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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
221

[en] THE OPTION VALUE OF SWITCHING INPUTS IN A BIODIESEL PLANT / [pt] AVALIAÇÃO DA FLEXIBILIDADE DE ESCOLHA DOS INSUMOS DE PRODUÇÃO DO BIODIESEL ATRAVÉS DA TEORIA DE OPÇÕES REAIS

GILBERTO MASTER PENEDO 18 February 2009 (has links)
[pt] A crescente preocupação ambiental e dependência energética de combustíveis fósseis têm aumentado a importância do desenvolvimento de combustí­veis renováveis e menos poluentes. Dentro deste cenário, o Biodiesel é uma alternativa que apresenta diversas vantagens em relação ao diesel fóssil, ou Petrodiesel, além de possuir propriedades fí­sicas semelhantes. Neste trabalho mensurou-se o valor que advêm da flexibilidade existente para o produtor de Biodiesel da escolha do insumo utilizado na sua produção através da Teoria de Opções Reais. Os resultados encontrados indicam que essa opção de escolha de insumos tem valor quando se assume que os preços futuros destes insumos seguem processos estocásticos como o Movimento de Reversão à  Média e o Movimento Geométrico Browniano, o que pode ser suficiente para viabilizar o uso de insumos que não seriam recomendados pela análise tradicional. Como esses processos estocásticos geram diferentes resultados, a seleção do modelo e dos parâmetros utilizados são fatores importantes na valoração desta classe de projetos. / [en] There has been a growing concern in recent years about the quality of our environment and dependence on fossil fuels to supply the energy needs of the world, which has created an interest in the development of renewable and less polluting energy sources. One of such alternatives is the Biodiesel, which has many advantages relative to the fossil based Diesel, or Petrodiesel, aside from being physically equivalent. We use the real options approach to determine the value of the managerial flexibility that a Biodiesel plant has to switch inputs among different grain commodities. Our results indicate that the option to choose inputs has value if we assume that the future prices follow stochastic processes such as Geometric Brownian Motion and Mean Reversion Models, and can be sufficient to recommend the use of input commodities that would not be recommended the traditional valuation methods. Given that each of these models provides different option values, the choice of model and parameters has a significant impact on the valuation of this class of projects.
222

Quantum Monte Carlo methods and strongly correlated electrons on honeycomb structures / Quanten Monte Carlo Methoden und stark korrelierte Elektronen auf hexagonalen Strukturen

