Este trabalho procura compreender o processo migratório de jovens dos municípios de Nova Bréscia e Coqueiro Baixo, localizados no Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil, em direção a centros urbanos do país e do exterior, envolvidos com o trabalho em churrascarias, através da formação de redes de mobilidade social. Baseados na perspectiva da compreensão do Espaço Geográfico que se aproxima do materialismo histórico, compreendendo a consubstanciação de fluxos no/pelo Espaço Geográfico, entendendo a rede como um fenômeno e um processo no entendimento e na construção da sociedade, pensada enquanto espaço e tempo, como uma forma de organizar o espaço sempre em movimento. O trabalho possui como uma das inquietudes a idéia de que o processo de expansão das churrascarias está relacionado à perseguição do capital, quando trabalhadores deixam as áreas rurais em que residem em direção aos centros urbanos, na procura de ascender socialmente, originando as redes de mobilidade social, constituindo-se as churrascarias como uma perspectiva de espaços de acolhimento para esses imigrantes. Esse processo de mobilidade social impulsionado e/ou entre-laçado pelas churrascarias parece se constituir num conjunto de modalidades pelas quais um grupo social compreende como a possibilidade de ocuparem novos espaços, proporcionadas pela mobilidade/oportunidade do trabalho, onde a perseguição do capital é um dos condicionantes (não o único) para a migração de trabalhadores do espaço rural para o espaço urbano, através da formação de redes migratórias. / The present work aims at understanding the migratory process of young people from Nova Bréscia and Coqueiro Baixo municipalities, located in Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil, in direction to urban centers inside the country and abroad. These people are involved in jobs at barbecue restaurants by the formation of social mobility networks. We are based on the perspective of the Geographical Space which is close to the historical materialism, understanding the consubstantiality of fluxes in/by the Geographical Space. We comprehend the network as a phenomenon and as a process in the understanding and in the construction of society; meant like space and time, as a form of organizing the space always in movement. The work has, as one of its questions, the idea that the expansion process of those barbecue restaurants is related to the pursuit of capital, when the workers leave the rural areas in which they reside towards the urban centers searching for social ascension. They create the networks of social mobility becoming the barbecue restaurants as a perspective of welcome spaces for those immigrants. This process of social mobility, encouraged and/or inter-related by the barbecue restaurants, seems to constitute a group of modalities by which a social group understands the possibility to occupy new spaces. Those opportunities are provided by the job mobility/ opportunity, where the search for capital is one of the determining factors (not the only one) for the workers migration from the rural area to an urban area by the formation of migrating networks.

Este trabalho procura compreender o processo migratório de jovens dos municípios de Nova Bréscia e Coqueiro Baixo, localizados no Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil, em direção a centros urbanos do país e do exterior, envolvidos com o trabalho em churrascarias, através da formação de redes de mobilidade social. Baseados na perspectiva da compreensão do Espaço Geográfico que se aproxima do materialismo histórico, compreendendo a consubstanciação de fluxos no/pelo Espaço Geográfico, entendendo a rede como um fenômeno e um processo no entendimento e na construção da sociedade, pensada enquanto espaço e tempo, como uma forma de organizar o espaço sempre em movimento. O trabalho possui como uma das inquietudes a idéia de que o processo de expansão das churrascarias está relacionado à perseguição do capital, quando trabalhadores deixam as áreas rurais em que residem em direção aos centros urbanos, na procura de ascender socialmente, originando as redes de mobilidade social, constituindo-se as churrascarias como uma perspectiva de espaços de acolhimento para esses imigrantes. Esse processo de mobilidade social impulsionado e/ou entre-laçado pelas churrascarias parece se constituir num conjunto de modalidades pelas quais um grupo social compreende como a possibilidade de ocuparem novos espaços, proporcionadas pela mobilidade/oportunidade do trabalho, onde a perseguição do capital é um dos condicionantes (não o único) para a migração de trabalhadores do espaço rural para o espaço urbano, através da formação de redes migratórias. / The present work aims at understanding the migratory process of young people from Nova Bréscia and Coqueiro Baixo municipalities, located in Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil, in direction to urban centers inside the country and abroad. These people are involved in jobs at barbecue restaurants by the formation of social mobility networks. We are based on the perspective of the Geographical Space which is close to the historical materialism, understanding the consubstantiality of fluxes in/by the Geographical Space. We comprehend the network as a phenomenon and as a process in the understanding and in the construction of society; meant like space and time, as a form of organizing the space always in movement. The work has, as one of its questions, the idea that the expansion process of those barbecue restaurants is related to the pursuit of capital, when the workers leave the rural areas in which they reside towards the urban centers searching for social ascension. They create the networks of social mobility becoming the barbecue restaurants as a perspective of welcome spaces for those immigrants. This process of social mobility, encouraged and/or inter-related by the barbecue restaurants, seems to constitute a group of modalities by which a social group understands the possibility to occupy new spaces. Those opportunities are provided by the job mobility/ opportunity, where the search for capital is one of the determining factors (not the only one) for the workers migration from the rural area to an urban area by the formation of migrating networks.

