Due to the rapid expansion of applications of composite materials, investigations of their properties have greatly increased. Since theoretical and numerical methods have many limitations for anisotropic materials, experimental methods are sometimes the only way to answer the questions. It has been proved that moire interferometry is a powerful technique in the study of composite materials. The high sensitivity and resolution of a measurement technique is the key to determining the properties of a material which has a fine and complicated structure such as fiber reinforced composite laminates. In this paper, a carrier fringe method is introduced to increase the resolution of the fringe gradient in the moire technique. The ability of measurement is extended to the micromechanics region. High strain concentrations and the dramatic displacement variations can be determined by measuring the slopes of carrier fringes. Strain distributions across the plies (with the thickness of 125 μm) in graphite/epoxy composites and strain concentrations in the resin-rich zones (with the thickness of 10 μm) between neighboring plies are revealed by the carrier fringe technique. Three experiments are presented to show the effectiveness of the application of carrier fringes to resolve fringe gradients and obtain strains. The current moire technique is limited to the optical laboratory because it is extremely sensitive to the disturbance of the environment. A vibration with magnitude of 0.2 μm can completely wash out the contrast of a moire fringe pattern. The study has been done in moving moire interferometry off the optical table. Vibration insensitive moire systems are investigated to extend the moire technique to the tests of large structures and using testing machines for loading. Vibration problems are discussed and the new ideas for eliminating vibration effects are presented. Six representative schemes are analyzed and three of these systems are built to perform experiments in rough environments such as on a hydraulic testing machine. The results show the great success of these new systems. / Ph. D.

Orientadores: Inácio Maria Dal Fabbro, Julio Soriano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T01:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gazzola_Jonathan_M.pdf: 6105660 bytes, checksum: f01d4a2bd88ae142584872066c1b7532 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A silvicultura ocupa a segunda posição no agronegócio brasileiro, exibindo grande importância econômica e social para o país. As atividades econômicas associadas ao reflorestamento enfrentam diversos obstáculos internos e externos, os quais se contrapõem ao crescimento desse setor no país. Nesse sentido, o transporte de madeira se torna um fator de grande concentração de custo. Toras de madeira, quando atuam em conjunto em forma de feixes apresentam maior rigidez a esforços do que atuando individualmente. As técnicas fotoelásticas podem determinar tensões e deformações em objetos independente da complexidade de sua geometria. A técnica óptica de moiré é considerada como uma técnica fotoelástica viável e de resultados confiáveis. A proposta deste trabalho foi de aplicar a técnica de moiré de sombra na determinação qualitativa e quantitativa da distribuição de tensões em modelos reduzidos de feixe de toras, doravante denominados MRFT. Foi utilizado neste trabalho de pesquisa, essência da espécie Eucalyptus saligna com corpos de prova divididos em três grupos distintos, de acordo com o diâmetro da tora. Uma simulação computacional, através do programa ABAQUS, foi realizada como forma de comparação dos dados qualitativos com o ensaio fotoelástico. Dados experimentais de tensão, obtidos pelos dados fornecidos por sensores acoplados à prensa eletrônica, foram comparados com os resultados de quantificação de tensão obtida pelo método de moiré de sombra. A comparação entre os resultados experimentais do ensaio de carregamento, bem como a simulação computacional associada ao comportamento para vigas atuantes em feixes determinado pela teoria da mecânica dos materiais indicou que a técnica de moiré de sombra foi adequada para a determinação de distribuição de tensão no MRFT. Os resultados mostraram inicialmente a possibilidade do uso do feixe de madeiras para otimização de forwarder. É concluído pelos resultados de qualificação da distribuição de tensão que os elementos que compunham o MRFT atuaram de forma unida. A análise dos resultados quantitativos mostra que, dadas as imperfeições nas superfícies que podem implicar em não efetividade do contato entre as toras, conclui-se que, as toras atuaram individualmente. Também é concluído que a técnica óptica de moiré é adequada para se determinar a distribuição de tensão em peça fletidas / Abstract: The silviculture figures as the second most important Brazilian agribusiness activity, exhibiting economical and social importance. Economical activities associated to reforestation face several internal and external obstacles which contrast with the development in this economical sector. Analyzing the costs related to wood exploration chain, the transportation figures the highest concentration. Wood logs, acting united as bundle logs, become more resistant to loading when compared with individual elements. Photoelastic techniques are able to determine stress and strain distribution on loaded specimens, independently of theirs geometrical shapes. Moiré optical techniques are considered as capable and reliable photoelastic techniques. This research work objectives the application of shadow moiré technique to qualitative and quantitative stress distribution determination reduced bundle log models, named as (RBLM). Wood specimens have been made by Eucalyptus saligna specie, and they were classified into three distinct groups, according their log diameter. Computational simulation, using ABAQUS software, has been carried on to compare qualitative results obtained by photoelastic test. Stress experimental dates, obtained through dates provided by electronical pressure machine sensors, have been compared to quantitative results obtained through shadow moiré technique. Comparison between loading test dates, as well as computational simulation associated to the supposed results determined by material mechanics theories to beam working in bundles showed that shadow moiré techniques were adequate to determine stress distribution on RBLM. Results obtained through shadow moiré technique showed a possibility of using bundle logs to forwarder design optimization. It is concluded that the stress distribution qualitative analysis showed individual pieces that composed BLRM worked as united element. Analyzing quantitative results obtained through shadow moiré technique, and considering surface imperfections, which is able to imply a not effective contact among wood logs, is concluded that, quantitatively, the logs acted individually. It is also concluded that shadow moiré optical technique is adequate to determine qualitative and quantitative stress distribution on bent pieces / Mestrado / Maquinas Agricolas / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 87 pages. / Thesis (M.S.M.E.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: As technology progresses towards smaller electronic packages, thermo-mechanical considerations pose a challenge to package designers. One area of difficulty is the ability to predict the fatigue life of the solder connections. To do this one must be able to accurately model the thermo-mechanical performance of the electronic package. As the solder ball size decreases, it becomes difficult to determine the performance of the package with traditional methods such as the use of strain gages. This is due to the fact that strain gages become limited in size and resolution and lack the ability to measure discreet strain fields as the solder ball size decreases. A solution to the limitations exhibited in strain gages is the use of Moiré interferometry. Moiré interferometry utilizes optical interferometry to measure small, in-plane relative displacements and strains with high sensitivity. / ABSTRACT: Moiré interferometry is a full field technique over the application area, whereas a strain gage gives an average strain for the area encompassed by the gage. This ability to measure full field strains is useful in the analysis of electronic package interconnections; especially when used to measure strains in the solder ball corners, where failure is known to originate. While the improved resolution of the data yielded by the method of Moiré interferometry results in the ability to develop more accurate models, that is not to say the process is simple and without difficulties of it's own. Moiré interferometry is inherently susceptible to error due to experimental and environmental effects; therefore, it is vital to generate a reliable experimental procedure that provides repeatable results. This was achieved in this study by emulating and modifying established procedures to meet our specific application. / ABSTRACT: The developed procedure includes the preparation of the specimen, the replication and transfer of the grids, the use of the PEMI, interpretation of results, and validation of data by finite element analysis using ANSYS software. The data obtained maintained uniformity to the extent required by the scope of this study, and potential sources of error have been identified and should be the subject of further research. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