Lang, Thomas C. January 2010 (has links) (PDF)
In this thesis we apply recently developed, as well as sophisticated quantum Monte Carlo methods to numerically investigate models of strongly correlated electron systems on honeycomb structures. The latter are of particular interest owing to their unique properties when simulating electrons on them, like the relativistic dispersion, strong quantum fluctuations and their resistance against instabilities. This work covers several projects including the advancement of the weak-coupling continuous time quantum Monte Carlo and its application to zero temperature and phonons, quantum phase transitions of valence bond solids in spin-1/2 Heisenberg systems using projector quantum Monte Carlo in the valence bond basis, and the magnetic field induced transition to a canted antiferromagnet of the Hubbard model on the honeycomb lattice. The emphasis lies on two projects investigating the phase diagram of the SU(2) and the SU(N)-symmetric Hubbard model on the hexagonal lattice. At sufficiently low temperatures, condensed-matter systems tend to develop order. An exception are quantum spin-liquids, where fluctuations prevent a transition to an ordered state down to the lowest temperatures. Previously elusive in experimentally relevant microscopic two-dimensional models, we show by means of large-scale quantum Monte Carlo simulations of the SU(2) Hubbard model on the honeycomb lattice, that a quantum spin-liquid emerges between the state described by massless Dirac fermions and an antiferromagnetically ordered Mott insulator. This unexpected quantum-disordered state is found to be a short-range resonating valence bond liquid, akin to the one proposed for high temperature superconductors. Inspired by the rich phase diagrams of SU(N) models we study the SU(N)-symmetric Hubbard Heisenberg quantum antiferromagnet on the honeycomb lattice to investigate the reliability of 1/N corrections to large-N results by means of numerically exact QMC simulations. We study the melting of phases as correlations increase with decreasing N and determine whether the quantum spin liquid found in the SU(2) Hubbard model at intermediate coupling is a specific feature, or also exists in the unconstrained t-J model and higher symmetries. / Wir untersuchen mit Hilfe von neu entwickelten sowie technisch ausgereiften Quanten-Monte-Carlo Methoden Modelle stark korrelierter Elektronen auf hexagonalen Gittern. Letztere zeichnen sich durch die einzigartigen Eigenschaften der auf ihnen simulierten Elektronen aus, wie zum Beispiel deren relativistische Dispersionsrelation, die starken Quantenfluktuationen und deren Beständigkeit gegenüber Instabilitäten. Diese Arbeit umfasst mehrere Projekte, einschließlich der Erweiterung des weak-coupling continuous time Quanten-Monte-Carlo Verfahrens und dessen Anwendung auf Phononen-Systeme und den Null-Temperatur Grundzustand, der Studie eines Quanten-Phasenübergangs in einem Kristall mit dominanter Valenzbindung in einem Spin-1/2 Heisenberg model mit vier-Spin Wechselwirkung, und der Untersuchung eines gekippten Antiferromagneten im Hubbard Model, induziert durch ein externes Magnetfeld. Die Schwerpunkte dieser Arbeit liegen bei zwei Studien der Phasendiagramme des SU(2) und SU(N)-symmetrischen Hubbard Models auf dem hexagonalen Gitter. Bei niedrigen Temperaturen haben Elektronen in Festkörpern die Tendenz, Ordnung zu entwickeln. Eine Ausnahme sind Quanten Spinflüssigkeiten, in denen Fluktuationen Ordnung selbst bei niedrigsten Temperaturen verhindern. Bislang war es nahezu unmöglich, diese in experimentell realistischen mikroskopischen Modellen zu finden und zu simulieren. In aufwändigen Quanten-Monte-Carlo Simulationen des SU(2) Hubbard Models konnten wir das Auftreten einer solchen Quanten Spinflüssigkeit zeigen, welche die Phasen der masselosen Dirac-Fermionen und eines antiferromagnetischem Isolators trennt. Dieser unerwartete, ungeordnete Quantenzustand weist kurzreichweitige Korrleationen ähnlich einer Resonanz-Valenzbond-Flüssigkeit auf, welche in Zusammenhang mit Hochtemperatur-Spuraleitung steht. Motiviert durch die reichhaltigen Phasendiagramme von SU(N)-symmetrischen Modellen, untersuchen wir mit Hilfe von Quanten-Monte Carlo-Simulationen den SU(N)-Hubbard-Heisenberg-Antiferromagneten auf dem hexagonalen Gitter in Bezug auf die Verlässlichkeit von 1/N Korrekturen von Molekularfeldnäherungen. Wir untersuchen das Schmelzen von Phasen als Funktion von abnehmendem N und bestimmen, ob die im SU(2)-Hubbard-Model gefundene Quanten-Spinflüssigkeit eine spezielle Eigenschaft dieses Modells ist, oder ob diese auch im erweiterten t-J Modell bei höheren Symmetrien gefunden werden kann.
223

Estimation methods for Asian Quanto Basket options

Adolfsson, David, Claesson, Tom January 2019 (has links)
All financial institutions that provide options to counterparties will in most cases get involved withMonte Carlo simulations. Options with a payoff function that depends on asset’s value at differenttime points over its lifespan are so called path dependent options. This path dependency impli-cates that there exists no parametric solution and the price must hence be estimated, it is hereMonte Carlo methods come into the picture. The problem though with this fundamental optionpricing method is the computational time. Prices fluctuate continuously on the open market withrespect to different risk factors and since it’s impossible to re-evaluate the option for all shifts dueto its computing intensive nature, estimations of the option price must be used. Estimating theprice from known points will of course never produce the same result as a full re-evaluation but anestimation method that produces reliable results and greatly reduces computing time is desirable.This thesis will evaluate different approaches and try to minimize the estimation error with respectto a certain number of risk factors.This is the background for our master thesis at Swedbank. The goal is to create multiple estima-tion methods and compare them to Swedbank’s current estimation model. By doing this we couldpotentially provide Swedbank with improvement ideas regarding some of its option products andrisk measurements. This thesis is primarily based on two estimation methods that estimate optionprices with respect to two variable risk factors, the value of the underlying assets and volatility.The first method is a grid that uses a second order Taylor expansion and the sensitivities delta,gamma and vega. The other method uses a grid of pre-simulated option prices for different shiftsin risk factors. The interpolation technique that is used in this method is calledPiecewise CubicHermiteinterpolation. The methods (or referred to as approaches in the report) are implementedto handle a relative change of 50 percent in the underlying asset’s index value, which is the firstrisk factor. Concerning the second risk factor, volatility, both methods estimate prices for a 50percent relative downward change and an upward change of 400 percent from the initial volatility.Should there emerge even more extreme market conditions both methods use linear extrapolationto estimate a new option price.
224

