La protection de l’environnement est un enjeu qui nécessite, en raison de sa complexité, une plus grande collaboration entre les acteurs de tous les niveaux. C’est du moins ce qu’énonce les approches axées sur les nouveaux modes de gouvernance, telle que la gouvernance environnementale. Les municipalités, en tant que gouvernements de proximité, ont un rôle primordial à jouer dans ce type de structure. En revanche, leurs actions peuvent être restreintes : au sein du contexte législatif canadien, deux de ces limites se retrouvent dans les contraintes constitutionnelles et les lois constitutives des municipalités. La présente thèse a pour objectif de déterminer si l’interprétation par les tribunaux canadiens des pouvoirs des municipalités répond aux caractéristiques d’une approche davantage axée sur la gouvernance. Bien que les tribunaux en aient reconnu plusieurs directement et indirectement, et répondant aux impératifs de la protection de l’environnement, une tendance inquiétante à recentraliser les pouvoirs peut être observée dans des décisions récentes.

Technology changes often force teachers, trainers, instructional designers, and administrators to make instructional design and delivery decisions that ideally should be based upon pedagogy research. In many circumstances, however, a foundational pedagogy question is only recognized when a technology decision reveals it. Such is the case when deciding what mode (video or audio) to use for learner interaction in a synchronous online learning event. While some research has focused on the learning and the satisfaction of learners when they were interacting, almost no research has addressed the learning value of observing the interactions of other learners. The purpose of this research study was to investigate whether the mode in which direct learner interactions were made affected non-interacting learners' recall of content in a synchronous virtual learning environment. The participants in this study viewed one of three versions of a webinar on Multimedia Games for Learning: a) all learners interacted in video mode; b) all learners interacted in audio mode; or all learners interacted in both video and audio in a mixed mode. No statistically significant difference was found between the video, audio, and mixed treatment conditions in terms of the recall of content from the questions or comments made by directly interacting learners. However, a statically significant difference was found in non-interacting learners' recall of the contributions of direct interactors based on the mode of interaction within the mixed-mode group. Study participants recalled more of the contributions made in the audio mode of interaction than in the video mode when the modes were mixed. These findings suggest that designers of synchronous online learning may choose either video or audio mode without affecting those learners who are not directly interacting but should take care in mixing interaction modes within a single synchronous online learning event. The contributions of the study reach beyond the findings. The study supports vicarious interaction as a process worthy of research and e-Learning design consideration. It provides a model for experimental manipulation of "simulated" synchronous sessions, and it introduces recall of others' verbal contributions as an approach to measurement of the attention granted vicarious interactions by those not interacting directly with others.

Extratropical cyclones are responsible for a substantial portion of midlatitude climate variability and contribute to widespread impacts. The characteristics of extratropical cyclones, such as their spatial distribution and intensity, are thought to be dependent on the large scale circulation. The relationship between cyclone characteristics and modes of large-scale climate variability has been investigated in previous studies, but interactions between modes of climate variability have largely been ignored. Since extratropical cyclone characteristics may be related to interactions between phases, quantifying these relationships is an important step in improving the climatology of extratropical cyclones. The goal of this study is to quantify relationships between modes of climate variability and characteristics of strong cyclones in the contiguous United States. Using historical sea-level pressure data, cyclone intensity, frequency, and spatial distribution are investigated using a cyclone definition that combines the requirement for low pressure (1000 hPa or lower) and positive (cyclonic) vorticity. The large scale modes of climate variability considered include El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific North American (PNA) mode, and the Arctic Oscillation (AO). The analysis is divided into three phases focusing on (1) establishing a background cyclone climatology within the study area, (2) quantifying differences in cyclone characteristics between the positive and negative phases of the individual modes of climate variability, and (3) examining the interactions between the modes of climate variability as they relate to extratropical cyclone characteristics. The results are expected to provide an improved baseline for evaluation of coupled climate models and also have the potential to improve seasonal climate predictability.

