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Orientador: Paulo Roberto Gardel Kurka / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T18:37:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_CleudmarAmaralde_D.pdf: 10285241 bytes, checksum: 75a97d74eaed141b8b86031582b7a8ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Resumo: Uma das principais técnicas de modelagem mixta de sistemas complexos ou de grande porte é a técnica de síntese modal. Os vários métodos de síntese modal propostos são formulados sob dois pontos de vista distintos, ou seja, considerando-se o sistema sem amortecimento ou com amortecimento geral. Além disso, surgem inerentes dificuldades na aplicação da metodologia de síntese modal na análise experimental. Neste trabalho é proposto uma técnica de síntese modal generalizada aplicada em sistemas sem amortecimento ou com amortecimento geral. O método utiliza um superconjunto modal de flexibilidade residual, cuja principal aplicação é na síntese modal experimental. O método utiliza um processo de remontagem das subestruturas que otimiza as equações finais da síntese. Propõe-se, também, um novo procedimento, definido como critério de eliminação automática de modos (CEA), que define um índice de qualidade para os modos das subestruturas, indicando quais serão aqueles mais apropriados para serem mantidos nas bases modais. Todas as metodologias propostas no trabalho foram implementadas em um software denominado Programa STRUCT. O método foi testado através de quatro exemplos de simulação. Foi feita uma validação experimental através de uma estrutura construída em escala reduzida, que visa representar um modelo esquemático e simplificado de uma asa de avião com um tanque de combustível fixado em sua extremidade. Além disso, foi também construído o modelo de elementos finitos da estrutura, com a finalidade de ajustar os modelos analítico e experimental / Abstract: Modal Synthesis is one of the main techniques for the modelling of complex or large sized system's. Two approaches for modal synthesis might be formulated those which considers the behaviour of undamped system's and those where the effects of generalized damping is apprised. Further to those consideration comes the application of the modal synthesis techniques in experimental modal analysis. The present work proposes a generalized modal synthesis procedure for damped and undamped system's. The method uses a residual flexibility superset which is applied to the experimental modal analysis. A methodology for assembling adjacent substructures is also proposed which represents an important step towards the obtention of more accurate final results. Another important procedure introduced is that of automatic selection of modes to be kept in the modal base of the residual flexibility superset, defining a quality index for the modes of each substructure. AlI methodologies have been implemented in the form of the STRUCT software. Results of four numerical simulation and a practical application have been included to illustrate the performance of the methodologies. Finite element models have also been developed for the practical application (Combination of aircraft wing and fuel tank models) for performance comparison purposes / Doutorado / Mecanica dos Solidos / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Jose Maria Campos dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-31T20:57:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferraz_FabioGuilherme_M.pdf: 9315977 bytes, checksum: 2c619b06df862551ab474095f22421cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: Este trabalho explora o uso de métodos de Síntese Modal dos Componentes (SMC), a Teoria da Perturbação por Mínimo Rank (MRPT) e o Algoritmo de Realização de vetores de Ritz (RRA) como uma ferramenta para a detecção de danos estruturais. A SMC consiste em modelar separadamente componentes individuais de uma estrutura e então acoplá-Ios num sistema único. Os métodos de SMC podem ser generalizados para se permitir o uso de outros vetores, tais como os vetores de Ritz em substituição aos modos normais. Os vetores de Ritz são obtidos a partir de relações de recorrência, e representam uma ótima base de vetores como alternativa aos modos naturais de vibrar dos componentes. O MRPT é um método de detecção de danos baseado em modelo, que usa o fato de que um dano discreto pode ser manifestado num modelo de elementos finitos (MEF) como uma pequena perturbação no rank das matrizes que compõe as propriedades da estrutura. O RRA converte as matrizes em tempo discreto identificadas pelo algoritmo ERA para o tempo contínuo, a partir das quais pode-se extrair os vetores de Ritz experimentais usados para se complementar a matriz de forças dinâmicas residuais na formulação do MRPT. Através do modelo sem danos sintetizado, e do modelo medido com danos, o MRPT com RRA é usado para se detectar a localização do dano e sua extensão, ou no mínimo o componente que contém o dano. Diferentes considerações de modelagem subestruturada são exploradas na detecção de danos usando exemplos numéricos. Em particular um MEF de vigas da estação espacial internacional é implementado e os efeitos de danos localizados em diferentes componentes são investigados / Abstract: This work explores the use of Component Mode Synthesis methods (CMS), Minimum Rank Perturbation Theory (MRPT), and Ritz Realization AIgorithm (RRA) as a structural damage detection tooI. The CMS consists in to modeling individual components of a structure separately and then to couple them to form an assembled system. CMS methods can be generalized to allow the use of other vectors, like Ritz vectors, rather than normal modes. The Ritz vectors are obtained from recurrence relations, and represent a suitable basis vectors as an alternative to component vibration modes. MRPT is a model-based damage detection method, which utilizes the fact that discrete damage is manifested in a structural finite element model (FEM) as a low rank perturbation to the structural property matrices. RRA converts the discrete time system matrices identified by Eigensystem Realization AIgorithm (ERA) to continuous time system matrices, from which one can extract the experimental Ritz vectors used to complement the matrix of dynamic residual forces in the MRPT formulation. With the coupled healthy model and the measured damaged model, the MRPT with RRA is used to detect the damage location and his extent, or at least the component that contains the damage. Different substructure modeling assumptions on damage detectability are explored using numerical examples. In particular a beam FEM of the international space station structure is implemented and the effects of different localized component damages are investigated. / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Les méthodes de modification structurale sont l'ensemble des techniques qui permettent d'estimer l'influence d'une modification quelconque sur le comportement dynamique d'une structure. Dans le cadre général, le modèle de comportement de la structure cible, comme celui de la modification, peut être aussi bien numérique qu'expérimental. Dans le cadre de ce travail, seul le cas particulier du couplage d'un modèle expérimental de la structure et d'un modèle numérique de la modification sera traité.<br />Les concepts fondamentaux utilisés dans cette thèse sont ensuite présentés. Les relations de la dynamique des structures pour les problèmes discrets sont rappelées, ainsi que les principes de la synthèse modale, de la sous-structuration dynamique et de la réduction de modèle, tout comme la notion de modes d'interface. Les formulations classiques des méthodes de modification structurale sont ensuite détaillées pour en illustrer les limitations et les restrictions.<br />Une formulation originale permettant de prendre en compte les incompatibilités entre les mesures et les DDL de l'interface structure/modification et de régulariser la construction d'un modèle de comportement couplé est alors proposée. Cette première contribution de la thèse repose sur l'utilisation des techniques d'expansion de données et de réduction de modèle. Des indicateurs sont également construits pour estimer la cohérence de la prédiction réalisée. Les évolutions sont appliquées au cas d'un démonstrateur numériques et les résultats sont comparés avec les prédictions réalisées par les méthodes classiques. La méthodologie associée à cette nouvelle formulation est alors largement exposée.<br />L'influence des différents facteurs intervenant dans la construction du modèle couplé et la qualité de la prédiction est ensuite analysée en détail. Cette analyse permet de dresser une liste non exhaustive des précautions à prendre lors de la mise en œuvre de la méthode proposée, depuis la réalisation pratique de l'analyse modale expérimentale jusqu'à l'interprétation des premiers résultats.<br />Enfin, plusieurs applications sont présentées. Une première structure académique démontre la faisabilité de la méthode. Une deuxième étude, réalisée sur un cas industriel, illustre les gains de temps potentiels en comparant la prédiction avec les résultats d'une étude basée sur un modèle EF recalé de la structure. La troisième étude illustre l'application de la méthode dans un cas type. L'analyse modale de la structure cible permet de comprendre le problème, une modification est conçue, réalisée et mise en place. La prédiction est ensuite comparée aux résultats de l'analyse modale de la structure modifiée. Enfin, la dernière application montre les limites de la méthodologie. L'étude multi-objectifs sur une large bande de fréquences d'une structure industrielle permet de faire une ouverture vers la suite des travaux et montre la nature des difficultés à surmonter.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this study the possible use of smart structures for noise control in a higher order acoustic duct was considered. The best option for this control was the use of axial splitters in the duct in order to prevent higher order mode propagation. It is possible to perform the active noise control in each splitter section by using a single channel control system. The use of smart structures takes advantage of the splitter plate and uses it as the control source, which substitutes the traditional loudspeakers used in active noise control systems. In order to evaluate the possibility of the noise control using smart structures, an analytical model of a thin plate with piezoelectric actuators was built then the acoustic field generated by this vibrating structure inside of the duct was obtained. However, to obtain the acoustic