Numerical techniques for the American put

Randell, Sean David 11 December 2008 (has links)
This dissertation considers an American put option written on a single underlying which does not pay dividends, for which no closed form solution exists. As a conse- quence, numerical techniques have been developed to estimate the value of the Amer- ican put option. These include analytical approximations, tree or lattice methods, ¯nite di®erence methods, Monte Carlo simulation and integral representations. We ¯rst present the mathematical descriptions underlying these numerical techniques. We then provide an examination of a selection of algorithms from each technique, including implementation details, possible enhancements and a description of the convergence behaviour. Finally, we compare the estimates and the execution times of each of the algorithms considered.
225

Mobility Analysis of Zoo Visitors

Byström, Kim January 2019 (has links)
In a collaboration between Kolmården Zoo and Linköping University, supported by the Norrköping municipality’s fund for research and innovation, mobility measurements have been performed inside the zoo. These measurements have been done by six WiFi sniffers collecting anonymised MAC addresses from the visitors smartphones. The aim of this thesis is to analyse these data to understand visitor flows in the park and other statistics using a model based mobility analysis. The work implies that one can make a rather good prediction of the geographical visitor distribution using this equipment and statistical models. / I ett samarbete mellan Kolmården djurpark och Linköpings universitet, sponsrat av Norrköpingskommuns fond för forskning och utveckling, har rörelsemätningar gjorts inuti parken. Mätningarna har utgjorts av sex WiFi-sniffers som samlar in anonymiserade MAC-adresser från besökares smartphones. Målet med detta arbete är att analysera denna data för att förstå besökarflöden i parken och annan statistik genom att använda en modellbaserad rörelseanalys. Arbetet visar att man med denna utrsutning och statistiska metoder kan skapa en god prediktion av hur den geografiska besökardistributionen ser ut över tid.
226

A game of wealth inequality : A Monte Carlo simulation of wealth inequality using Monopoly

Lien Oskarsson, Mathias January 2019 (has links)
The debate of economic inequality is long-lived and have in the recent years come to be reignited. Although there is little research that supports fully eradicating wealth inequality, the subject of appropriate levels of inequality is an extensively discussed matter. This paper uses a model based upon the board game Monopoly to discuss the drivers of wealth inequality, and study the effect of introducing georgistic, income and wealth taxation respectively in the game. Using iterated simulations the results yielded display evidence of wealth and georgistic taxation having a noteworthy impact on wealth inequality at certain stages of the game. Additionally, correctly specified income taxation yields notable results. Despite the model’s simplicity, the results found share interesting similarities with empirical evidence.
227

Reuso de números aleatórios na simulação de Monte Carlo para apreçamento de uma carteira de derivativos exóticos / Reuse of random numbers in Monte Carlo simulation for pricing a portfolio of exotic derivatives

Aquino, Igor Oliveira 30 October 2017 (has links)
Derivativos exóticos são produtos com estrutura complexa e personalizada cujo apreçamento pode requerer o uso de simulações de Monte Carlo. Todavia, essas simulações têm alto custo computacional, o que torna lento o apreçamento de uma carteira com vários derivativos. Para mitigar esse problema, propõe-se o reuso de números aleatórios entre diferentes operações de uma mesma carteira apreçada através do método de Monte Carlo. Realiza-se o apreçamento de cinco carteiras de derivativos exóticos com duas implementações da simulação de Monte Carlo, uma sem e outra com reuso de números aleatórios. Observa-se que, quanto mais operações há na carteira, maior é a vantagem de performance da estratégia com reuso em relação à outra abordagem de implementação. O erro quadrático médio do preço dos derivativos obtidos através das simulações em relação ao preço teórico esperado mantém-se o mesmo em ambas as implementações. Portanto, é possível sugerir que o algoritmo com reuso de número aleatórios apresenta uma maneira de melhorar a performance do método de Monte Carlo sem aumentar o erro da simulação. / Exotic derivatives are products with complex and customized structure whose pricing may require the use of Monte Carlo simulation. However, this kind of simulation has high computational cost, which slows the pricing of a portfolio containing several derivatives. In order to mitigate this problem, it is proposed the reuse of random numbers across different trades in the same portfolio priced using the Monte Carlo method. Five portfolios of exotic derivatives are priced using two implementations of Monte Carlo simulation, with and without reuse of random numbers. It is observed that the more trades are in the portfolio, the better is the performance of the reuse approach compared to the regular implementation. The mean squared error of simulation prices compared to the theoretical value remain the same in both implementations. Therefore, it is possible to suggest that the algorithm which reuses random numbers presents a way to improve Monte Carlo method performance with no increment of simulation error.
228

Metodologias para avaliação de riscos e dos custos de interrupções em processos causados por faltas em sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica. / Methodology for risks assessment of interruption due to faults in electric power distribution systems.