Este trabalho procura compreender o processo migratório de jovens dos municípios de Nova Bréscia e Coqueiro Baixo, localizados no Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil, em direção a centros urbanos do país e do exterior, envolvidos com o trabalho em churrascarias, através da formação de redes de mobilidade social. Baseados na perspectiva da compreensão do Espaço Geográfico que se aproxima do materialismo histórico, compreendendo a consubstanciação de fluxos no/pelo Espaço Geográfico, entendendo a rede como um fenômeno e um processo no entendimento e na construção da sociedade, pensada enquanto espaço e tempo, como uma forma de organizar o espaço sempre em movimento. O trabalho possui como uma das inquietudes a idéia de que o processo de expansão das churrascarias está relacionado à perseguição do capital, quando trabalhadores deixam as áreas rurais em que residem em direção aos centros urbanos, na procura de ascender socialmente, originando as redes de mobilidade social, constituindo-se as churrascarias como uma perspectiva de espaços de acolhimento para esses imigrantes. Esse processo de mobilidade social impulsionado e/ou entre-laçado pelas churrascarias parece se constituir num conjunto de modalidades pelas quais um grupo social compreende como a possibilidade de ocuparem novos espaços, proporcionadas pela mobilidade/oportunidade do trabalho, onde a perseguição do capital é um dos condicionantes (não o único) para a migração de trabalhadores do espaço rural para o espaço urbano, através da formação de redes migratórias. / The present work aims at understanding the migratory process of young people from Nova Bréscia and Coqueiro Baixo municipalities, located in Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil, in direction to urban centers inside the country and abroad. These people are involved in jobs at barbecue restaurants by the formation of social mobility networks. We are based on the perspective of the Geographical Space which is close to the historical materialism, understanding the consubstantiality of fluxes in/by the Geographical Space. We comprehend the network as a phenomenon and as a process in the understanding and in the construction of society; meant like space and time, as a form of organizing the space always in movement. The work has, as one of its questions, the idea that the expansion process of those barbecue restaurants is related to the pursuit of capital, when the workers leave the rural areas in which they reside towards the urban centers searching for social ascension. They create the networks of social mobility becoming the barbecue restaurants as a perspective of welcome spaces for those immigrants. This process of social mobility, encouraged and/or inter-related by the barbecue restaurants, seems to constitute a group of modalities by which a social group understands the possibility to occupy new spaces. Those opportunities are provided by the job mobility/ opportunity, where the search for capital is one of the determining factors (not the only one) for the workers migration from the rural area to an urban area by the formation of migrating networks.

