This essay argues that The Awakening treats the 1890s “modern woman” that arose from feminist ideas and the women’s movement, challenging patriarchal society with an independent lifestyle. Following Ringe, this essay suggests that the novel has a purpose of showing the process and the development of the protagonist’s individual self. But rather than connect this theme to the transcendentalist notion of the self, as Ringe does, this essay looks at this theme in the light of the notion of the “modern woman”. By arguing that Edna develops into a modern woman during this process, the essay finds that she moves from the traditional position as a “patriarchal woman” towards the role of an “emancipated woman”. Further, the essay shows that Edna’s development and thereby her attempt to change her position fails as the process of self-discovery is conflicted, resulting in Edna’s suicide. Finally, by also arguing that the novel treats a woman’s self and the process of a development, the essay visualizes that the novel is built-up by seven steps that together constitute the process from “patriarchal woman” to “emancipated woman”. This process awakens a self-awareness and self-image within Edna that are strengthened with each of these step as she becomes a “modern woman”. / Denna uppsats argumenterar för att The Awakening skildrar 1890-talets “moderna kvinna” som uppstod från feministiska idéer samt kvinnorörelsen och utmanade det patriarkaliska samhället med en självständig livsstil. Då jag följer Ringe påvisar den här uppsatsen att romanen har ett syfte att visa processen och utvecklingen av huvudpersonens individuella jag. Men istället för att koppla detta till den transcendentalistiska uppfattningen av jaget som Ringe gör, så kopplar denna uppsats detta till begreppet den “moderna kvinnan”. Genom att argumentera för att Edna utvecklas till en modern kvinna under denna process finner uppsatsen att hon flyttar från den traditionella rollen som en “patriarkalisk kvinna” mot rollen som en “emanciperad kvinna”. Uppsatsen visar vidare att Ednas utveckling och således hennes försök att ändra sin roll misslyckas då självupptäcktsprocessen står under konflikt, vilket resulterar i att Edna tar självmord. Genom att också argumentera för att romanen skildrar en kvinnas jag och processen av en utveckling visar slutligen uppsatsen att romanen är uppbyggd av sju olika steg som tillsammans utgör processen från ”patriarkalisk kvinna” till ”emanciperad kvinna”. Denna process väcker en självmedvetenhet samt en självbild inom Edna som förstärks med varje steg medan hon blir en “modern kvinna”.

In this thesis, I explore how, although Edith Södergran’s Vaxdukshäf poems seem to support new female roles in early 20th century European society, they also reflect on the danger in changing from traditional to modern roles. As the poems illustrate, this change can create an isolated woman, who becomes trapped in her new independence and is unable to alter herself to connect with others. In order to understand what is meant by traditional and modern female roles, I present a historical background that contrasts the woman of pre-20th-Century Europe with the new woman that emerged around the Turn of the Century. I do this by focusing on marriage, motherhood, the woman's role inside and outside of the home, valued feminine characteristics, and women's clothing.

Spanning forty years apart, the short story “Miss Sophia’s Diary” (1926) by Ding Ling and The Bell Jar (1963) by Sylvia Plath can speak to one another in revealing the position of women in a revolutionary new era. The two stories may be generationally and geographically distant, yet both hold a collective female consciousness in the context of the emerging modernist epoch. By examining these two pieces of literature in relation to one another, similar attitudes and stylistic trends emerge regarding the treatment of women. The common archetypes, for each respective time and country, imprinted onto women are at some points accepted but also rejected in these two female-focused stories. In disregarding many of the traits associated with the modern woman, Ling and Plath mold a unique feminine persona to capture the essence of what a true woman can and should be. Not only does the likeness of the works contribute in establishing a global feminist ideal, it is in the differences where cultural and generational attitudes can be investigated. What the pillar of feminism represented in early 1920s China differs significantly from 1950s United States of America. Though these differences can be signs of progression for woman’s rights, there are many of the same anxieties surrounding women that have lingered on for decades. This thesis will conduct a comparative study on how the “Miss Sophia’s Diary” and The Bell Jar posses the unique variations of the modern woman. Furthermore, with the use of a web-based corpus analysis program, this thesis sets out to probe selections from both works linguistically. Doing so will uphold a clearer image as to each texts’ word associations when discussing women and can further reveal how the construction of each female persona compares to one another. Overall, this thesis dismantles borders of both time and space to expose the true meaning behind the modern woman’s role in a largely demeaning and patriarchal world.