This research aims to understand the reliability of Sn-Ag-Cu solder interconnects used in plastic ball grid array (PBGA) packages using microstructure evolution, laser moiré interferometry and finite-element modeling. A particle coarsening based microstructure evolution of the solder joint material during thermal excursions was studied for extended periods of time lasting for several months. The microstructure evolution and particle coarsening was quantified, and acceleration factors were determined between benign field-use conditions and accelerated thermal cycling (ATC) conditions for PBGA packages with different form factors and for two different lead-free solder alloys. A new technique using laser moiré interferometry was developed to assess the deformation behavior of Sn-Ag-Cu based solder joints during thermal excursions. This technique can used to estimate the fatigue life of solder joints quickly in a matter of few days instead of months and can be extended to cover a wide range of temperature regimes. Finite-element analysis (FEA) in conjunction with experimental data from the ATC for different lead-free PBGA packages was used to develop a fatigue life model that can be used to predict solder joint fatigue life for any PBGA package. The proposed model will be able to predict the mean number of cycles required for crack initiation and crack growth rate in a solder joint.

Orientadores: Inacio Maria Dal Fabbro, Celina de almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T14:46:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MarcosValerioGebrada_M.pdf: 5359194 bytes, checksum: e831ae3ea9b56a4d77ebb1a53f2352da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A medição de sólidos tridimensionais tem recebido uma grande atenção da comunidade científica, devido à sua ampla gama de aplicações. Como por exemplo, no controle de qualidade industrial, na medição do corpo humano para aplicações de ergonomia, e muitas outras áreas. Porém existem diversos métodos e técnicas para se obter tais medições, este trabalho demonstra a técnica de moiré que é uma técnica sem contato e não destrutiva, com um rápido processo de digitalização cujos fenômenos de Franjas de Moiré são o resultado da subtração da projeção de grades sobre um certo objeto com relação as grades projetadas em um plano referencial. Possui medição precisa comparável com a de outros sistemas. Demonstra também a exatidão das técnicas de moiré, sendo dado maior enfoque na técnica de moiré de projeção com deslocamento de fase, e pela utilização de dois tipos de grades a de Ronchi e senoidal, onde são observados os possíveis erros das diversas técnicas de moiré e por outros métodos metrológicos. Neste trabalho foi comprovado o melhor desempenho dos tipos e variação da frequência de grades incluindo vários exemplos práticos da sua aplicação em sólidos regulares e irregulares (frutos), comparação com outras técnicas em vários problemas em engenharia agrícola e determinação volumétrica de sólidos regulares e irregulares. Emprego de "softwares" gratuitos o qual também foi uma preocupação para disseminação da técnica, tais como ImageJ, RisingSun Moiré, SCILAB/SIP e rotinas / Abstract: Measurement of three-dimensional solids has received great attention from the scientific community due to its wide range of applications. As examples in can be mentioned industrial quality control, human body measurement applied to ergonomics and many other areas. The pertinent literature discloses several methods and techniques to carry three dimensional measurements. Moiré technique is a group of non-contact and non-destructive methods based on the more phenomena which fringes are the result of the subtraction of the grid projected onto the surface under study and the grid projected onto a reference plane. Moiré methods are yield accurate measurements if compared to other measuring systems. This work was foccused on the projection moiré technique with phase shift, and the use of two types of grids named Ronchi and sinusoidal one. Metrological errors of various techniques as compared with the moiré method have been determined as well. This work demonstrated the best performance of grid frequency variation through several practical applied to regular and irregular solids (fruits). Body dimensions were compared with convention techniques as water immersion and calypper. The application of free software such as ImageJ, RisingSun Moire, Scilab / SIP and routines was considered very useful to reach the final results / Mestrado / Maquinas Agricolas / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola