Thesis (M.ED.) --University of Limpopo, 2009. / This study focuses on the morpheme le in Northern Sotho. It is sometimes confusing to establish the correct semantic function which the morpheme le expresses; and also to classify it into a certain word category. This study suggests the morphological features which the morpheme le bears in terms of its word categorization. The morpheme le in Northern Sotho can be used as a conjunction, a demonstrative pronoun, an agreement, a preposition, a copulative, an adverb and a complement as well. It is suggested in this study, ways of identifying the semantic function of the morpheme le in various contexts. This study reflects that the morpheme le in Northern Sotho can be used to denote: possession, accompaniment, location, additive focus, existentialism and honorifics.

The main objective of this study was to quantify changes in physical features of western Canadian wheat kernels caused by moisture increase using a machine vision system. Single wheat kernels of eight western Canadian wheat classes were conditioned to 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20% (wet basis) moisture content, one after another, using headspaces above various concentrations of potassium hydroxide (KOH) solutions which regulated relative humidity. A digital camera of 7.4 x 7.4 μm pixel resolution with an inter-line transfer charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensor was used to acquire images of individual kernels of all samples. A machine vision algorithm developed at the Canadian Wheat Board Centre for Grain Storage Research, University of Manitoba, was implemented to extract 49 morphological features from the wheat kernel images. Of the 49 morphological features, 24, 11, 7, 21, 26, 11, 17, and 9 features of Canada Western Red Spring, Canada Western Amber Durum, Canada Prairie Spring White, Canada Prairie Spring Red, Canada Western Extra Strong, Canada Western Red Winter, Canada Western Hard White Spring, and Canada Western Soft White Spring wheat kernels, respectively, were significantly (α=0.05) different as the moisture content increased from 12 to 20%. Generally the basic morphological features such as area, perimeter, major axis length, minor axis length, maximum radius, minimum radius, and mean radius were linearly increased with increase in moisture content. In all cases the moment and Fourier descriptor features decreased as moisture content increased from 12 to 20%.

The main objective of this study was to quantify changes in physical features of western Canadian wheat kernels caused by moisture increase using a machine vision system. Single wheat kernels of eight western Canadian wheat classes were conditioned to 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20% (wet basis) moisture content, one after another, using headspaces above various concentrations of potassium hydroxide (KOH) solutions which regulated relative humidity. A digital camera of 7.4 x 7.4 μm pixel resolution with an inter-line transfer charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensor was used to acquire images of individual kernels of all samples. A machine vision algorithm developed at the Canadian Wheat Board Centre for Grain Storage Research, University of Manitoba, was implemented to extract 49 morphological features from the wheat kernel images. Of the 49 morphological features, 24, 11, 7, 21, 26, 11, 17, and 9 features of Canada Western Red Spring, Canada Western Amber Durum, Canada Prairie Spring White, Canada Prairie Spring Red, Canada Western Extra Strong, Canada Western Red Winter, Canada Western Hard White Spring, and Canada Western Soft White Spring wheat kernels, respectively, were significantly (α=0.05) different as the moisture content increased from 12 to 20%. Generally the basic morphological features such as area, perimeter, major axis length, minor axis length, maximum radius, minimum radius, and mean radius were linearly increased with increase in moisture content. In all cases the moment and Fourier descriptor features decreased as moisture content increased from 12 to 20%.