A pesquisa trata da história da implantação do metrô na região mais populosa da cidade de São Paulo, a Zona Leste, enfatizando a importância da articulação ocorrida entre o projeto de transporte e a construção de conjuntos habitacionais da COHAB-SP (Companhia Metropolitana de Habitação de São Paulo) no bairro de Itaquera. Apresentamos um panorama sobre as propostas de implantação de um sistema metroviário para São Paulo ao longo do século XX e discutimos o impasse e a definição a respeito do traçado da linha 3-Vermelha (Leste-Oeste), bem como as razões que levaram Itaquera a abrigar a estação terminal. Tratamos da formação histórica de Itaquera e da situação do bairro na passagem da década de 1960 para a década de 1970, período em que atraiu a atenção dos planejadores urbanos. Investigamos e analisamos as medidas tomadas pela Prefeitura de São Paulo para associar os projetos de habitação e transporte, destacando o papel desempenhado pela gestão Olavo Setúbal (1975-1979). Mostramos o raro contexto do período em que COHAB e Metrô fizeram avançar suas obras relacionadas a Itaquera, ambas as companhias impulsionadas pelo financiamento do BNH (Banco Nacional da Habitação), mas ressaltamos os descompassos na implantação dos dois projetos e a incompletude do desenvolvimento do bairro. Discorremos, ademais, sobre as várias singularidades do trecho leste do metrô paulistano. / This research is about the subway system implementation at the most populous area in the city of São Paulo (East side of it), in which we emphasize the articulation that has happened between the transport project and the COHAB-SP housing estates (São Paulo\'s Metropolitan Housing Company - Companhia Metropolitana de Habitação de São Paulo) in the neighborhood called Itaquera. A scenery of the implementation proposals of subway system in São Paulo throughout the 20th century is presented and there is also a discussion considering impasse and definition of the route named \"3-Red\" (from East to West), as well as the reasons why the station is located in Itaquera. We address Itaquera historical formation and the neighborhood situation from the 60s to the 70s, when it got urban planners\' attention. We have researched and analyzed City Hall attitudes towards associating housing and transport projects, highlighting the role played by Olavo Setúbal administration (1975-1979). The rare context, considering the time when COHAB and Metrô constructions progressed, is also given attention. In that time, both constructions were stimulated by BNH (Banco Nacional da Habitação - National Housing Bank) financial support. However, we\'ve focused the dissonances in the implementation of both projects and the incompleteness of the neighborhood development. Besides that, several singularities of the east part of São Paulo subway have been focused.

A pesquisa trata da história da implantação do metrô na região mais populosa da cidade de São Paulo, a Zona Leste, enfatizando a importância da articulação ocorrida entre o projeto de transporte e a construção de conjuntos habitacionais da COHAB-SP (Companhia Metropolitana de Habitação de São Paulo) no bairro de Itaquera. Apresentamos um panorama sobre as propostas de implantação de um sistema metroviário para São Paulo ao longo do século XX e discutimos o impasse e a definição a respeito do traçado da linha 3-Vermelha (Leste-Oeste), bem como as razões que levaram Itaquera a abrigar a estação terminal. Tratamos da formação histórica de Itaquera e da situação do bairro na passagem da década de 1960 para a década de 1970, período em que atraiu a atenção dos planejadores urbanos. Investigamos e analisamos as medidas tomadas pela Prefeitura de São Paulo para associar os projetos de habitação e transporte, destacando o papel desempenhado pela gestão Olavo Setúbal (1975-1979). Mostramos o raro contexto do período em que COHAB e Metrô fizeram avançar suas obras relacionadas a Itaquera, ambas as companhias impulsionadas pelo financiamento do BNH (Banco Nacional da Habitação), mas ressaltamos os descompassos na implantação dos dois projetos e a incompletude do desenvolvimento do bairro. Discorremos, ademais, sobre as várias singularidades do trecho leste do metrô paulistano. / This research is about the subway system implementation at the most populous area in the city of São Paulo (East side of it), in which we emphasize the articulation that has happened between the transport project and the COHAB-SP housing estates (São Paulo\'s Metropolitan Housing Company - Companhia Metropolitana de Habitação de São Paulo) in the neighborhood called Itaquera. A scenery of the implementation proposals of subway system in São Paulo throughout the 20th century is presented and there is also a discussion considering impasse and definition of the route named \"3-Red\" (from East to West), as well as the reasons why the station is located in Itaquera. We address Itaquera historical formation and the neighborhood situation from the 60s to the 70s, when it got urban planners\' attention. We have researched and analyzed City Hall attitudes towards associating housing and transport projects, highlighting the role played by Olavo Setúbal administration (1975-1979). The rare context, considering the time when COHAB and Metrô constructions progressed, is also given attention. In that time, both constructions were stimulated by BNH (Banco Nacional da Habitação - National Housing Bank) financial support. However, we\'ve focused the dissonances in the implementation of both projects and the incompleteness of the neighborhood development. Besides that, several singularities of the east part of São Paulo subway have been focused.