A novel approach is developed to describe the dynamics of proteins, the coarse-grained Langevin Equation for Protein Dynamics (LE4PD). The approach describes proteins as fundamentally semiflexible objects collapsed into the free energy well representing the folded state. This is a multi-scale approach, where structural correlations are used as input to an effectively linear description, which can be solved in diffusive modes. The mode solution to this Langevin equation naturally separates into global modes describing the fully anisotropic tumbling of the macromolecule as a whole, and internal modes which describe local fluctuations about the folded structure. A protein in solution populates a structural ensemble of metastable configurations around the global fold, and we propose a simulation-free coarse-grained approach which utilizes knowledge of the important metastable folded states of the protein to predict the protein dynamics. The accuracy of the LE4PD is verified by analyzing the predicted dynamics across a set of seven different proteins for which both relaxation data and NMR solution structures are available. Using experimental NMR conformers as the input structural ensembles, LE4PD predicts quantitatively accurate results, with correlation coefficient $\rho=.93$ to NMR backbone relaxation measurements for the seven proteins. The NMR solution structure derived ensemble and predicted dynamical relaxation is compared with molecular dynamics simulation-derived structural ensembles and LE4PD predictions, and are consistent in the timescale of the simulations. The use of the experimental NMR conformers frees the approach from computationally demanding simulations. The biological function of proteins is encoded in their structure and expressed through the mediation of their dynamics. We present here a study of how local fluctuation relates to binding and function. This study indicates how local fluctuations are likely to initiate biologically relevant pathways as they cooperatively enhance the dynamics in specific spatial regions of the protein. The picture that emerges is a dynamically heterogenous protein where biologically active regions provide energetically-comparable conformational states that can be trapped by a reacting partner. The slowest, most collective motion localizes directly to highly conserved regions involved in binding partner recognition and active-site regulation. We analyze this possible relation between dynamics and binding mechanism as we calculate the dynamics of monomeric and dimerized HIV protease, free Insulin Growth Factor II Receptor (IGF2R) domain 11 and its IGF2R:IGF2 complex. The long-time dynamics of proteins is controlled by an activated regime where the dynamics of the large amplitude diffusive modes becomes dominated by the presence of energy barriers. We explicitly study the atomistic simulation-derived free energy landscape projected from the diffusive modes of the linear Langevin description of the protein, and obtain a general scaling between the fluctuation lengthscale and complexity. This hierarchical property of the free energy landscape of proteins is shown to be general across a set of six different single-domain monomeric proteins. As a consequence microscopic timescales of sub-angstrom sized fluctuations rapidly propagate out to folding timescales at the nanometer lengthscale of globular single-domain proteins. This glassy activated regime extending from the nanosecond timescale we propose to be set by cooperative rearrangements of the protein-water and protein-protein hydrogen-bonding network. This results in metastable protein configurations with large changes in the protein-solvent hydrogen-bonding network coupled to subtle changes in the protein-protein hydrogen-bonding network. The Langevin formalism predictions are shown to agree with molecular dynamic simulations from the picosecond out to the millisecond timescale.

No description available.

La propriété telle que décrite à l’article 544 du Code civil est absolue, exclusive et perpétuelle. L’idée d’un droit réel inviolable et sacré n’est qu’un leurre. La propriété immobilière est nécessairement limitée, elle doit respecter des objectifs primordiaux, d’une part, l’équilibre entre les droits des personnes privés et, d’autre part, l’intérêt général. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, des modes de limitation ont été créés en droit privé et public. La loi, le contrat, la jurisprudence et les normes réglementaires sont autant d’atteintes du droit de propriété qui appellent aménagement de modes de limitation. Les techniques de restriction ont natures différentes, acceptées ou imposées, et des régimes distincts, simples ou complexes. Cette diversité rend leur étude délicate et leur justification critiquable, tant la protection de la propriété, droit fondamental, est essentielle. L’expansion des modes de limitation est telle que se pose une question, la conception du droit de propriété des rédacteurs du Code civil n’est-elle pas altérée ? La présente étude se concentre sur l’identification de ces modes de limitation justifiés par les intérêts privés et l’intérêt général, et ce, afin de comprendre toute leur complexité, leur étendue et leur impact sur les prérogatives du droit de propriété / The property, as described in Article 544 of the Civil Code is absolute, exclusive and perpetual. This idea of a sacred and inviolable property is an illusion. Real estate ownership is limited, in order to meet the primary objectives, namely, firstly, the balance between the rights of private persons and, second, the general interest. For these goals to be achieved, limiting patterns were created. Their expansion is such that arises, therefore, whether the ownership is not brought to disappear as he suffered assaults from all sides? The law, contract, jurisprudence and public law regulations are all limited sources of property rights which are implementing thereof limiting modality. The limitation modalities can take various forms, they can be accepted or imposed. Their diet can be simple or complex, making them difficult and questionable justification study as the protection of property rights, fundamental right is essential. This study focuses on these mitigation techniques justified by private interests and the general interest in order to understand the complexity, scope and impact of modes limitation on real property

