The results of 17 peer-reviewed studies utilizing morphological intervention were evaluated and compared in this meta-analysis. Participants included children from preschool to ninth-grade studying deep alphabetic, shallow alphabetic, or logographic (i.e., Chinese) orthographies. Cohen’s d was calculated to examine the effects of training on reading outcomes. Effects were analyzed according to child factors (ability level and age), intervention factors (agent, duration, frequency, setting, and group size), and orthographic factors. Additionally, effects were analyzed according to linguistic level (morphological, phonological, lexical, and supralexical) as well as group (experimental treatment group versus control group; experimental treatment group versus alternative treatment group) for the ability level, age, and orthography comparisons. Results indicate that (a) morphological training generally benefits students regardless of ability level and age; however, effectiveness varies per linguistic level, (b) with proper training and scaffolding, a variety of instructors can effectively implement morphological intervention, (c) the push-in school setting is generally the most effective setting, although gains were seen across all settings, (d) treatment was most effective when offered to individuals or large groups, (e) morphological intervention yield the greatest gains when lasting longer than one month, (f) it is effective for all types of orthographies. / text

Divergent natural selection for use of locally abundant resources can lead to diversification within and across species. However, the consequences of divergent selection for phenotypic evolution also depend on the development of variation. Because relationships among traits such as shared developmental timing or common involvement in an organismal function can channel variation generated during development, these relationships strongly influence the direction of evolution.During development of the mammalian mandible multiple tissues of distinct developmental origins interact with inputs from the functioning of attached muscles to produce a cohesive and well integrated trait. In soricid shrews, part of the mandible matures late in ontogeny, coinciding with the onset of foraging. In this case, foraging-linked muscle activity should influence the development of the late maturing mandibular region. Here, I show that variation in this late ossifying region reveals the local functional requirements of the jaw and results in an opportunity to decouple internal and external sources of variation (developmental and environmental respectively) in the mandible. Capitalizing on this feature of the Sorex system, I empirically examined the historical persistence of internal and external patterns of variation, the consequences of variation patterning for ecological and morphological diversification across taxa, and differences between early and late ossifying regions in their contribution to local adaptation in mandible morphology.I found that the functional requirements of diet directed mandible development and determined species similarity in both mandible morphology and function. Timing of bone maturation determined the morphological effects of foraging-linked muscle activity, resulting in differential expression of adaptive variation in the late maturing region. Further, I found higher levels of interspecific variation in the late maturing region of the mandible, and showed that interspecific divergence in foraging morphology occurs along the lines delineated by epigenetic inputs of muscle on bone formation during late ontogeny within species. These findings indicate that differences in functional requirements are critical for divergence among taxa in this system. Further, these results suggest that, when external inputs into trait development are indicative of local functional requirements, the same epigenetic mechanism of development can generate diversity both within and among taxa.

The master thesis contains anatomical – morphological description of axial parts, normally steams, rhizomsteams and leaves, of Lunaria rediviva L., Lunaria annua L. All investigated parts contains (heterobathmy). Steams and rhizomsteams contain glands of shizogenical origin, but roots do not have it. Impact of vegetation conditions to anatomical – morphological texture of mezohygrophites was investigated. In creah (humid habital) hygromorphical characteristics were revealed: - more space among the cells were found and the were bigger; - less amount of supporting tissues; - wolls of the were less warred; - relatively less atomata in a measurement. In a terrace (dry habital) kseromorphical characteristics were revealed: - cells of the supporting tissues were more solid and there bigger quantity of them; - epidermal cells were smaller but wolls the cells were more warred; - the type stoma apparatus and amount of stomata in a measurement. Circulating tissues in steams of Lunaria rediviva were changing are arranged in fascicular type, in rhizomesteams in non – fascicular type. Size of circulating tissues varies depending on habital. Medulles rays are heteroghenical, composed by 2 – 5 cells rows.