Pendant la pandémie de Covid-19, les minorités raciales et les groupes économiquement défavorisés ont connu des taux accrus d’infection, d’hospitalisation et de décès dans les zones urbaines. Cette disparité témoigne de l’oppression systématique à laquelle sont confrontées les minorités raciales et la classe ouvrière, qui s’étend évidemment aux services de santé. Les inégalités flagrantes en matière de santé étaient évidentes avant que les vaccins ne soient disponibles, nous ne pouvons donc pas simplement les attribuer à des attitudes culturelles d’hésitation à la vaccination. Dans ce travail, nous présentons des solutions pour optimiser la distribution équitable des vaccins pour différents groupes démographiques, afin de promouvoir un accès équitable aux vaccins lors du premier cycle d’attribution. Nous nous appuyons sur des travaux antérieurs pour construire des réseaux de mobilité de trois zones métropolitaines américaines en utilisant des données de visites réelles dans des lieux publics au cours des premières semaines de la pandémie. Nous proposons une nouvelle méthode utilisant la maximisation de l’influence pour détecter les quartiers les plus influents de la zone urbaine en termes d’efficacité dans la propagation de la maladie. Nous modélisons ensuite la propagation ultérieure de la maladie avec ces quartiers sélectionnés vaccinés. De plus, nous introduisons des considérations d’équité afin de mettre en œuvre un accès équitable aux vaccins pour les groupes raciaux et les groupes de revenus du réseau. Pour fusionner nos solutions avec les stratégies actuelles, nous combinons nos stratégies équitables avec une méthode de priorisation pour les groupes plus âgés du réseau. / During the Covid-19 pandemic, racial minorities and economically-disadvantaged groups experienced heightened rates of infection, hospitalization and death in urban areas. This disparity speaks to the systematic oppression faced by racial minorities and the working classes, which evidently extends to healthcare provisions. The stark inequalities in health outcomes were clear before vaccines became available, so we cannot simply attribute this to cultural attitudes of vaccine hesitancy. In this work, we present solutions to optimize the fair distribution of vaccines for different demographic groups, in order to promote equitable vaccine access in the first round of allocation. We build on previous work to construct mobility networks of three US metropolitan areas using data of real visits to public places during the first weeks of the pandemic. We propose a novel method using influence maximization (IM) to detect the most influential neighborhoods in the urban area in terms of efficacy in spreading the disease. We then model the subsequent disease spread with these selected neighborhoods vaccinated. Additionally, we introduce fairness considerations, to implement equitable vaccine access for racial groups and income groups in the network. To merge our solutions with current strategies, we combine our fair strategies with a prioritization method for older-age groups in the network.

Energy and environmental impacts are two factors that will influence urban region composition in the near future. One emerging issue is the effect on water usage resulting from changes in regional or urban transportation trends. With many regions experiencing stresses on water availability, transportation planners and users need to combine information on transportation-related water consumption for any region and assess potential impacts on local water resources from the expansion of alternative transportation modes. This thesis will focus on use-phase water consumption factors for multiple vehicle modes, energy and fuel pathways, roads, and vehicle infrastructure for a given transportation network. While there are studies examining life cycle impacts for energy generation and vehicle usage, few repeatable models exist for assessing overall water consumption across several transportation modes within urban regions. As such, the question is: is it possible to develop a traceable decision support model that combines and assesses water consumption from transportation modes and related mobility infrastructure for a given mobility network? Based on this, an object-oriented system model of transportation elements was developed using the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) and Model-Based Systems Engineering principles to compare water consumption across vehicle modes for assessing the resiliency of existing infrastructure and water resources. To demonstrate the intent of this model, daily network usage water consumption will be analyzed for current and alternative network scenarios projected by policies regarding the expansion of alternative energy. The model is expected to show variations in water consumption due to fluctuations in energy pathways, market shares, and driving conditions, from which the model should help determine the feasibility of expanding alterative vehicles and fuels in these networks. While spatially explicit data is limited compared to the national averages that are used as model inputs, the analytical framework within this model closely follows that of existing assessments and the reusable nature of SysML model elements allows for the future expansion of additional transportation modes and infrastructure as well as other environmental analyses.