Nos travaux sont consacrés à la promotion du modèle de percolation phénoménologique en employant des méthodes indépendantes et libres de tout paramètre. Nous avons utilisé à cet effet des codes ab initio existants (PWscf et SIESTA) et développé une méthode semi-empirique pour étudier les propriétés vibrationnelles des alliages AxB1 xC. Les paramètres techniques du code PWscf ont été testés sur les composés binaires ZnSe, ZnTe et BeSe pour lesquels nous avons confronté nos résultats aux données expérimentales et théoriques disponibles. La validation du modèle de percolation a et e effectué sur l alliage Zn(Se,Te) appartenant à la catégorie des semi-conducteurs 1-liaison ! 2-modes. Nous avons confirmé le caractère général du comportement bimodal prévu par le modèle de percolation en montrant son existence pour chacune des liaisons Zn Se et Zn Te. Les propriétés vibrationnelles et structurales de Zn(Se,Te) ont et e calculées à différentes concentrations avec des cellules optimisées à 64 atomes. Les résultats obtenus sont en bon accord avec l expérience. Nous présentons en détail notre méthode semi-empirique de calcul de spectre de phonons, applicable en principe à tous les alliages sans restriction sur la taille des super-cellules. La mise au point a été réalisé sur les alliages (Zn,Be)Se et (In,Ga)As avec des cellules à64 atomes relaxées d une façon ab initio. L application de notre méthode à(In,Ga)As à 50% simulé par une super-cellule à 8.103 atomes relaxée avec un potentiel harmonique met en évidence que l étude des phonons demande des super-cellules qui reflètent fidèlement le désordre d un alliage / Our work is devoted to promoting the percolation model using phenomenological methods which are independent and free from any need of external parameters. We used for this purpose existing ab initio codes (PWscf and SIESTA) and developed a semiempirical method to study the vibrational properties of AxB1 xC alloys. The technical parameters of the PWscf code were tested on ZnSe, BeSe ZnTe binary compounds, for which we have confronted our results with theoretical and experimental data available. The percolation model validation was done on the alloy Zn(Se, Te) belonging to the category of 1-bond ! 2-modes semi-conductors. We have confirmed the general bimodal behavior provided by the percolation model showing its existence for each bond Zn Se and Zn Te. The vibrational and structural properties of Zn(Se, Te) were calculated for different concentration using optimized cells of 64 atoms. The results are in good agreement with experiments. We present in detail our semi empirical method of calculating the spectrum of phonons, in principle applicable to all alloys without restriction on the size of super-cells. The development was carried out on (Zn, Be)Se and (In, Ga)As alloys with cells of up to 64 atoms relaxed from first principles. The application of our method to (In, Ga)As at 50% simulated by a super-cell of 8.103 atoms with a harmonic relaxation potential underlines the fact that the study of phonons in alloys requires the use of supercells which adequately describe the alloy disorder

Paul Schoenfield’s Klezmer Rondos is a work for flute, male vocalist, and orchestra revised in 1994 according to the score given to me by the composer. A review of current research in klezmer heritage music is the starting point to place Klezmer Rondos in the context of art music infused with klezmer flavor. Klezmer music can be defined as the instrumental folk music of Eastern European Jews, however because of its adaptability and quality of assimilating other cultures within it, this heritage music is constantly in flux. By looking at the research in this field, I describe how the sound of klezmer music has evolved and how popular notions have been formed. The body of this research explores the main musical aspects of Klezmer Rondos that can be tied to the klezmer tradition: scales and thematic materials, improvisatory elements, ornamentation, and instrumentation. Klezmer Rondos moves beyond a simple arrangement of vernacular music for orchestra; it is a fusion of contemporary art music with the elements of klezmer style.

Clutch is the title of the creative portion of my thesis as well as the name of my theory 'clutch' which I outline in the preface section. The purpose of the clutch theory is to recognize modes of inspiration in the body, heart and mind so that the poet can consciously move beyond passive receptivity to engage inspiration more fully. Mechanically, to "clutch" does not mean to create inspiration, but it is the opportunistic, spirited encouragement of these moments of inspiration and, more importantly, the direction of the artist's own response in moving from inspiration to creation. The clutch process unfolds through three centers: body, heart and mind, where we initially encounter inspiration. And, through a discussion of three notable poets' work, Henri Cole, Li-Young Lee and T.S. Eliot, the relationship between a completed work and clutch as a process further explains the boundaries of each mode.

A firm can deploy a variety of arrangements (entry modes) like wholly owned subsidiaries, joint ventures, contracts, and export modes to implement its product market strategies in foreign countries. Each of these arrangements entails decisions about the location of production facilities and/or marketing operations, and the type of ownership of these operations. The choice of an entry mode is of strategic importance to a firm because it can involve investment of substantial amount of resources and has a strong bearing on the firm's marketing mix. Due to its strategic importance, the entry mode choice phenomenon has been extensively researched. In the past, seven major theories have been proposed but none is able to explain the choice from the complete set of entry modes. Thus, there exists a gap between the theory and practice of entry mode choice. This study provides breakthrough on two fronts. First, it develops a new theory of entry mode choice grounded in the resource-based perspective of the firm. The theory posits that the decision to locate its production and/or marketing operations in a country is related to the actualizability of the firm's competitive advantage in that country. However, the ownership decision is related to the sustainability of that advantage. Second, based on this theory, a model is developed which explains entry mode choices from the complete set of entry modes. Mail survey responses of Presidents/CEOs of 163 American firms with international operations support the model. The proposed framework is an effort to fill the gap between theory and practice of entry mode choice. It is expected to make a substantial contribution toward developing a sound theory of international operations of the firm. The framework is broader in scope than the extant theories because it transcends across industries and nationalities of firms.