Gastrointestinės stromos tumorai (GIST) – dažniausi mezenchiminės kilmės virškinamojo trakto navikai, kurie pradėti identifikuoti ir diagnozuoti tik per pastaruosius 25 m. GIST, pagal ligos progresavimo reliatyvią riziką, klasifikuojami į rizikos kategorijas, kurių nustatymas 2002 m. Nacionalinių sveikatos institutų sutarimu (NSI) paremtas dviem kintamaisiais: naviko dydžiu ir navikinių ląstelių mitozių skaičiumi 50 DPRL, kurių apimamas plotas įvairių studijų ir rekomendacijų duomenimis varijuoja nuo 5 mm² iki 11,9 mm². Neaišku, kaip netikslus mitozių skaičius įtakoja rizikos kategorijos nustatymą bei jų sąsajas su ligos progresavimu. Nors atliktose didžiausiose GIST studijose teigiama, kad, esant identiškiems morfologiniams požymiams, skrandžio GIST prognozė geresnė, kiti tyrėjai nustatė morfologinius požymius lemiančius geresnę šių navikų prognozę. Esant prieštaringoms nuomonėms, tyrimo metu nustatėme ir palyginome skirtingų lokalizacijų GIST morfologinius požymius ir prognozę. NSI klasifikacijoje buvo pastebėta, kad ligos prognozę įtakoja ir GIST histologinis fenotipas, tačiau tuomet nebuvo pakankamai atliktų studijų, paneigiančių ar patvirtinančių šiuos teiginius, todėl detaliai nagrinėjome skirtingų histologinių fenotipų GIST morfologinius požymius ir jų įtaką ligos prognozei bei kitų morfologinių požymių: naviko dydžio, mitozių skaičiaus, ląstelingumo, branduolių polimorfizmo ir nekrozės sąsajas su ligos prognoze. / Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) – the most common mesenchymal tumours of the gastrointestinal tract which have been identified and diagnosed in the past 25 years. GIST, according to relative risk of disease progression, are classified in risk categories which under the agreement of the National Institutes of Health (2002) were based on two variables: tumour size and mitotic count in 50 HPF, which total area varies from 5 mm² to 11.9 mm². There is no consensus what area is sufficient for the counting of mitoses. Thus, we compare number of GIST tumor cell mitoses in different sized areas and evaluated the impact of mitotic rate changes in determination of risk categories and their relation to the progression of the disease. According to the data of largest GIST study, disease prognosis is also influenced by tumour localization, other researchers found morphological features of these tumours leading to a better prognosis. Thus, we identified and compared the different localizations of GIST morphological features and prognosis. It was observed that disease prognosis is also determined by the tumour histological phenotype, but up till now the controversial results of histological phenotypes relationship to disease prognosis are published. We set morphological features of different GIST histological phenotypes and evaluate their relation to disease progression, evaluate the impact of GIST morphological features to disease prognosis.

This study describes the gross anatomical, histological and surface morphological features of the oropharynx and proximal oesophagus of the emu in order to address the scarcity of information on this region in this commercially important bird. Heads obtained from birds at slaughter (and a younger and older bird from emergency farm slaughter) were used for this study and described using basic gross anatomical and histological techniques, supplemented by scanning electron microscopy. The findings of the study were compared with the relevant literature. The oral and pharyngeal cavities could not be morphologically separated and formed a single cavity. This cavity was dorso-ventrally flattened and clearly divided, both on the floor and the roof, into rostral pigmented and caudal non-pigmented parts. The non-pigmented floor housed the tongue and laryngeal mound which had a wide glottis and no papillae. The choana was triangular-shaped, with a small caudo-lateral fold on either side, and was situated in the nonpigmented part of the roof. Caudal to the choana were two rounded pharyngeal folds with a pitted ventral surface. A small bilateral projection from the caudo-lateral edge consisted mainly of diffuse lymphoid tissue. The pharyngeal folds contained numerous large simple branched tubular mucus-secreting glands as well as large accumulations of lymphoid tissue. The pigmented regions of the roof and floor were aglandular and lined by a keratinised stratified squamous epithelium which, particularly in the roof, contained numerous Herbst corpuscles in the underlying connective tissue. SEM revealed the surface to be composed of sheets of desquamating flattened polygonal cells. The non-pigmented regions were glandular and lined by a non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium. Surface cells displayed a pattern of microplicae or microvilli while individual surface cells were seen to desquamate. The connective tissue housed small, simple tubular and large, simple branched tubular mucus-secreting glands, Herbst corpuscles (only absent from the pharyngeal folds and proximal oesophagus), lymphoid tissue, blood vessels and nerves. The glands of the upper digestive tract were polystomatic and named as follows according to their location: Caudal intermandibular, lingual, crico-arytenoid, oral angular, caudal palatine, pharyngeal and oesophageal. The openings of the glands to the surface were seen on SEM as variably sized holes on the surface, some being obscured by mucus secretions from the underlying glands. Taste receptors were sparse and present only in the caudal non-pigmented oropharyngeal floor, tongue root and proximal oesophagus. Accumulations of lymphoid tissue were identified at the junction between the two regions of the roof, and in the non-pigmented roof, the non-pigmented floor, tongue ventrum, root and