This thesis investigates the potential application of a two-dimensional depth-averaged sediment transport and morphological model on a large braided river system and examines its capability to build a computational gravel budget and predict the morphological changes. The Lower Fraser River gravel reach is characterized by an irregularly sinuous single-thread channel split around large gravel bars and vegetated islands, and riverbed aggradation because of gradual gravel deposition over the years, bank hardening and channel confinement. Gravel removal from selected locations is considered as one of the viable management options to maintain the safety and integrity of the existing flood protection system along the reach. Therefore, any gravel removal plan in this reach requires a reliable sediment budget estimation and identification of deposition zones. It is also required to examine the possible future morphological changes with and without gravel removal and to assess its impact on design flood level. The main objective of this study is to build a computational sediment (gravel) budget for the 33 km long gravel reach that extends from Agassiz-Rosedale Bridge to Sumas Mountain near Chilliwack. In this study, a two-dimensional depth-averaged curvilinear mathematical model MIKE 21C was modified and applied to predict the gravel bedload transport and detect the change of morphology for the next 10 years period. A gravel transport formula was coded and added into the MIKE 21C model. Sediment transport code modification and application has been done side by side in a trial and error fashion. This is the first use of a conventional two-dimensional depth-averaged model for the entire gravel reach of the Lower Fraser River within affordable computational effort. The model application was successful in term of gravel budgeting, aggradation and degradation zones identification and long-term morphological change prediction, with some limitations and drawbacks. Further modification and model testing with recent bedload data is recommended.

The field of animal personality has been growing rapidly in the past 10 years, yet relatively little attention has been given to development of personality through ontogeny. To understand the stability of personality traits throughout animal’s life is particularly important as behavioural tendencies are likely to change in response to the different trade-offs animals face at each stage of the life cycle. The purpose of this research was to examine the stability of personality traits in common carp but also to determine whether personality traits can affect production of induced morphological defences in this species. To investigate the presence of behavioural syndrome and the stability of individual behaviours through ontogeny, common carp were monitored for a period of 10 months. Two different tests were used to investigate cross-situational consistency in behavioural traits: exploration and risk-taking. Juvenile carp were monitored at different time intervals to assess behavioural stability. Finally, morphometric data were collected to examine the link between body morphology and behavioural traits. No initial cross-situational consistency in behaviours was observed in juvenile common carp. Ranking of behaviour traits was consistent over a period of 14-16 weeks but not when the time interval was longer. Young carp that ranked lowest in both shelter use and activity used shelter significantly more compared to those individuals that ranked highest in use of shelter and activity even after a 10 month period. Development of a deeper body was also associated with the extreme levels of shelter seeking and activity. Fish pre-determined as being “Active” increased their body depth significantly more than did “Passive” fish. To my knowledge, this is the first study directly linking personality traits and change in body morphology in an aquatic species.

The main objective of this study was to quantify changes in physical features of western Canadian wheat kernels caused by moisture increase using a machine vision system. Single wheat kernels of eight western Canadian wheat classes were conditioned to 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20% (wet basis) moisture content, one after another, using headspaces above various concentrations of potassium hydroxide (KOH) solutions which regulated relative humidity. A digital camera of 7.4 x 7.4 μm pixel resolution with an inter-line transfer charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensor was used to acquire images of individual kernels of all samples. A machine vision algorithm developed at the Canadian Wheat Board Centre for Grain Storage Research, University of Manitoba, was implemented to extract 49 morphological features from the wheat kernel images. Of the 49 morphological features, 24, 11, 7, 21, 26, 11, 17, and 9 features of Canada Western Red Spring, Canada Western Amber Durum, Canada Prairie Spring White, Canada Prairie Spring Red, Canada Western Extra Strong, Canada Western Red Winter, Canada Western Hard White Spring, and Canada Western Soft White Spring wheat kernels, respectively, were significantly (α=0.05) different as the moisture content increased from 12 to 20%. Generally the basic morphological features such as area, perimeter, major axis length, minor axis length, maximum radius, minimum radius, and mean radius were linearly increased with increase in moisture content. In all cases the moment and Fourier descriptor features decreased as moisture content increased from 12 to 20%.