No description available.

No description available.

El comercio electrónico ha ido evolucionando alrededor del mundo, cambiando el entorno comercial de las tiendas tradicionales. La competencia ya no se limita a los servicios que brinda una tienda física, sino que se ha vuelto necesario incursionar en el mundo digital. Asimismo, los productos comestibles en línea están en la categoría con mayor evolución en el mundo. Sin embargo, en Perú no se la ha logrado explotar debido al poco estudio de los factores que influyen en la decisión de compra. Partiendo de esta realidad, la presente investigación busca determinar qué factores externos en el comportamiento del consumidor influyen en la decisión de compra de productos comestibles en supermercados en línea. Para ello, se revisó bibliografía sobre la venta de alimentos en supermercados en línea y sobre los factores del comportamiento del consumidor. Además, se obtuvo información cualitativa mediante entrevistas a expertos y tres focus groups, para conocer la percepción acerca de este canal de comercialización. Respecto al análisis cuantitativo, se realizó encuestas con el objetivo de conocer qué factores en el comportamiento del consumidor influyen en la decisión de una compra de productos comestibles en supermercados en línea. Finalmente, se identifican características de la mujer moderna, entre las edades de 26 a 35 años, de la generación Millennial, de los niveles socioeconómicos B y C de Lima Metropolitana. Asimismo, como resultado del análisis, se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones en relación a la influencia de los factores externos en la decisión de compra de productos comestibles en un supermercado en línea. / In recent years, e commerce progress has evolved around the world, changing the commercial environment of traditional stores. The competition is no longer limited to the services provided by a physical store but it is necessary to enter the digital world. In that sense, the online food products sector is the category with the greatest evolution in the world. However, in Peru this sector has not been exploited due to the little study of external factors that influence in the purchase decision. Based on this, the present investigation seeks to determine which external factors of consumer behavior influence the decision to buy grocery products in online supermarkets. Therefore, bibliography was reviewed based on the sale of food in online supermarkets and based on the factors of consumer behavior. In addition, qualitative information was obtained through interviews with experts and three focus groups, this to know the perception about this commercialization channel. Regarding the quantitative analysis, surveys were carried out as planned in order to know the factors of consumer behavior that influence the decision to purchase grocery products in online supermarkets. Finally, characteristics of modern women are identified, between the ages of 26 to 35 years, of the Millennial generation of the NSE B and C of Metropolitan Lima. Likewise, as a result of the analysis, the conclusions and recommendations are presented in relation to the influence of external factors in the decision to buy grocery products in an online supermarket. / Tesis

Lilian Westcott Hale (1880-1963) and her daughter Nancy Hale (1908-1988) built successful careers during a period of transition in America, as Victorian mores were replaced by new modern freedoms. Greater independence for women had evolved during the preceding century, before the influential cultural factors which occurred during the early twentieth century like urbanization and world war. This interdisciplinary analysis of Lilian Hale‘s artwork and Nancy Hale‘s writings demonstrates the imprint of the surrounding world on their work. Lilian Hale‘s art is influenced by her Victorian childhood, and Nancy Hale‘s fiction reveals many conflicts of the modern era. The study of these two women is enhanced by the wealth of primary documentation connecting their ideas and their lives to their artistic works. Both of the women ranked among the most respected in their fields during their lifetimes. Their works resonate with elements of their eras, demonstrating what it was to be a woman during the first half of the twentieth century. Lilian Westcott Hale and Nancy Hale both engage the gender constructs of their periods through their work. Lilian Westcott Hale‘s art is divided here into three distinct genres: her still lifes and landscapes express the confining environment the Victorian woman occupied; her idealized women reflect the period‘s taste for female perfection and beauty; her portraits and figure studies point to Hale‘s own distinction between males and females through their clothing and their poses. Unlike Lilian Westcott Hale, Nancy Hale demonstrates woman‘s new freedoms in an open manner, a result of the break with Victorianism. Hale‘s use of a literary medium allows her direct examination of the turmoil caused by the modern breakdown of Victorian structures. Lilian Westcott Hale refrains from harsh judgment of her daughter‘s world, while Nancy Hale‘s modern challenge of the previous era‘s standards leads her into troubling relationships and difficulties balancing her career with her personal life. Their work reveals the cultural ideologies of their respective eras and particularly the changes taking place for women.

Ce mémoire porte sur le dualisme sujet/objet visible dans les représentations sociales du corps maternel véhiculées par les discours portant sur la gestation pour autrui. À travers une analyse des discours juridiques, gouvernementaux et de presse, nous montrerons de quelle manière une vision objectivante du corps maternel côtoie une vision subjectivante de celui-ci et comment ce double regard constitue une condition d’émergence de la pratique étudiée. Pour ceux qui s’opposent à la pratique, la subjectivité maternelle prend place dans le corps enceint et pour les tenants, elle se situe prioritairement dans l’intention, dans le projet parental. Le corps maternel ne peut être désigné comme tel seulement s’il accompagne l’intention, sinon, il n’est qu’enceint. La littérature en science sociale est abondante quant à la manière dont les acteurs directement concernés, comme les mères porteuses, les parents d’intention et les tiers reproducteurs et reproductrices conçoivent la pratique, mais peu de recherches s’intéressent aux représentations du corps maternel, et encore moins, à la place du dualisme sujet/objet en leur sein. Ainsi, suivant la conception du corps humain et du sujet moderne, le corps reproducteur féminin est appréhendé comme une entité séparée du sujet et de nature mécanique et pathologique que l’obstétrique moderne doit contrôlée afin de soigner plus facilement le nouveau patient, le fœtus. Toutefois, en parallèle se construit un discours psychologique concevant le corps maternel comme un lieu où la subjectivité de la future mère et du futur enfant se construisent. Le corps maternel pose problème à la figure hégémonique moderne d’un sujet masculin séparé du monde, de par ses potentialités reproductives et sa position face à l’altérité qui est vécue de manière interne et corporelle. Il est donc l’objet d’un recadrage technique et discursif vers cette hégémonie. Les techniques de reproduction assistée et la gestation pour autrui sont des exemples de ce recadrage et du double processus de subjectivation et d’objectivation. Ce mémoire démontrera comment les discours sociaux sur la pratique suggérant une vision de la subjectivité maternelle fluide (priorité à l’intention) se heurtent à une vision rigide (inscrite dans le corps maternel) de celle-ci. / This thesis focuses on the subject/object dualism visible in the social representations of the maternal body conveyed by the different speeches on surrogacy. Through an analysis of governmental, legal and media discourses, we will demonstrate how an objectivating conception of the maternal body stand alongside a subjectivating conception of it and how this double glance constitutes one of the emergence condition of the studied practice. For whom who disagree with surrogacy, the maternal subjectivity take place inside the pregnant body while for the upholder, it is located in priority in the intention, the parental project. The maternal body cannot be designated as such if it doesn’t come with the intention, if not, it is only pregnant. The social literature is abundant about the way the different actors, like surrogate mothers, intentional parents, and third parties perceive the practice but limited researches take a direct interest in the social representations of the maternal body, less again in the place of the subject/object dualism in them. In this way, following the modern conception of the human body and of the subject, the female reproductive body is seen as a entity separated of the subject and with a mechanical and pathological nature that the modern obstetrics should control so it can treat the real patient, the fetus. However, in parallel, a psychological discourse is being constructed in which the maternal body is seen like a place where subjectivity of the future mother and the future child are developing. The maternal body is problematic for the hegemonic modern figure of the masculine subject separated from the world, because of its reproductive potentialities and its position in front of the alterity whom is experience in an internal and a corporal way. It is then the object of a technical and a discursive reframing towards hegemony. The assisted reproduction technologies and surrogacy are examples of this reframing and of the double process of subjectification and objectification. This paper will show how the social discourses on surrogacy that suggest a vision of a flowing maternal subjectivity (intention is priority) collide with a inflexible vision of it, that is inscribed in the body.