frenulum, proximal oesophagus and pharyngeal folds. The consistent dense accumulation of lymphoid tissue in the pharyngeal folds constituted pharyngeal tonsils (Lymphonoduli pharyngeales). The lymphoid tissue of the non-pigmented floor was visible macroscopically as round raised nodules. Specific, unnamed larger lymphoid tissue aggregations were located at the junction of the tongue ventrum and frenulum and in the small folds lateral to the choana. Surface morphology, as seen by SEM, revealed a pattern of microridges on the surface cells of the keratinised areas, whereas the surface cells of the non-keratinised areas displayed microplicae, microvilli and cilia. Microvilli and cilia were associated with the gland openings and ducts. The proximal oesophagus was a cylindrical tube with a longitudinally folded mucosa and displayed the typical tissue layers described in birds. The mucosa was formed by a nonkeratinised stratified epithelium which on SEM showed minimal surface desquamation. The lamina propria contained numerous simple tubular mucus-secreting glands which sometimes branched and occasional diffuse lymphoid tissue aggregations. The gland openings to the surface were seen on SEM as small and large dark holes. The muscularis mucosae was very prominent and was a longitudinal smooth muscle layer separating the mucosa from the submucosa. The tunica muscularis was composed of a thicker inner circular and a thinner outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer surrounded by the outer loose connective tissue forming the tunica adventitia. The emu tongue was divided into a body and a root. The body was triangular, dorso-ventrally flattened, pigmented and displayed caudally directed lingual papillae on both the lateral and caudal margins. The root, a more conspicuous structure in comparison to other ratites, was triangular, with a raised bulbous component folding over the rostral part of the laryngeal fissure. The lingual skeleton was formed by the triangular-shaped paraglossum (hyaline cartilage), forming the core of the tongue body, and the rostral projection of the basihyale, ventral to the paraglossum. Following the general trend in ratites, the emu tongue was greatly reduced in comparison to the bill length and specifically adapted for swallowing during the cranioinertial method of feeding employed by palaeognaths. The tongue was invested by a non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium. The glands in the connective tissue formed the bulk of the parenchyma and were composed of both small simple tubular and large simple branched tubular mucus-secreting glands similar to those seen in the oropharynx. The lingual glands were grouped as follows: dorsal and rostro-ventral (large glands), caudo-ventral and radical (large and small glands) and frenular (small glands). The large glands were visible macroscopically as doughnut-shaped structures. Melanocytes were absent from the tongue ventrum and occasionally from the tongue root. Lymphoid tissue was absent from the tongue dorsum. Herbst corpuscles were present in the tongue body and root and generally closely associated with the large mucus-secreting glands. The surface morphology varied in the different regions of the tongue. The dorsal and rostro-ventral tongue body showed individual desquamating cells and large gland openings only, the caudo-lateral ventrum showed less desquamation and both large and small openings. The mid-ventral aspect had an undulating uneven appearance with round raised cells on the surface which were densely packed with microvilli. Very large, large and small openings were present in this region and ciliated cells occurred in the vicinity of gland openings. This study presented various unique findings regarding the morphology of the emu oropharynx compared to other ratites. Although the sense of taste has been confirmed in many avian species, this study presented the first evidence of taste in the emu and ratites in general and suggests the possibility of taste being previously overlooked in the other birds studied (ostrich and greater rhea). The tongue root of the emu was clearly defined and is unique in structure and possible function amongst the ratites and other birds. Previously unmentioned functions of the emu tongue revealed by this study include: touch (Herbst corpuscles), taste (taste bud), lubrication and mechanical protection (mucus-secreting glands), immunological (lymphoid tissue) and digestive (swallowing). It was also noted that the various structures and organs of the oropharynx revealed important and often interesting differences between the emu and the other ratites documented. The prominent serrations of the rostral mandibular tomia of the emu also appear to be unique amongst ratites. The presence and wide distribution of Herbst corpuscles within the emu oropharynx and tongue show these areas to be highly sensitive to touch. The caudo-lateral projections of the pharyngeal folds effectively formed pharyngeal tonsils, a feature not apparent in other ratites. Despite the differences noted between the emu and other ratites it was possible to discern a common pattern of structures and features, with their modifications, both within and forming the oropharynx in this group of birds. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Anatomy and Physiology / unrestricted

[pt] Esta tese examina e apresenta contribuições para a codificação de textura intra-quadro na codificação de imagens baseada em objeto. Duas abordagens de codificação são focadas: a DCT baseada em blocos e a DCT adaptativa à forma (SA-DCT). São propostos indicadores morfológicos para extrair características de forma e textura intrínsecas ao objeto a ser codificado, classificando os blocos de imagem 8 X 8 segundo o número de pixels do objeto neles contidos. Esses indicadores são utilizados para a análise de algoritmos de codificação conhecidos na literatura e também para a proposição de esquemas híbridos que solucionem problemas identificados. Os esquemas híbridos propostos baseiam-se no tratamento diferenciado para grupos de blocos distintos, usando como base a informação sobre a textura média nesses grupos. Por fim, é proposta uma estrutura de codificação adaptativa em função da taxa de bits, da textura e da forma do objeto a ser codificado. Essa estratégia incorpora os esquemas híbridos propostos nesta tese para a escolha da direção preferencial de processamento do algoritmo de extrapolação EI - Extension Interpolation - e da SA-DCT. Ela seleciona automaticamente a abordagem de codificação mais adequada a um grupo específico de blocos a cada faixa de taxas de bits, valendo- se dos indicadores morfológicos. O codificador adaptativo proposto mostrou-se equivalente ou superior em desempenho aos melhores esquemas conhecidos na literatura, tanto para taxas baixas, quanto para taxas altas. Os resultados podem ser verificados a partir das curvas de desempenho e também a partir da observação da qualidade subjetiva das imagens recuperadas. / [en] This thesis examines and presents contributions to the intra-frame texture coding of Object-Based Image Coding. Two coding approaches are focused: the block-based DCT and the shape-adaptive DCT (SA-DCT). Morphological features are proposed in order to extract intrinsic characteristics of shape and texture from the object to be encoded. These features classify the 8 X 8 image blocks according to their number of object pixels. These morphological features are used both in the analysis of coding algorithms reported in the literature and in the design of hybrid schemes that overcome some problems identified during the analysis procedure. The proposed hybrid schemes employ different strategies to deal with different groups of blocks. The information about the mean texture value at these groups is used as the basis of the algorithms. Finally, an adaptive coding structure, which is a function of the bit rate, texture and shape of the object, is proposed. This strategy incorporates the hybrid schemes introduced in this thesis, in order to choose the preferential processing direction for the EI - Extension Interpolation - padding technique and for the SA-DCT. It automatically selects the more adequate approach for a specific group of blocks at a given bit rate, depending on the morphological features. Performance of this adaptive coding scheme is either comparable or better than the best object-based transform coding schemes reported in the literature. This is valid both at low and high bit rates. Results are presented in terms of PSNR performance curves and subjective quality of the decoded images.

Nailfold capillary microscopy is simple, non-invasive, no injuries and easy to observe human`s microcirculation and micro blood stream directly. Due to these advantages, it plays a significant role in diseases diagnoses, treatments and prognosis. The observation of microcirculation focuses on hand, foot naildfold, conjunctival, lingual surface and lips. Nailfold microcirculation is usually performed on the ring finger. However, when measuring the speed of blood flow, difficulty to stabilize the region of interest (ROI) is often encountered. This problem becomes more serious when the magnification of microscope increases. Fixture to stabilize finger will inevitably affect the speed of blood flow under observation. The Laser Doppler blood flow velocimetry method, is expensive, only can be used in bigger capillary or to measure the average flow velocity of lager observed area, lacking of diversified morphological features of capillary, it¡¦s precision is worse than microscopy image capture method, and because of the regular contraction and relaxation of arterioles it can only measure the local blood flow velocity, cannot describe whole details of capillary blood flow velocity, some important information of microcirculation will be ignored easily. This thesis employs computer vision technique to operate displacement compensation of microscopy image sequence to stabilize observed area and extract area of capillary. Then the morphological and hemodynamic pathology features will be derived and analyzed to evaluate the status of a person¡¦s health. Not only morphological features, e.g., length, density and color, but also hemodynamic features, e.g., blood flow velocity will be measured to assess the microcirculation in end capillary. The most significant characteristic of this project is to combine three-dimensional models reconstruction technology of computer graphic to reconstruct three-dimensional capillary models and perform the three-dimensional dynamic blood flow visualization. Thus, the capillary blood flow can be adjusted and observed in the desired orientation, magnification and viewpoint. A variety of pathologically significant features of nailfold microcirculation will be extracted in the project proposed. These features can be classified into morphological and hemodynamic features. The morphological features extracted include the number, width/height, density, arteriolar limb caliber, curved segment caliber, venular limb caliber, blood color, tortuosity, and width of the curved segment of capillaries. On the other hand, hemodynamic features including velocity, direction of blood flow will also be extracted. By integrating both morphological and hemodynamic features, the status of a person¡¦s health can be evaluated by the doctor. The novel system proposed is not only easy to operate, low-cost but also has the great potential to be utilized clinically.