Cebrian Amasifen, Juan Carlos 18 June 2008 (has links)
Nesta tese, foram desenvolvidas três metodologias para análise dos riscos de interrupções em processos eletro-eletrônicos provocadas por faltas nos sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica. Estas metodologias são: Monte Carlo, Enumeração de Estados e Híbrido. Com a utilização destas metodologias, são avaliados índices relativos às interrupções de longa duração e às variações de tensão de curta duração (afundamentos, elevações e disrupções de tensão) em cada consumidor da rede de distribuição de energia elétrica. Em cada barra do sistema, as freqüências de ocorrências de cada índice são obtidas, classificadas por faixas de magnitude e duração dos eventos. Conhecendo informações sobre a configuração e parâmetros de rede e sobre os dispositivos de proteção, através de um conjunto de simulações, é possível mapear as áreas de risco relativas aos fenômenos de interrupção e variações de tensão de curta duração (VTCDs). Dispondo ainda do conjunto de curvas de sensibilidade dos processos industriais, avaliam-se as freqüências de disrupções de processos, esperadas por ano no ponto analisado, isto é, o número de vezes que um processo apresenta mau funcionamento e possivelmente interrupção devido a uma VTCD. Também é apresentada nesta tese uma formulação matemática que permite realizar a inclusão do custo do prejuízo pela falta da qualidade de energia nos consumidores em modelos clássicos para o tratamento de problemas de planejamento da operação e da expansão de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica. Os métodos para avaliação das áreas de risco e custos de interrupção de processos por faltas nas redes de distribuição foram implementados em um sistema computacional. Resultados da aplicação em redes de distribuição reais permitem avaliar vantagens e desvantagens de cada um dos métodos. Para observar o impacto do prejuízo nos consumidores, são utilizados resultados obtidos na literatura para realizar a comparação e obter o custo total envolvendo custos de investimento de novas obras, custo de perdas de energia e custo do prejuízo pela falta da qualidade de energia nos consumidores existentes na rede de distribuição de energia elétrica. / Three methodologies for risk assessment of interruptions in electrical and electronic sensitive devices are herein developed. These interruptions are mainly due to faults in electric power distribution systems. The methodologies are herein named Monte Carlo Method, State Enumerating Method and Hybrid Method. These methods allow for the evaluation of indices related to long duration interruptions and voltages sags and swells in each customer supplied by the distribution network. The power quality indices (expected number of events per year) are classified according to voltage amplitude and event duration. The information regarding network configuration and parameters as well as protection devices are input for a set of simulations that result in mapping the indices related to long duration interruptions and short duration voltage variations along the network. By considering the sensitivity curves for industrial processes, the method determines the frequency of process disruptions, i.e. the number of events in which the customer process malfunctions, or it is damaged or it is interrupted due to voltage sags or swells. This thesis also shows a mathematical formulation that includes costs regarding customer losses caused by poor power quality to conventional models that deal with operation and expansion planning of electric power distribution systems. The proposed methods for assessing risks and interruption costs in customer processes due to faults in distribution networks were implemented in a computational system. Case studies in real distribution networks show advantages and disadvantages of each method. In order to determine losses in customer processes, some literature results are taken as a basis to determine the total planning costs, that include the parcels corresponding to the reinforcement capital, power losses and power quality costs, that consider customer interruptions and disruptions due to voltage sags and swells.
229

Dimensionamento e análise do ciclo de vida de pavimentos rodoviários: uma abordagem probabilística. / Pavement design and life cycle analysis: a probabilistic approach.

