies (tourism, social inclusion, environment), within smaller projects such as electric bike rental or electric car sharing system. It emerges through practical initiatives which stakeholders come up with in search of new mobility systems for the territory.Secondly, we show that e-mobility is a strategic tool, in larger projects (hydrogen, charging stations) in order to promote an energy system for the territory. In two territories historically shaped by electrical production (nuclear power and hydroelectric power), we demonstrate that e-mobility represents a powerful tool in the context of an energy transition, as it enables stakeholders to secure their role within these territories.The movement toward this innovation is made in the continuity of the rural and local policies, targetting isues such as tourism or local economy, and in connection with the national energy policies of energy transition. Finally, we hypothesize that these projects can also lead to discontinuities, to a reinvention of the rural, toward a new energy network, and new mobilities.

Neste trabalho, a estrutura eletrônica de poços quânticos de GaAs/In IND.0.15 Ga IND.0.85As/GaAs com dopagem planar de silício na barreira superior foi investigada utilizando-se medidas de Shubnikov-de Haas em função do tempo de iluminação, observou-se que uma quantidade significativa de elétrons estava faltando na região ativa (formada pela camada de InGaAs e pela região delta-dopada) de todas as estruturas analisadas. Um efeito fotocondutivo persistente (que persiste pelo menos 27 horas depois que a excitação óptica é desligada) foi observado em todas as amostras. Durante o processo de iluminação, portadores são liberados pela iluminação e fortes modificações nas mobilidades quânticas das sub-bandas foram observadas. Uma analise fenomenológica dos dados é apresentada, baseada em cálculos autoconsistentes da estrutura eletrônica dos sistemas analisados. / In this work, the sub-band electronic structure of de GaAs/In IND.0.15 Ga IND.0.85As/GaAs quantum wells with a Si delta-doped layer in the top barrier was investigated by Shubnikov-de Haas measurements as a function of the illumination time of the samples. Before the exposure of the heterostructure to any illumination time, we observed that a significant quantity of electrons was missing in the active region (consisting of the quantum well formed by the InGaAs layer and the Si delta-doped region) of all the analyzed structures. A persistent photoconductivity effect (which persisted at least for 27 hours after the optical excitation was turned off) was observed in all samples. During the illumination process, carriers are released by illumination and strong modifications on the quantum mobilities of the sub-bands were observed. A phenomenological analysis of the data is presented based on the self-consistent calculations of the electronic structure of the analyzed systems.

Desde o final dos anos 1980, o Suriname presencia um fluxo migratório, sem precedentes, de brasileiros em direção ao seu território. A corrida do ouro é o principal fator que vem atraindo levas de garimpeiros e redirecionando, também, toda a rede que o garimpo agrega. A mineração é uma atividade de grande importância econômica para o Suriname, já que sua economia é altamente dependente da extração aurífera, sendo majoritariamente desenvolvida de modo informal e, sobretudo, por brasileiros que vivem nesse país em situação irregular. Assim, nesta tese analisamos as mobilidades dos garimpeiros, no e para o Suriname, atreladas à mineração do ouro em pequena escala, levando em conta que tais dinâmicas estão imersas em variados contextos multiterritoriais, além de envolverem distintos agentes com interesses convergentes e/ou divergentes. A metodologia utilizada inclui pesquisa de campo nas principais cidades que fazem parte desses itinerários tanto no Brasil quanto nos demais países do Platô das Guianas , assim como nas áreas de garimpo situadas na floresta amazônica surinamesa, além de levantamento de bibliografia secundária, consulta de documentos oficiais em arquivos, bibliotecas e órgãos do governo e demais fontes de arquivamento. Juntamente com a contribuição da pesquisa empírica original sobre as implicações transnacionais da mineração do ouro na Bacia Amazônica, a presente tese propõe a exploração teórica das territorialidades emergentes e suas consequências em meio à multiterritorialidade, além dos respectivos processos territoriais implicados nela, a partir da interpretação dessas complexas mobilidades transgressoras. Desse modo, demonstramos que os garimpeiros estão inseridos em assimétricas relações de poder e variados quadros morais que envolvem, dentre outros, populações tradicionais, agentes do capital privado atrelados à mineração em média/grande escala e o Estado. A coexistência e a sobreposição dessas múltiplas lógicas territoriais influenciam decisivamente nas negociações, tensões e conflitos, redefinindo regras, interações e significados, tanto nos territórios da garimpagem quanto nos demais setores da mineração do ouro. / Since the late 1980s, Suriname has been experiencing an unprecedented flow of Brazilian immigrants into its territory. The gold rush has been the main factor attracting waves of garimpeiros and redirecting the entire network related to mining. Mining is of great economic importance for Suriname. The economy is highly dependent on gold extraction, which for the most part has been developed informally and primarily by irregular Brazilian immigrants. Therefore, in this thesis, we analyzed mobilities of garimpeiros associated with small-scale gold mining in and toward Suriname. We considered these dynamics as embedded within diverse multi-territorial contexts, involving particular agents with convergent and or divergent interests. The methodology applied in this study included field research in the main cities that form part of these itineraries. These cities are located in Brazil and other countries in the Guiana Shield, as well as in mining areas in the Surinamese Amazon forest. In addition, we conducted secondary research, which included consulting official documents in archives, libraries, government institutions, and other archival resources. In combination with the original empirical research concerning the transnational implications of gold mining in the Amazon basin, we aimed to theoretically explore emergent territorialities and their consequences in a multi-territory setting, as well as the respective territorial processes involved in it (starting from interpretations of complex transgressive mobilities). We thus demonstrated that garimpeiros are caught up in asymmetrical power relationships and diverse moral frameworks involving agents such as traditional populations, agents of private capital involved in medium- or large-scale mining initiatives, and the State. The coexistence and intersections of multiple territorial logics decisively influence negotiations, tensions, and conflicts. In addition, they redefine rules, interactions, and meanings in mining territories, as well as other areas related to gold mining.

The world is facing a change that needs to reduce the carbon output that humanity and its technologies produce. One such shift is the swap to non-fossil fueled cars and more sustainable ways to travel. Travelling by bicycle has for several decades been one of the most sustainable ways to travel and now the evolution of bicycling is upon us with the boom of electric bicycles.    With the electric bicycle, you can push the active distance you can commute with a bicycle as you get a helping hand when traversing steep hills and a speed boost as well. Not to mention that you won't arrive drenched in sweat. As the evolution of sustainable traveling methods continue, how does the cities and urban areas around them evolve? As we see more charging posts for electrified cars and local buses, not much has been done within the spaces for electric bicycles. So, what is the future for the electric bicycle as a sustainable transport method and how should the municipalities and cities plan for it?    By using content analysis on different kinds of plans that municipalities work with when planning for transport methods, the goal is to see how widespread planning for electric bicycles is and if there are any other factors affecting this. By using a pre-set list of keywords and a PDF reader, the goals were to search each plan for the keywords. A hypothesis is that if a municipality mentions the electric bicycle, then the municipality may plan for it. Two categories were made, one that mentions the electric bicycle for what it is and nothing more. The other if the municipality in some greater context describes planning for the electric bicycle.   The result show that 24% of Swedish municipalities have plans that includes planning regarding the electric bicycle. Three factors were created that may explain why and if a municipality had planning or not for the electric bicycle and these were geographical aspects, the acceptance date of the plan and local factors.   For the electric bicycle to have a place in the future as a sustainable transport method it needs to be recognized as one. As well as given the space within our municipalities and city's, to be able to be used safely and not pose a risk to other users. As the electric bicycle has other requirements on the infrastructure than regular bikes, they need more space, wider roads etc. That is why it is crucial to plan for them, if they are to be among the future sustainable transport methods.