field inside an splitted duct, a numerical method such as the Component Mode Synthesis has to be used. Using the equation of the acoustic field generated in the duct by the plate, it was possible to obtain the acoustic field inside the splitted duct. After that, the active noise control simulations for harmonic excitations were performed and the influence of the size of the plate excited by the PZT actuators was studied. Finally the active control for random noise was simulated, in which the number of actuators in the plate was changed. In conclusion, it is possible to say that the smart structures can be used in active noise control of ducts with splitters and the advantages and disadvantages of the conveyed technique were presented. / Neste trabalho, foi estudada a proposta da utilização de estruturas inteligentes para o controle de ruído em um duto acústico com propagação de modos de alta ordem. A técnica mais adequada para este controle foi o particionamento do duto a fim de planificar as ondas que se propagam. Nesta região particionada, é possível realizar o controle ativo de ruído utilizando apenas um sensor e um atuador para cada lado da partição. A aplicação das estruturas inteligentes é proposta no sentido de aproveitar a placa particionadora para que, com a sua vibração, atuará como a fonte secundária necessária para o controle. Para a avaliação da possibilidade de controle utilizando esta técnica, primeiramente foi modelado o comportamento de uma placa instrumentada com atuadores piezoelétricos e, em seguida, obtida a modelagem analítica do campo sonoro gerado por uma estrutura vibrante no interior de um duto. Porém, a obtenção do campo acústico em um duto particionado não é facilmente obtido, sendo, então, realizada através da técnica de Síntese Modal de Componentes. Utilizando as equações do duto excitado por uma estrutura vibrante na técnica de síntese modal, foi possível obter campo acústico gerado no interior de um duto particionado. A partir disto, foram realizados simulações de controle ativo de ruído variando o trecho da placa a ser excitado para tons puros e para ruídos de banda estreita. Nesta última situação também foi avaliada a influência da quantidade de atuadores instalados. Concluiu-se deste trabalho que é possível a utilização de estruturas inteligentes no controle ativo de ruído em dutos particionados, sendo apresentadas suas vantagens e desvantagens. / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

The determination of the dynamic parameters of great or complex structures can be made using modal synthesis methods subdividing the complete structure in substructures. The employment of this method may be done by using analytical or experimental procedures. Generally speaking, poor eigenvalues and eigenvectors may be identified using experimental modal synthesis methods due to a normalization deficient process of the modal bases and to the low orthogonality condition of the identified bases. The contribution of this current work is about the improvement of the great or complex structures dynamic identification process by using the experimental modal synthesis method. The basis of this research methodology is the SMFR (Modal Synthesis with Residual Flexibilities) method and an identification of the physical matrices of the system by using the experimental FRF (Frequency Response Function), called ACS (Simultaneous Curve Fitting) method. These matrices contribute to the improvement of the orthogonality conditions and normalization of the experimental modal bases. Simultaneously, two new methods (CSME and CSMF) for the automatic choice of the used substructures modal bases in the modal synthesis process have been developed. The validation procedures of these methodologies were developed by using examples of numerical simulation and experimental models. Using CSMF method, it was possible to improve the modal choice process, automatizing and minimizing the interference of the user in the modal synthesis method. In the case of experimental data with high level noise, the recommended is the iterative method. / A determinação dos parâmetros dinâmicos de estruturas grandes ou complexas pode ser feita utilizando métodos de síntese modal subdividindo a estrutura completa em subestruturas. A aplicação deste método pode ser feita utilizando formulações analítica ou experimental. Em geral, autovalores e autovetores imprecisos podem ser identificados utilizando métodos experimentais de síntese modal devido a um processo deficiente de normalização das bases modais e a condição de baixa ortogonalidade das bases identificadas. Este trabalho contribui para a melhoria do processo de identificação dinâmica de estruturas grandes ou complexas utilizando o método síntese modal experimental. A formulação utiliza como base o método SMFR (Síntese Modal com Flexibilidades Residuais) e um método de identificação das matrizes físicas do sistema usando as FRF (Função de Resposta em Freqüência) experimentais, denominado método ACS. Através dessas matrizes é possível melhorar as condições de ortogonalidade e de normalização das bases modais experimentais. Paralelamente, foram desenvolvidos dois novos métodos (CSME e CSMF) para a escolha automática das bases modais das subestruturas usadas no processo de síntese modal. As metodologias foram validadas através de exemplos de simulação numérica e modelos experimentais. Utilizando o método CSMF foi possível melhorar o processo de escolha modal, automatizando e minimizando a interferência do usuário no método de síntese modal. Através das metodologias analisadas para melhorar o processo de síntese modal experimental, recomenda-se utilizar o método iterativo quando forem utilizados dados experimentais com alto nível de ruído. / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

La procédure d’évaluation des performances des structures en génie civil soumis à des tremblements de terre implique le développement des modèles mathématiques et des procédures d’analyse dynamique non-linéaire pour estimer les réponses sismiques. Le comportement hystérétique des structures est connu pour être fortement dépendante du modèle de l’assemblage. Dans le cas de chargement cyclique, la plastification cyclique, le phénomène de fatigue oligocyclique et la détérioration du comportement dus à la dégradation de rigidité ont été jugées importantes. Cela éventuellement conduit à une grande incertitude dans les réponses d’une structure. Dans ce contexte, un modèle d’endommagement basé sur la fatigue hystérétique est développé pour évaluer la performance sismique des ossatures en acier avec des assemblages boulonnés à plaque d’extrémité. Le modèle développé est un modèle hystérétique dégradant basé sur l’indicateur de dommage par fatigue oligocyclique. Une étude expérimentale du comportement d’un assemblage boulonné à plaque d’extrémité est réalisée pour analyser les effets du comportement en fatigue oligocyclique et pour développer un modèle de prédiction de durée de vie. Les essais de fatigue ont été effectués en utilisant un pot vibrant. Les résultats des essais expérimentaux de fatigue seront utilisés pour déduire les paramètres de la fatigue qui sont nécessaires pour développer le modèle hystérétique de l’assemblage boulonné. L’analyse des dommages sismiques est l’un des problèmes les plus difficiles dans des structures grandes et complexes, particulièrement celles en ossature avec des assemblages boulonnés à plaque d’extrémité. L’existence de dommages structuraux dans une structure conduit à la modification des modes de vibration et les valeurs propres globaux sont généralement sensibles à l’ampleur des dégâts sismiques locaux dans des assemblages boulonnés. Dans ce travail, une analyse temporelle non-linéaire qui tient compte des modes et des fréquences non-linéaires a été proposée. Selon cette approche, les modes et les fréquences non-linéaires peuvent être déterminés par une procédure itérative qui repose sur la méthode de linéarisation équivalente. L’introduction de la notion des modes non-linéaires a permis d’étendre la méthode de synthèse modale linéaire aux cas non-linéaires afin d’obtenir la réponse dynamique des systèmes non-linéaires. Dans un autre contexte expérimental, cette thèse présente les résultats d’essais sur une table vibrante. L’objectif des essais expérimentaux est de comprendre le comportement inélastique des structures en acier soumis à des charges dynamiques. Par ailleurs, ces essais sont également destinés à étudier les changements dans les paramètres modaux dus au développement du comportement élasto-plastique et du dommage par fatigue oligocyclique des assemblages boulonnés. Une simulation numérique non-linéaire du système est effectuée sur la base du modèle développé et l’approche numérique proposée. Une comparaison des résultats obtenus à partir de l’analyse numérique et ceux des essais de table vibrante est présentée. Cependant, l’analyse des dommages pour les ossatures en acier sous excitations sismiques aléatoires exige l’application d’un algorithme adéquat. Un algorithme a été développé pour évaluer la performance sismique des ossatures en acier. En utilisant cet algorithme, l’influence de la fatigue oligocyclique sur le comportement des assemblages boulonnés à plaques d’extrémité peut être étudiée. / The performance assessment procedure of civil engineering structures subjected to earthquakes involves the development of mathematical models and nonlinear dynamic analysis procedures to estimate seismic responses. The hysteretic behavior of structures was known to be strongly dependent on the connection model. In the case of cyclic loading, cyclic hardening, low cycle fatigue phenomena and deterioration of the behavior due to stiffness degradation were found to be important. This eventually led to high uncertainty in the responses of system. In this context, a Fatigue Damage-Based Hysteretic model is developed to evaluate the seismic performance of steel moment-resisting frames with end-plate connections. The developed model is a degrading hysteretic model based on the low cycle fatigue damage index. An experimental study of the behavior of a end-plate bolted connection is performed for analyzing the effects of low cycle fatigue behavior and developing a model for predicting life of end-plate bolted connection. The fatigue tests were conducted using a shaker. The experimental fatigue results will be used to derive the fatigue parameters that will be used to develop the hysteretic model of the bolted connection. Analysis of seismic damage is one of the most challenging problems in large and complex structures, particularly those in steel moment-resisting frame with end-plate bolted connections. The existence of structural damage in an engineering structure leads to the modification of vibration modes and global eigenvalues are usually sensitive to the degree of local damage seismic in bolted connections. In this work, a nonlinear time history analysis which takes into account nonlinear modes and frequencies was adopted. According to this approach, the nonlinear modes and frequencies can be determined by an iterative procedure which based on the method of equivalent linearization. The introduction of the notation of nonlinear modes permits an extension of the method of linear modal synthesis to nonlinear cases in order to obtain the dynamic response of nonlinear systems. In another experimental context, this thesis presents the results from shaking table tests of a two-story steel frame with end-plate bolted connections. The aim of the experimental tests is to understand the inelastic behavior of steel frame structures subjected to dynamic loads. Moreover, the purpose of these tests is also to study the changes in modal parameters due to the development of elasto-plastic behavior and low cycle fatigue damage in steel frame connections. A nonlinear numerical simulation of the system is performed based on the developed model and the proposed numerical approach. A comparison of the results obtained from numerical analysis and those of shake table testing is presented. However, the damage analysis for steel frames under random seismic excitations requires the application of an adequate algorithm. An algorithm was developed to assess the seismic performance of steel frames with bolted connections. Using this algorithm, the influence of low cycle fatigue damage in the behavior of end plate bolted connections can be studied.

Dans le processus de conception des véhicules, la vibration et le bruit sont des sujets d’étude très importants. En effet, les vibrations sont susceptibles d’affecter le comportement dynamique des structures et le bruit dégrade le confort acoustique des passagers. L’objectif principal de la thèse est de proposer un ensemble de méthodes pour l’optimisation du comportement dynamique des systèmes complexes afin de réduire les vibrations des structures et le bruit dans l’habitacle. À cet effet, on s’intéresse à des stratégies de contrôle des interfaces, comme le collage de couches viscoélastiques sur les zones les plus déformées, ou l’introduction de dispositifs frottants calibrés pour ajouter de l’amortissement à certaines fréquences de résonance. Les structures assemblées résultantes sont étudiées numériquement par une méthode de synthèse modale généralisée. La méthode de synthèse modale proposée contient plusieurs niveaux de condensation. Le premier concerne les degrés de libertés (DDL) internes de chaque sous-structure. La deuxième condensation s’effectue sur les modes de branches, de sorte à réduire le nombre de DDL aux interfaces entre les sous-structures. Pour les systèmes couplés fluide/structure, une troisième condensation portant sur les DDL du fluide est proposée. Suite à ces condensations, la dimension du système est fortement réduite. Cette méthode permet alors d’obtenir aussi bien la réponse forcée de la structure que les fluctuations du champ de pression dans le fluide. Les chemins de transmission acoustiques et vibratoires peuvent également être déduits des contributions modales intermédiaires. On montre que ces paramètres modaux peuvent être utilisés comme fonctions objectif pour une démarche d’optimisation des interfaces. Le front de Pareto des conceptions optimales est obtenu avec un algorithme génétique multi-objectif élitiste, appliqué à une approximation par krigeage de la fonction objectif. Cette approche modale est étendue à l’étude de systèmes non-linéaires. L’hypothèse fondamentale est que les modes non-linéaires sont faiblement couplés. Les paramètres modaux non-linéaires (fréquences propres, amortissements...), dépendent des amplitudes modales. L’idée est alors de calculer des modes normaux non-linéaires en fonction de leur amplitude et de superposer leurs réponses pour obtenir celle de la structure. La méthode est appliquée à des systèmes incorporant des non-linéarités de type Duffing et de frottement sec. Le cas particulier du frottement sec est considéré à travers un modèle de Masing généralisé. Deux approches modales sont développées : l’une basée sur les modes complexes, et l’autre basée sur les modes réels. L’utilisation de modes complexes ou réels dans la synthèse modale conduit à des termes d’amortissement par frottement différents. On montre que la synthèse modale non-linéaire combinée au modèle de Masing généralisé aboutit à une méthode numérique simple, rapide et efficace pour décrire le comportement non-linéaire de structures soumise à du frottement sec. / Noise and vibration are important topics in the automotive industry for several reasons, including passenger comfort and structural integrity. The main objective of this thesis is to propose a series of appropriate methods to optimize structural system characteristics, so that the vibration and noise can be reduced. To achieve this goal, interface control strategies are employed, including bonding viscoelastic layers onto the most heavily deformed zones and introducing frictional damping