Santos, Caio Rubens Gonçalves 31 May 2011 (has links)
Frequentemente é utilizada a abordagem determinística tanto em dimensionamentos quanto em análises do ciclo de vida de pavimentos rodoviários. A variabilidade inerente aos parâmetros pertinentes à implantação e ao desempenho de um pavimento é comumente desprezada, porém sua consideração pode ser contemplada com a utilização de uma abordagem probabilística, onde cada variável é caracterizada através de uma distribuição de probabilidade adequada. Uma análise econômica de um pavimento, seja asfáltico ou rígido, deve sempre abordar todos os custos pertinentes, desde a implantação. Os custos e benefícios tanto dos usuários quanto da administração rodoviária devem ser considerados. Um dos principais objetivos da avaliação econômica de pavimentos é o de apoiar a decisão quanto à seleção de alternativas de construção ou manutenção mais viáveis, quanto ao custo, e face de determinadas condições técnicas e econômicas. Este trabalho foca a utilização da abordagem probabilística no dimensionamento e em uma análise econômica de pavimentos rodoviários, tanto asfálticos quanto rígidos. São propostos procedimentos para a determinação da confiabilidade de uma estrutura de pavimento, asfáltico ou rígido, baseados nos métodos do DNIT e da AASHTO. Para análise do ciclo de vida são propostos modelos computacionais para a execução destas análises utilizando-se a equação de desempenho da AASHTO. Os custos dos usuários não foram contemplados nos modelos. O método Monte Carlo foi utilizado em todos os modelos. O risco de falha é determinado para o dimensionamento do pavimento. Os resultados contam ainda com uma distribuição dos custos totais ao longo de um período de projeto, possibilitando uma análise de risco. Os dados de saída (resultados) revelam- se como importantes balizadores para a tomada de decisão quanto à alocação de investimentos em alternativas de pavimentação, considerando os riscos inerentes às variabilidades das parcelas do processo consideradas neste trabalho. / A deterministic approach is often used for pavement design and life cycle cost analysis, which does not consider the inherent variability of some relevant parameters. The inherent variability of relevant parameters to the construction and performance of a pavement is often overlooked, but their consideration can be addressed with the use of a probabilistic approach, where each variable is characterized by a suitable probability distribution. An economic analysis of a pavement, either asphaltic or rigid, should always include an approach that considers all relevant construction costs, since its construction. The benefit-cost for both agency and road users should be considered. Improving the decision making process to choose among all construction and maintenance alternatives is one of the main pavement economic analysis goals. This thesis focuses on the use of probabilistic approach in the pavement design and in the Life Cycle Cost Analysis of road pavements, either asphalt or rigid. Procedures are proposed for determining the reliability of a structure of pavement, based on the methods of DNIT and AASHTO. For life cycle cost analysis, models are proposed for the implementation of these computational analyses using the performance equation of AASHTO. The user costs were not included in the models. The Monte Carlo method was used in all models. The reliability (and the risk of failure) is determined for pavements design. The results also come with a distribution of total costs over an analysis period, allowing a risk analysis. The output data (results) are revealed as important indicators for decision making process regarding the allocation of investments in alternative pavements solution, considering the inherent variability of the parcels of the process considered in this work.
230

"Espalhamento Compton e medida absoluta da energia de fótons marcados - Uma simulação Monte Carlo" / Compton scattering and absolute measurement of tagged photon energies.

Carvalho Junior, Washington Rodrigues de 08 March 2005 (has links)
Uma simulação baseada em métodos Monte Carlo foi criada com o intuito de avaliar a potencialidade da utilização do espalhamento Compton em altas energias para a obtenção de medidas absolutas e de alta precisão da energia de fótons marcados. Esse método se baseia em medidas angulares dos produtos desse espalhamento para reconstruir a energia dos fótons incidentes, utilizando a cinemática do espalhamento Compton em aproximação de impulso. A simulação inclui vários efeitos relevantes à medida, como espalhamento múltiplo de elétrons, momento interno dos elétrons nos átomos do alvo, resolução do detetor e vários parâmetros geométricos do arranjo experimental. Através da simulação de um experimento que utiliza esse método para a calibração em energia de um feixe de fótons marcados, foi possível identificar duas fontes de erros sistemáticos. Métodos de análise que minimiza um desse erros sistemáticos foram desenvolvidos, bem como métodos para a criação de correções para as medidas de energia. Verificou-se que, pelo menos no arranjo experimental estudado, é possível obter medidas da energia dos fótons incidentes com precisão da ordem de 0.07%. / A simulation based on Monte Carlo methods was created in order to evaluate the potentiality of using Compton scattering at high energies to obtain high precision absolute measurements of tagged photon energies. This method is based on angular measurements of the scattering products to reconstruct the incident photon energy using the kinematics of Compton scattering in impulse approximation. The simulation includes several effects that are relevant to the measurement, such as electron multiple scattering, internal momentum of the electrons in the atoms of the target, detector resolution and several geometrical parameters of the experimental setup. Through simulation of an experiment that uses this method for energy calibration of a tagged photon beam, it was possible to identify two sources of systematic errors. Analysis methods that minimize one of these systematic errors were developed, as well as methods for the creation of corrections to the energy measurements. Our results show that, at least in the studied experimental setup, it is possible to obtain energy measurements with a precision in the order of 0.07%.

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