The main objective of this study was to quantify changes in physical features of western Canadian wheat kernels caused by moisture increase using a machine vision system. Single wheat kernels of eight western Canadian wheat classes were conditioned to 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20% (wet basis) moisture content, one after another, using headspaces above various concentrations of potassium hydroxide (KOH) solutions which regulated relative humidity. A digital camera of 7.4 x 7.4 μm pixel resolution with an inter-line transfer charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensor was used to acquire images of individual kernels of all samples. A machine vision algorithm developed at the Canadian Wheat Board Centre for Grain Storage Research, University of Manitoba, was implemented to extract 49 morphological features from the wheat kernel images. Of the 49 morphological features, 24, 11, 7, 21, 26, 11, 17, and 9 features of Canada Western Red Spring, Canada Western Amber Durum, Canada Prairie Spring White, Canada Prairie Spring Red, Canada Western Extra Strong, Canada Western Red Winter, Canada Western Hard White Spring, and Canada Western Soft White Spring wheat kernels, respectively, were significantly (α=0.05) different as the moisture content increased from 12 to 20%. Generally the basic morphological features such as area, perimeter, major axis length, minor axis length, maximum radius, minimum radius, and mean radius were linearly increased with increase in moisture content. In all cases the moment and Fourier descriptor features decreased as moisture content increased from 12 to 20%.

No description available.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-06-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:01:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bahia_vrlo_dr_jabo.pdf: 5914838 bytes, checksum: a4109e25129929b7572704f28e3ae1ad (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A importância da fase de girino para a ranicultura reside no fato de que após a metamorfose existirão animais em condições compatíveis com os índices zootécnicos. Entretanto, a compreensão dos processos morfológicos e fisiológicos pelos quais os girinos passam durante o seu desenvolvimento e metamorfose ainda é limitada. Neste contexto, este estudo tem como objetivo descrever as mudanças morfológicas do sistema digestório e o perfil das enzimas digestivas dos girinos da rã touro (Rana catesbeiana), durante seu desenvolvimento e metamorfose. Os girinos utilizados foram cedidos pelo Setor de Ranicultura do CAUNESP. As análises biométricas, anatômicas e histológicas foram realizadas no Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal e no Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica e as análises das enzimas digestivas realizadas no Departamento de Tecnologia da FCAV-UNESP. Para a biometria, anatomia e histologia, os girinos foram separados em estágios de desenvolvimento, anestesiados em água com gelo a 4ºC e tiveram seu comprimento total, parcial e peso registrados. Posteriormente, o tubo digestivo foi dissecado e avaliou-se o comprimento, a largura e o peso do intestino, fígado e pâncreas. Para a microscopia de luz, o tubo digestivo foi fragmentado em intestino anterior, intestino médio e posterior, fígado e pâncreas, que foram fixados em Bouin e processados de acordo com a metodologia do Laboratório de Histologia do Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal. Para microscopia eletrônica de varredura, a região oral foi dissecada, fixada em solução de Karnovsky e pós-fixada em tetróxido de ósmio, e as amostras processadas de acordo com o Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica. Para a análise das enzimas digestivas, os girinos foram separados em estágios de desenvolvimento e permaneceram em jejum por 24 horas... / The importance of the tadpole phase to the raniculture is due to the fact that from this phase animals that are in agreement with zootechnical indexes must be obtained, after metamorphosis. However, few studies aim to understand the physiological and morphological processes that tadpoles undergo during their development and metamorphosis. In such context, the present study describes the morphological changes and the enzymatic profile of the bullfrog tadpole's (Rana catesbeiana) digestive system, during development and metamorphosis. The animals used in the tests were made available by the CAUNESP's Frog Farming Sector. Biometrical, anatomical and histological analyses were performed at the Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal and Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica. The analysis of the digestive enzymes were performed at the Laboratório de Tecnologia of FCAV-UNESP. For biometry, anatomy and histology, tadpoles were separated according developmental stages and anesthetized in water with ice at 4ºC. Their total and partial lengths, as well as their weight were recorded. Afterwards, the digestive tubes were removed and the length, width and weight of the intestine, liver and pancreas were registered. For light microscopy, the digestive tube was fragmented into stomach, esophagus, medium and posterior intestines, liver and pancreas. Fragments were fixated in Boiun's solution according to the methodology of the Histology Laboratory of the Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal. For scanning electronic microscopy, oral region was dissected and fixated in Karnovsky's solution. A second fixation was performed in osmium tetroxide. All samples were processed according to the Laboratorio de Microscopia Eletrônica. For the analysis of digestive enzymes, tadpoles were separated according their developmental stages and unfed for 24 hours... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)