devices calibrated on certain resonance frequencies. Such built-up structural systems are numerically investigated via a generalized modal synthesis approach that incorporates several groups of modes. The employed modal synthesis approach consists of several levels of condensation. The first one is on the internal degrees of freedoms (DOFs) of each substructure, and the second condensation is on the branch modes so as to reduce the boundary DOFs among substructures. For coupled fluid-structural systems, a third condensation on the fluid DOFs is suggested. With these condensation techniques, the system dimension can be significantly reduced. The method allows us to obtain the forced response of the structures as well as the pressure variation of the fluids. Additionally, modal parameters characterizing vibration and noise transmission paths can be deduced as mid-stage results. We show that these modal parameters can be used as optimization objective during the interface configuration design. The Pareto front of the optimal design is achieved by employing Kriging approximations followed with an elitist multi-objective genetic algorithm. Another advantage of the modal approach is that a modal overview on the system characteristics is provided by analyzing the natural frequencies, modal damping ratios and the aforementioned modal parameters. The modal synthesis approach is further extended to study nonlinear systems. The basic assumption is that the nonlinear modes are weakly coupled. Nonlinear modal parameters, such as modal frequency and modal damping ratio, contain the essential nonlinear information and depend on modal amplitude. The main idea is to compute nonlinear normal modes according to their modal amplitude and superimpose the response of several nonlinear modes to obtain the overall forced response. The method is applied to systems involving Duffing and dry friction nonlinearities. In the case of dry friction, a generalized Masing model is considered to capture the dry friction nature. Both complex modes and real modes are used in the modal synthesis, leading to different frictional damping terms. We show that the nonlinear modal synthesis combined with the generalized Masing model yields a simple, fast and efficient numerical method to describe nonlinear performance of structures with dry friction.

Les lanceurs spatiaux sont soumis à un certain nombre d’excitations complexes durant les différentes phases de vie du produit. Ces excitations sont transmises à la charge utile par voie solidienne ou aérienne. Pour assurer la protection de la charge utile, l’architecture du lanceur étant figée au début du projet, l’amélioration des comportements dynamiques passe par l’introduction de systèmes secondaires. La partie essentielle des travaux de thèse est donc consacrée à l’implantation optimale de systèmes capables de diminuer les réponses vibratoires en utilisant des modèles adaptés. C’est pourquoi une méthode de double synthèse modale est mise en place, permettant ainsi de calculer la réponse vibratoire de la structure à l’aide de bases réduites et offrant des performances améliorées par rapport aux méthodes classiques. L’ajout d’un dispositif amortissant local nécessite la prise en compte d’une ou plusieurs modifications structurales dans le modèle, une méthode dédiée est alors développée. Le choix du dissipateur se porte sur un dissipateur frottant. Un prototype est conçu et réalisé. Il est dans un premier temps caractérisé seul et le modèle de comportement identifié est un modèle constitué d’un ressort en série avec un patin ; la loi de frottement adaptée est une loi de Coulomb simple. En parallèle, une maquette représentative du dernier étage d’un lanceur est dimensionnée et réalisée. Le frotteur est alors monté en pied de propulseur de la maquette et permet une diminution significative des vibrations de la charge utile au passage du mode de propulseur. / Space launchers undergo a certain amount of complex excitations during their lifecycle. These excitations are transmitted to the payload in a structure-born or air-born way. To improve the dynamic behaviour and thus ensure the protection of the payload, secondary systems must be added to the launcher – indeed, the architecture of the launcher is fixed at the beginning of the project. The essential part of this thesis work is dedicated to the optimal fitting of a system capable of reducing the vibration response of the payload, using appropriate models. Therefore a double modal synthesis method is implemented, allowing to calculate the vibrational response of the structure with reduced bases and offering improved performances over conventional methods. The addition of a local damping device requires the consideration of one or more structural modifications in the model, a dedicated method is thus developped along with a specific continuation algorithm. A friction damper is retained, a prototype is designed and built. It is first characterized alone ; the identified behaviour is that of a spring in series with a dry friction element, a simple Coulomb friction law enables to reproduce the experimental curves. A scale model of the launcher’s last stage is designed and built. The friction device is then mounted inside the scale model and leads to a significant reduction of the payload vibration levels.