<p>Na uzorku od 358 devojčica sa teritorije Vojvodine, uzrasta od 11,50 &ndash; 16 decimalnih godina, od kojih 186 odbojka&scaron;ica (najmanje tri godine u trenažnom procesu),<br />i 172 devojčice koje se ne bave organizovanom fizičkom aktivno&scaron;ću, sprovedeno je istraživanje morfolo&scaron;kih karakteristika, motoričkih i intelektualnih sposobnosti. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrde specifičnosti mladih odbojka&scaron;ica u odnosu na devojčice koje se ne bave organizovanom fizičkom aktivno&scaron;ću, testiranjem kako kvantitativnih, tako i razlika u strukturi sposobnosti definisanih predmetom istraživanja. Uvidom u rezultate, možemo zaključiti da se devojčice koje se bave odbojkom odlikuju većim vrednostima telesne visine i telesne mase, obima grudi,<br />nadlaktice i podlaktice u odnosu na devojčice koje se ne bave organizovanom fizičkom aktivno&scaron;ću. Iako u varijablama za procenu potkožnog masnog tkiva nije<br />do&scaron;lo do statistički značajnih razlika, u dve od tri grupe vidimo da su kod odbojka&scaron;ica manje vrednosti varijabli kožnih nabora, ali ne i statistički značajno manje.<br />Navedene razlike grupa devojčica u prostoru morfolo&scaron;kih karakteristika su proiza&scaron;le na osnovu procesa selekcije i rasta i razvoja (telesna visina, volumen i masa tela), dok se manje vrednosti u potkožnom masnom tkivu odbojka&scaron;ica mogu pripisati<br />trenažnom tretmanu bavljenja odbojkom. Na osnovu rezultata primenjene kongruencije ekstrahovanih faktora, možemo zaključiti da se grupe devojčica ne<br />razlikuju u strukturi prvih izolovanih faktora &ndash; koji defini&scaron;u strukturu morfolo&scaron;kog prostora, ali da postoji razlika u strukturi drugih i trećih faktora koji defini&scaron;u<br />varijable za procenu motoričkih sposobnosti i inteligencije. Posebno je važno sagledati razliku u strukturi drugih faktora po uzrastu, odnosno važnost<br />pojedinih motoričkih varijabli gde se vidi da je na uzorku odbojka&scaron;ica motorički prostor mnogo homogeniji, jasnije definisan, sa dominacijom varijabli<br />za procenu intenziteta i trajanja ekscitacije i struktuiranja kretanja. Na osnovu sprovedenog istraživanja o specifičnostima antropolo&scaron;kog prostora<br />dve grupe devojčica starijeg &scaron;kolskog uzrasta, a u skladu sa postavljenim ciljevima i zadacima i u kome su proveravane definisane hipoteze, može se generalno<br />zaključiti da se devojčice koje su u trenažnom programu &ndash; odbojka&scaron;ice statistički značajno razlikuju u morfolo&scaron;kom i motoričkom prostoru od ispitanica koje<br />se ne bave organizovanom fizičkom aktivno&scaron;ću, dok u intelektualnom funkcionisanju dve grupe ispitanica nisu uočene statistički značajne razlike.</p> / <p>A research of morphological features, motor abilities and intelligence was carried out on the sample of 358 girls from the territory of Vojvodina, 11, 50 &ndash; 16 years old, out of which 186 female volleyball players (at least three years in training process) and 172 girls that do not practice organized physical activities. The aim of this study was to determine the specificity of young volleyball players compared to girls who are not involved in physical activity, testing of quantitative as well as differences in the structure of skills defined by the subject of research. After examining the results, we can conclude that girls engaged in volleyball are characterized by higher values of body height and body weight, chest circumference, upper arm and forearm girth in<br />relation to girls who are not involved in physical activity. Although there were no statistically significant differences in the variables for estimating body fat, on the basis of the differences in two of the three groups, we see lower skin fold values of volleyball players, but not significantly lower. These differences of girls in the area of morphological characteristics are derived on the basis of the selection process<br />and the growth and development (height, volume and mass of the body), while the lower values in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of volleyball players can be attributed to the training treatment practicing volleyball. Based on the results of applied congruence of factors extracted, it can be concluded that groups of<br />girls do not differ in the structure of the first isolated factors - that define the structure of the morphological space, but there is a difference in the structure of the second and third factors that define the variables of motor abilities and intelligence. It is particularly important to see the difference in the structure of other factors,<br />by age or importance of certain motor variables by which can be seen that the sample of volleyball players in the motor space is far more homogeneous, more clearly defined, with the domination of variables regarding the intensity and duration of excitation and structuring of movement. On the basis of the research on the<br />specificity of the anthropological area, two groups of girls of school age, in line with the set goals and tasks in which they checked defined hypotheses, a general conclusion is that girls who are in the training program - volleyball players differ significantly in morphology and motor area in respect of girls who are not<br />involved in physical activity, while in the intellectual functioning of two groups of<br />subjects were not observed statistically significant differences.</p>

Magistro darbe analizuojami Kalninės pušies Pinus mugo Turra Kuršių nerijoje morfologiniai ir genetiniai požymiai, galintys identifikuoti jų porūšius. Tyrimo objektas – Kalninė pušis Pinus mugo Turra, auganti Kuršių nerijos teritorijoje. Šio tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti Pinus mugo porūšių morfologinius požymius Kuršių nerijoje bei nustatyti, šioje teritorijoje labiausiai išplitusio Pinus mugo porūšio nothssp. rotundata Link įvairių morfotipų taksonominę priklausomybę pagal raktinius morfologinius ir genetinius požymius. Tyrimo metodai – morfologinių ir genetinių požymių analizė. Tyrimo rezultatai. Raktiniai morfologiniai požymiai rodo, kad Kuršių nerijoje auga pagrindiniai trys P. mugo Turra porūšiai: mugo (įskaitant pseudopumilio), nothssp. rotundata Link ir ssp. uncinata Ram. Labiausiai išplitęs ir morfologiškai įvairus yra nothssp. rotundata Link porūšis. Iš raktinių kankorėžių morfologinių požymių informatyviaisiais identifikuojant porūšius buvo kankorėžio apofizio gylis ir simetriškumas. DNR tyrimas atskleidė, kad P. mugo porūšiai pagal savo per tėvinę liniją paveldimą chloroplasto DNR, iš esmės nesiskiria vienas nuo kito. Kiek ženkliau išsiskiria tik P. mugo ssp. mugo (krūmas) nuo P. mugo ssp. uncinata Ram (medžio), kas patvirtina P. mugo porūšių laisvo tarpusavio kryžminimosi hipotezę, taip pat tai, kad taksonomiškai tai yra vienos rūšies porūšiai, o ne skirtingos rūšys. Visi tirti P. mugo porūšiai laisvai kryžminasi tarp savęs, dalijasi bendru chloroplasto DNR genomu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Mountain pine Pinus mugo Turra subspieces morphological and genetic variety in Kursiu nerija, that can identify subspieces was investigated in the work of master thesis. Object of the work – Pinus mugo Turra growing in Kuršių nerija territory. Method of the work – morphological and genetic features analysis. The results of the work. Key morphological features showed that three Pinus mugo Turra main subspieces growing in Kursiu nerija: mugo (including pseudopumilio), nothssp. rotundata Link and ssp. uncinata. The most widespread and morphologically variable is nothssp. rotundata Link. The informative key morphological features to identify subspieces were cone apophyses depth and symmetry. DNA analysis revealed that P. mugo varieties according to their own through the parental line inherited chloroplast DNA are not significantly different from each other. More different by DNA analysis are Pinus mugo ssp. mugo (shrub) and Pinus mugo ssp. uncinata Ram (tree) which confirming hypothesis of Pinus mugo subspieces free interbreeding. Also it is confirming hypothesys that taxonomically it is one type of subspieces, but not diferrent species. All of the explored Pinus mugo subspieces are free interbreeding between each other, sharing a common chloroplast DNA genome and in evolution the origin is from one parental spiece which spread to different eco-climatic niches and evolved to subspieces reflected by morphotypes. It is likely that this morphotypical variety should be... [to full text]

This paper describes the manifestations of ischemia in the ECG signals and summarizes some methods allowing automatic detection of ischemia. Morphological features were then calculated from ECG signals available from UBMI and statistically evaluated to select features appropriate for further automatic classification. Multilayer feedforward neural network was used for classification of heart beats. The neural network was designed in Matlab. Classification performance up to 99.9% was obtained on available dataset.