Cette thèse présente des travaux effectués dans le cadre de l'optimisation de forme de pièces mécaniques, sous critère dynamique, par approche isogéométrique. Pour réaliser une telle optimisation nous mettons en place dans un premier temps les éléments coque au travers des formulations Kirchhoff-Love puis Reissner-Minlin. Nous présentons une méthode permettant d'atteindre les vecteurs normaux aux fibres dans ces formulations au travers de l'utilisation d'une grille mixte de fonctions de base interpolantes, traditionnellement utilisées en éléments finis, et de fonction non interpolantes issues de la description isogéométrique des coques. Par la suite, nous détaillons une méthode pour le couplage de patch puis nous mettons en place la méthode de synthèse modale classique dans le cadre de structures en dynamique décrites par des éléments isogéometriques. Ce travail établit une base pour l'optimisation de forme sous critères dynamique de telles structures. Enfin, nous développons une méthode d'optimisation de forme basée sur le calcul du gradient de la fonction objectif envisagée. La sensibilité de conception est extraite de l'analyse de sensibilité au niveau même du maillage du modèle, qui est obtenue par l'analyse discrète de sensibilité. Des exemples d'application permettent de montrer la pertinence et l'exactitude des approches proposées. / Isogeometric method is a promising method in bridging the gap between the computer aided design and computer aided analysis. No information is lost when transferring the design model to the analysis model. It is a great advantage over the traditional finite element method, where the analysis model is only an approximation of the design model. It is advantageous for structural optimization, the optimal structure obtained will be a design model. In this thesis, the research is focused on the fast three dimensional free shape optimization with isogeometric shell elements. The related research, the development of isogeometric shell elements, the patch coupling in isogeometric analysis, the modal synthesis with isogeometric elements are also studied. We proposed a series of mixed grid Reissner-Minlin shell formulations. It adopts both the interpolatory basis functions, which are from the traditional FEM, and the non-interpolatory basis functions, which are from IGA, to approximate the unknown elds. It gives a natural way to define the fiber vectors in IGA Reissner-Mindlin shell formulations, where the non-interpolatory nature of IGA basis functions causes complexity. It is also advantageous for applying the rotational boundary conditions. A modified reduce quadrature scheme was also proposed to improve the quadrature eficiency, at the same time, relieve the locking in the shell formulations. We gave a method for patch coupling in isogeometric analysis. It is used to connect the adjacent patches. The classical modal synthesis method, the fixed interface Craig-Bampton method, is also used as well as the isogeometric Kirchhoff-Love shell elements. The key problem is also the connection between adjacent patches. The modal synthesis method can largely reduce the time costs in analysis concerning structural dynamics. This part of work lays a foundation for the fast shape optimization of built-up structures, where the design variables are only relevant to certain substructures. We developed a fast shape optimization framework for three dimensional thin wall structure design. The thin wall structure is modelled with isogeometric Kirchhoff-Love shell elements. The analytical sensitivity analysis is the key focus, since the gradient base optimization is normally more fast. There are two models in most optimization problem, the design model and the analysis model. The design variables are defined in the design model, however the analytical sensitivity is normally obtained from the analysis model. Although it is possible to use the same model in analysis and design under isogeomeric framework, it might give either a highly distorted optimum structure or a unreliable structural response. We developed a sensitivity mapping scheme to resolve this problem. The design sensitivity is extracted from the analysis model mesh level sensitivity, which is obtained by the discrete analytical sensitivity analysis. It provides exibility for the design variable definition. The correctness of structure response is also ensured. The modal synthesis method is also used to further improve the optimization eficiency for the built-up structure optimization concerning structural dynamics criteria.